從哲學高度看，勞動是主體、客體和意義的內涵集成體。勞動是人類社會生存和發展的基礎，主要是指生產物質資料的過程，通常是指能夠對外輸出勞動量或勞動價值的人類運動，勞動是人維持自我生存和自我發展的唯一手段。按照傳統的勞動分類理論，勞動可分為腦力勞動， 以下是為大家整理的關于勞動合同法826篇 , 供大家參考選擇。
勞動合同法826篇
第一篇: 勞動合同法82
《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》解讀
一、《勞動合同法》的適用范圍
由于新的用工主體、用工形式不斷出現，《勞動合同法》擴大了《勞動法》的適用范圍：
一是規定我國境內的企業、個體經濟組織、民辦非企業單位等組織與勞動者建立勞動關系，訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止勞動合同，適用本法。也就是在適用范圍中增加了民辦非企業單位等組織及其勞動者。
二是規定事業單位與實行聘用制的工作人員訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止勞動合同，法律、行政法規或者國務院另有規定的，依照其規定；未作規定的，依照本法有關規定執行。也就是明確事業單位與實行聘用制的工作人員之間也應訂立勞動合同，但法律、行政法規或者國務院另有規定的，依照其規定。
三是規定國家機關、事業單位、社會團體和與其建立勞動關系的勞動者，訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止勞動合同，依照本法執行。也就是除公務員和參照公務員法管理的人員，以及事業單位中實行聘用制的工作人員外，國家機關、事業單位、社會團體與其他勞動者均應當建立勞動關系，執行本法。
二、勞動關系的建立與訂立勞動合同的關系
根據《勞動法》的規定，勞動關系的建立以勞動合同為主要標志。在總結實踐經驗的基礎上，《勞動合同法》調整了《勞動法》的有關規定，規定“用人單位自用工之日起即與勞動者建立勞動關系”，“建立勞動關系，應當訂立書面勞動合同”，“用人單位與勞動者在用工之前訂立勞動合同的，勞動關系自用工之日起建立”。也就是說，引起勞動關系產生的基本法律事實是用工，而不是訂立勞動合同。訂立勞動合同是建立勞動關系的用人單位與勞動者的義務，也是證明勞動關系的重要證據之一。即使用人單位沒有與勞動者訂立勞動合同，只要存在用工行為，該用人單位與勞動者之間的勞動關系即建立，與用人單位存在事實勞動關系的勞動者即享有勞動法律規定的權利。
《勞動合同法》規定引起勞動關系產生的法律事實是用工，其目的是保護事實勞動關系中勞動者的權益，并不是肯定用人單位不與勞動者訂立勞動合同的行為。相反，《勞動合同法》明確規定，“建立勞動關系，應當訂立書面勞動合同”。為了既方便用人單位與勞動者訂立勞動合同，又督促用人單位必須與勞動者訂立勞動合同，《勞動合同法》規定了三項措施：
一是放寬了訂立勞動合同的時間要求，也就是說，已經實際用工，但未同時訂立書面勞動合同的，如果在自用工之日起一個月內訂立了書面勞動合同，就不違法。
二是規定用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月后，不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，應當自用工的第二個月起不滿一年的期間，向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資。
三是規定用人單位自用工之日起滿一年仍然不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，應當看作是用人單位與勞動者已訂立無固定期限勞動合同。
三、勞動合同的必備條款
《勞動合同法》規定的勞動合同必備條款與《勞動法》有關規定相比，有較大變化：
一是增加了部分必備條款。（1）增加了用人單位的名稱、住所和法定代表人或者主要負責人，勞動者的姓名、住址和居民身份證或者其他有效身份證件號碼等條款。原因是這些內容是勞動關系雙方主體的基本情況，應當在勞動合同中明確。（2）增加了工作地點條款。原因是實踐中勞動者的工作地點可能與用人單位住所地不一致，有必要在訂立勞動合同時予以明確。（3）增加了工作時間和休息休假條款。原因是為了在法定標準基礎上，進一步明確該勞動者具體的工作時間和休息休假安排。（4）增加了社會保險條款。依法參加社會保險和繳納社會保險費，是用人單位和勞動者的法定義務，無論用人單位與勞動者是否約定、如何約定，均應依法參加社會保險和繳納社會保險費。增加社會保險必備條款的原因，是為了強化用人單位和勞動者的社會保險權利義務意識。（5）增加了職業危害防護的條款。《職業病防治法》規定：用人單位與勞動者訂立勞動合同時，應當將工作過程中可能產生的職業病危害及其后果、職業病防護措施和待遇等如實告知勞動者，并在勞動合同中寫明，不得隱瞞或者欺騙。為了做好與《職業病防治法》以上規定的銜接，促進該條款的落實，《勞動合同法》中增加了職業危害防護的必備條款。
二是取消了部分必備條款。（1）取消了勞動紀律條款。原因是勞動紀律屬于用人單位規章制度，《勞動合同法》第四條已經對用人單位制定、修改勞動紀律等規章制度的程序作出了規定，沒有必要在勞動合同中由用人單位與勞動者個別約定。（2）取消了勞動合同終止的條件條款。原因是為了防止用人單位規避勞動合同期限約束，隨意終止勞動合同，《勞動合同法》取消了《勞動法》中有關用人單位與勞動者可以約定終止勞動合同的規定，明確勞動合同終止是法定行為，只有符合法定情形的，勞動合同才能終止。（3）取消了違反勞動合同的責任條款。原因是為了防止用人單位濫用違約責任條款，《勞動合同法》規定只有在依法約定的培訓服務期以及競業限制條款中，用人單位才能與勞動者約定違約金。
四、勞動合同的期限
《勞動合同法》延續了《勞動法》關于勞動合同期限分類的規定，規定勞動合同期限分為固定期限勞動合同、無固定期限勞動合同、以完成一定工作任務為期限的勞動合同三種類型；并且規定用人單位與勞動者雙方協商一致，可以訂立任何類型的勞動合同。同時，為了解決勞動合同短期化問題，引導用人單位與勞動者訂立更長期限的固定期限勞動合同以及無固定期限勞動合同，《勞動合同法》作出了一些與《勞動法》不同的新規定：
一是規定除用人單位維持或者提高勞動合同約定條件續訂勞動合同，勞動者不同意續訂的情形外，在固定期限勞動合同期滿終止時，用人單位應當依法向勞動者支付經濟補償金。
二是用人單位裁減人員時，應當優先留用與本單位訂立較長期限固定期限勞動合同以及無固定期限勞動合同的勞動者。
三是規定在法定情形下，如果勞動者提出或者同意續訂、訂立勞動合同，除勞動者提出訂立固定期限勞動合同外，應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同。法定情形包括：（1）勞動者在該用人單位連續工作滿十年的；（2）用人單位初次實行勞動合同制度或者國有企業改制重新訂立勞動合同時，勞動者在該用人單位連續工作滿十年且距法定退休年齡不足十年的；（3）連續訂立二次固定期限勞動合同，且勞動者沒有本法第三十九條和第四十條第一項、第二項規定的情形，續訂勞動合同的。
五、勞動合同約定的試用期
試用期是用人單位與勞動者在勞動合同中協商約定的對對方的考察期。《勞動合同法》延續了《勞動法》有關試用期的一些規定，如試用期屬于勞動合同的約定條款，雙方可以約定也可以不約定試用期；試用期包含在勞動合同期限之內；試用期最長不得超過六個月。同時，針對實踐中一些用人單位濫用試用期的問題，如試用期過長、過分壓低勞動者在試用期內的工資、在試用期內隨意解除勞動合同等，《勞動合同法》作出了一些與《勞動法》不同的新規定：
一是規定勞動合同期限三個月以上不滿一年的，試用期不得超過一個月；勞動合同期限一年以上不滿三年的，試用期不得超過二個月；三年以上固定期限和無固定期限的勞動合同，試用期不得超過六個月。以完成一定工作任務為期限的勞動合同或者勞動合同期限不滿三個月的，不得約定試用期。同一用人單位與同一勞動者只能約定一次試用期。
二是規定勞動者在試用期的工資不得低于本單位同崗位最低檔工資或者勞動合同約定工資的百分之八十，試用期工資不得低于用人單位所在地的最低工資標準。
三是規定在試用期中，除勞動者有本法第三十九條和第四十條第一項、第二項規定的情形外，用人單位不得解除勞動合同。用人單位在試用期解除勞動合同的，應當向勞動者說明理由。
六、勞動合同約定的違約金
勞動合同約定的違約金，指的是勞動合同中約定的在用人單位或者勞動者違反了勞動合同中其他有關約定時，應當向對方支付的賠償金。
為了防止用人單位濫用違約金條款，《勞動合同法》規定，只有在兩種情形下，用人單位可以約定由勞動者承擔違約金：
一是在培訓服務期約定中約定違約金。用人單位為勞動者提供專項培訓費用，對其進行專業技術培訓的，可以與該勞動者訂立協議，約定服務期。勞動者違反服務期約定的，應當按照約定向用人單位支付違約金。違約金的數額不得超過用人單位提供的培訓費用。用人單位要求勞動者支付的違約金不得超過服務期尚未履行部分所應分攤的培訓費用。
二是在競業限制約定中約定違約金。用人單位與勞動者可以在勞動合同中約定保守用人單位的商業秘密和與知識產權相關的保密事項。對負有保密義務的勞動者，用人單位可以在勞動合同或者保密協議中與勞動者約定競業限制條款，并約定在解除或者終止勞動合同后，在競業限制期限內按月給予勞動者經濟補償。勞動者違反競業限制約定的，應當按照約定向用人單位支付違約金。競業限制的人員限于用人單位的高級管理人員、高級技術人員和其他負有保密義務的人員。競業限制的范圍、地域、期限由用人單位與勞動者約定，競業限制的約定不得違反法律、法規的規定。在解除或者終止勞動合同后，以上規定的人員到與本單位生產或者經營同類產品、從事同類業務的有競爭關系的其他用人單位，或者自己開業生產或者經營同類產品、從事同類業務的競業限制期限，不得超過二年。
除以上兩種情形外，用人單位不得與勞動者約定由勞動者承擔的違約金，或者以賠償金、違約賠償金、違約責任金等其他名義約定由勞動者承擔違約責任。
七、勞動合同的履行和變更
《勞動合同法》在總結《勞動法》有關配套規定的基礎上，對《勞動法》關于勞動合同履行和變更的規定作出了補充規定：
（一）規定了勞動合同履行的一般原則
1．全面履行原則。指的是勞動合同雙方當事人在任何時候，均應當履行勞動合同約定的全部義務。
2．合法原則。指的是勞動合同雙方當事人在履行勞動合同過程中，必須遵守法律法規，不得有違法行為。《勞動合同法》著重強調了三個方面，一是規定用人單位應當按照勞動合同約定和國家規定及時足額支付勞動報酬。用人單位拖欠或者未足額支付勞動報酬的，勞動者可以依法向當地人民法院申請支付令，人民法院應當依法發出支付令。二是規定用人單位應當嚴格執行勞動定額標準，不得強迫或者變相強迫勞動者加班。用人單位安排加班的，應當按照國家有關規定向勞動者支付加班費。三是規定勞動者對用人單位管理人員違章指揮、強令冒險作業有權拒絕，不視為違反勞動合同；對危害生命安全和身體健康的勞動條件，有權對用人單位提出批評、檢舉和控告。
（二）規定了特殊情形下勞動合同的履行
一是規定用人單位變更名稱、法定代表人、主要負責人或者投資人等事項，不影響勞動合同的履行。
二是規定用人單位發生合并或者分立等情況，原勞動合同繼續有效，勞動合同由承繼其權利義務的用人單位繼續履行。
在用人單位變更名稱、法定代表人、主要負責人，或者用人單位發生合并、分立等情況時，由于勞動合同必備條款中的用人單位名稱、法定代表人、主要負責人等內容發生了變更，用人單位與勞動者應當從形式上變更勞動合同，但是，沒有從形式上變更勞動合同的，原勞動合同也應當繼續履行。
（三）規定了勞動合同變更的一般原則
《勞動合同法》第三十五條規定，用人單位與勞動者協商一致，可以變更勞動合同約定的內容。也就是說，協商一致原則是勞動合同變更的一般原則。
（四）規定了勞動合同變更的形式
《勞動合同法》第三十五條規定，變更勞動合同，應當采用書面形式。變更后的勞動合同文本由用人單位和勞動者各執一份。
八、勞動合同的解除
為了更好地維護勞動合同雙方當事人尤其是勞動者合法權益，《勞動合同法》對勞動合同解除作出了一些與《勞動法》不同的新規定：
（一）補充規定了勞動者可以立即解除勞動合同的類型
《勞動法》規定，勞動者單方解除勞動合同分為提前三十日以書面形式通知用人單位解除勞動合同和隨時通知用人單位解除勞動合同兩種類型，這兩種都規定勞動者要事先通知用人單位。《勞動合同法》第三十八條補充規定了第三種類型，即用人單位以暴力、威脅或者非法限制人身自由的手段強迫勞動者勞動的，或者用人單位違章指揮、強令冒險作業危及勞動者人身安全的，勞動者可以立即解除勞動合同，不需事先通知用人單位。
（二）修改了勞動者可以隨時通知解除勞動合同的情形
一是規定用人單位以暴力、威脅或者非法限制人身自由的手段強迫勞動情形下，勞動者可以不事先告知立即解除勞動合同。
二是補充規定了勞動者可以隨時通知用人單位解除勞動合同的情形，包括：（1）用人單位未按照勞動合同約定提供勞動保護的；（2）用人單位未依法為勞動者繳納社會保險費的；（3）用人單位的規章制度違反法律、法規的規定，損害勞動者權益的；（4）用人單位因本法第二十六條第一款規定的情形致使勞動合同無效的；（5）法律、行政法規規定勞動者可以解除勞動合同的其他情形。
三是考慮到用人單位工作交接的合理需要，規定將勞動者在試用期內可以隨時通知用人單位解除勞動合同，改為勞動者在試用期內可以提前三日通知用人單位解除勞動合同。
（三）補充規定了用人單位可以隨時通知勞動者解除勞動合同的情形
《勞動法》規定，勞動者在試用期間被證明不符合錄用條件的；嚴重違反勞動紀律或者用人單位規章制度的；嚴重失職，營私舞弊，對用人單位利益造成重大損害的；被依法追究刑事責任的，用人單位可以隨時通知勞動者解除勞動合同。《勞動合同法》除了延續以上規定外，為了保護用人單位的合法權益，還補充規定了用人單位可以隨時通知勞動者解除勞動合同的其他情形，即：（1）勞動者同時與其他用人單位建立勞動關系，對完成本單位的工作任務造成嚴重影響，或者經用人單位提出，拒不改正的；（2）因本法第二十六條第一款第一項規定的情形（即勞動者以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使用人單位在違背真實意思的情況下訂立勞動合同的），致使勞動合同無效的。
（四）增加了用人單位提前三十日以書面形式通知勞動者解除勞動合同的替代方式
《勞動合同法》增加規定了在符合法定情形時，用人單位既可以提前三十日以書面形式通知勞動者本人，也可以額外支付勞動者一個月工資，然后解除勞動合同。
同時，在用人單位裁減人員方面，《勞動合同法》也作了一些新的規定，比如增加了用人單位可以裁減人員的法定情形等。
九、勞動合同的終止
為了更好地維護勞動者合法權益，《勞動合同法》調整了《勞動法》關于勞動合同終止的規定內容：
一是取消了勞動合同的約定終止，規定勞動合同只能因法定情形出現而終止。也就是說，勞動合同當事人不得約定勞動合同終止條件；即使約定了，該約定也無效。
二是增加了勞動合同法定終止的情形，即勞動合同終止的法定情形除勞動合同期滿（包括固定期限勞動合同期滿，以及以完成一定工作任務為期限的勞動合同因該工作任務完成而期滿）外，還包括：（1）勞動者開始依法享受基本養老保險待遇的；（2）勞動者死亡，或者被人民法院宣告死亡或者宣告失蹤的；（3）用人單位被依法宣告破產的；（4）用人單位被吊銷營業執照、責令關閉、撤銷或者用人單位決定提前解散的；（5）法律、行政法規規定的其他情形。
三是增加了終止勞動合同的限制情形。在《勞動合同法》施行之前，為了保護勞動者的權益，國家規定在下列情形下，即使勞動合同期限屆滿，用人單位也不得終止勞動合同：（1）《工會法》規定，基層工會專職主席、副主席或者委員自任職之日起，其勞動合同期限自動延長，延長期限相當于其任職期間；非專職主席、副主席或者委員自任職之日起，其尚未履行的勞動合同期限短于任期的，勞動合同期限自動延長至任期期滿。但是，任職期間個人嚴重過失或者達到法定退休年齡的除外。（2）原勞動部《關于貫徹執行〈中華人民共和國勞動法〉若干問題的意見》（勞部發〔1995〕309號）規定，除勞動法第二十五條規定的情形（即在試用期間被證明不符合錄用條件的；嚴重違反勞動紀律或者用人單位規章制度的；嚴重失職，營私舞弊，對用人單位利益造成重大損害的；被依法追究刑事責任的）外，勞動者在醫療期、孕期、產期和哺乳期內，勞動合同期限屆滿時，用人單位不得終止勞動合同。勞動合同的期限應自動延續至醫療期、孕期、產期和哺乳期期滿為止。（3）《工傷保險條例》規定，勞動者在本單位患職業病或者因工負傷并被確認喪失勞動能力的，或者大部分喪失勞動能力且勞動者沒有提出終止勞動合同的，用人單位不得與勞動者終止勞動合同。（4）《職業病防治法》規定，用人單位對未進行離崗前職業健康檢查的勞動者不得終止與其訂立的勞動合同；在疑似職業病病人診斷或者醫學觀察期間，不得終止與其訂立的勞動合同。
《勞動合同法》除延續《工會法》、《職業病防治法》等以上規定外，還補充規定，勞動者在本單位連續工作滿十五年，且距法定退休年齡不足五年的，即使勞動合同期滿，用人單位也不得與勞動者終止勞動合同。
十、解除和終止勞動合同的經濟補償
《勞動法》規定，用人單位依法經協商與勞動者解除勞動合同的、提前三十日以書面形式通知勞動者解除勞動合同的、因裁減人員而與勞動者解除勞動合同的，應當依照國家有關規定給予經濟補償。原勞動部《違反和解除勞動合同的經濟補償辦法》對支付經濟補償的具體辦法作出了規定。《勞動合同法》在延續以上規定的同時，對用人單位在解除和終止勞動合同時支付經濟補償作出了一些新規定：
一是增加規定勞動者依照本法第三十八條規定因用人單位違法行為解除勞動合同的，用人單位也應當依法支付經濟補償。
二是增加規定勞動合同因下列情形而終止時，用人單位也應當依法支付經濟補償：（1）除用人單位維持或者提高勞動合同約定條件續訂勞動合同，勞動者不同意續訂的情況外，固定期限勞動合同期滿終止的；（2）因用人單位被依法宣告破產，或者用人單位被吊銷營業執照、責令關閉、撤銷或者用人單位決定提前解散，而終止勞動合同的。
三是增加規定了向高收入勞動者支付經濟補償的限額。即勞動者月工資高于用人單位所在直轄市、設區的市級人民政府公布的上年度職工月平均工資三倍的，向其支付經濟補償的標準按職工月平均工資三倍的數額支付，向其支付經濟補償的年限最高不超過十二年。
十一、集體合同
集體協商和集體合同制度是市場經濟條件下協調勞動關系的有效機制。《勞動合同法》延續了《勞動法》、《工會法》的規定，再次明確企業職工一方與用人單位通過平等協商，可以就勞動報酬、工作時間、休息休假、勞動安全衛生、保險福利等事項訂立集體合同。集體合同草案應當提交職工代表大會或者全體職工討論通過。集體合同由工會代表企業職工一方與用人單位訂立；尚未建立工會的用人單位，由上級工會指導勞動者推舉的代表與用人單位訂立。集體合同訂立后應當報送勞動行政部門；勞動行政部門自收到集體合同文本之日起十五日內未提出異議的，集體合同即行生效。依法訂立的集體合同對用人單位和勞動者具有約束力。集體合同中勞動報酬和勞動條件等標準不得低于當地人民政府規定的最低標準；用人單位與勞動者訂立的勞動合同中勞動報酬和勞動條件等標準不得低于集體合同規定的標準。
為了進一步完善集體合同制度，《勞動合同法》將一些經過實踐檢驗行之有效的好的政策上升為法律規定，對《勞動法》、《工會法》確立的集體合同制度進行了補充：
一是針對一些規模較小的用人單位中職工流動性較大、職工合法權益受侵害的現象時有發生，而這些單位內工會力量薄弱，難以有效開展集體協商的問題，規定在縣級以下區域內，建筑業、采礦業、餐飲服務業等行業可以由工會與企業方面代表訂立行業性集體合同，或者訂立區域性集體合同。行業性、區域性集體合同對當地本行業、本區域的用人單位和勞動者具有約束力。
二是為了提高集體合同的針對性和實效性，規定企業職工一方與用人單位可以訂立勞動安全衛生、女職工權益保護、工資調整機制等專項集體合同。
三是考慮到與正在制定之中的《勞動爭議調解仲裁法》的銜接，修改了《工會法》關于因履行集體合同發生爭議，經協商解決不成的，“工會可以向勞動爭議仲裁機構提請仲裁，仲裁機構不予受理或者對仲裁裁決不服的，可以向人民法院提起訴訟”的規定，規定“工會可以依法申請仲裁、提起訴訟”。
十二、勞務派遣。
《勞動合同法》對勞務派遣用工形式作出了規范：
一是規定只有依法設立的具備一定經濟實力以承擔對被派遣勞動者義務的公司法人才能專門從事勞務派遣經營。《勞動合同法》第五十七條規定：“勞務派遣單位應當依照公司法的有關規定設立，注冊資本不得少于五十萬元。”
二是對勞務派遣單位與被派遣勞動者訂立的勞動合同作出特別規定。尤其是規定了勞務派遣單位應當與被派遣勞動者訂立二年以上的固定期限勞動合同，按月支付勞動報酬；被派遣勞動者在無工作期間，勞務派遣單位應當按照所在地人民政府規定的最低工資標準，向其按月支付報酬。
三是規定了用工單位應當履行的義務。包括用工單位應當執行國家勞動標準，提供相應的勞動條件和勞動保護，告知被派遣勞動者的工作要求和勞動報酬；支付加班費、績效獎金，提供與工作崗位相關的福利待遇；對在崗被派遣勞動者進行工作崗位所必需的培訓；連續用工的，實行正常的工資調整機制；應當按照勞務派遣協議使用被派遣勞動者，不得將被派遣勞動者再派遣到其他用人單位。
四是明確勞務派遣單位與用工單位之間的關系。規定勞務派遣單位應當與用工單位訂立勞務派遣協議。勞務派遣協議應當約定派遣崗位和人員數量、派遣期限、勞動報酬和社會保險費的數額與支付方式以及違反協議的責任。
五是針對勞務派遣的特殊性，對被派遣勞動者的權利作了一些特別規定。包括規定勞務派遣單位跨地區派遣勞動者的，被派遣勞動者享有的勞動報酬和勞動條件，按照用工單位所在地的標準執行；被派遣勞動者享有與用工單位的勞動者同工同酬的權利等內容。
六是限定勞務派遣崗位的范圍。規定勞務派遣一般在臨時性、輔助性或者替代性的工作崗位上實施。
七是規定用工單位與勞務派遣單位承擔連帶責任。《勞動合同法》規定，在被派遣勞動者合法權益受到侵害時，用工單位與勞務派遣單位承擔連帶賠償責任。
十三、非全日制用工
《勞動合同法》從法律層面上對非全日制用工作出了與全日制用工不同的特別規范：
一是對非全日制用工作了定義。規定非全日制用工，是指以小時計酬為主，勞動者在同一用人單位一般平均每日工作時間不超過四小時，每周工作時間累計不超過二十四小時的用工形式。
二是規定從事非全日制用工的勞動者可以與一個或者一個以上用人單位訂立勞動合同，而全日制用工勞動者只能與一個用人單位訂立勞動合同。
三是規定非全日制用工雙方當事人可以訂立口頭協議。而全日制用工的，應當訂立書面勞動合同。
四是規定非全日制用工雙方當事人不得約定試用期。
五是規定雙方當事人任何一方都可以隨時通知對方終止用工；終止用工，用人單位不向勞動者支付經濟補償。
六是規定非全日制用工不得低于用人單位所在地人民政府規定的最低小時工資標準，而全日制用工勞動者執行的是月最低工資標準。
七是非全日制用工勞動報酬結算周期最長不得超過十五日，而全日制用工的，工資應當至少每月支付一次
第二篇: 勞動合同法82
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勞動合同法第82條【解讀】-勞動合同法第八十二條解讀羽利小編精心推薦
《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》是在201X年6月29日第十屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十八次會議通過并由中華人民共和國主席令發布的關于勞動合同的法律條文。《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》自201X年1月1日起施行。修改方案于201X年12月28日通過，現予公布，自201X年7月1日起施行。
【勞動合同法第82條】
勞動合同法共分8章98條，包括：總則、勞動合同的訂立、勞動合同的履行和變更、勞動合同的解除和終止、特別規定、監督檢查、法律責任和附則。
第八十二條【不訂立書面勞動合同的法律責任】
第八十二條 用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月不滿一年未與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，應當向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資。
第三篇: 勞動合同法82
勞動合同法第82條
第八十二條 用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月不滿一年未與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，應當向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資。 用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的，自應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日起向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資。 【解讀】本條是關于用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同，以及用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的法律責任的規定。 一、用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的 1994年，我國制定出臺了勞動法，明確規定了用人單位和勞動者之間建立勞動關系，應當訂立勞動合同，勞動合同應當以書面形式訂立。實踐中，絕大多數的用人單位能夠遵守勞動法的規定，與勞動者簽訂書面的勞動合同，但也有一些用人單位無視法律的規定，不與勞動者簽訂勞動合同，或者不簽訂書面的勞動合同，因此，一旦發生勞動爭議，勞動者往往因為拿不出勞動合同，而無法維護自己的合法權益。為了切實貫徹勞動合同制，維護勞動者的合法權益，勞動合同法第十條規定：“建立勞動關系，應當訂立書面勞動合同。”“已建立勞動關系，未同時訂立書面勞動合同的，應當自用工之日起一個月內訂立書面勞動合同。”“用人單位與勞動者在用工前訂立勞動合同的，勞動關系自用工之日起建立。”同時，勞動合同法第十四條第三款規定：“用人單位自用工之日起滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，視為用人單位與勞動者已訂立無固定期限勞動合同。”根據上述規定，如果用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面合同，就要承擔相應的法律責任。這里包括三層含義：一是用人單位自用工之日起一個月內必須與勞動者訂立勞動合同;二是勞動合同必須以書面形式訂立，如果在一個月的時間內訂立的是口頭的勞動合同，則也是違法的，要依法承擔法律責任;三是如果用人單位自用工之日起超過一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，視為用人單位與勞動者已訂立無固定期限勞動合同，直接適用無固定期限勞動合同的有關規定。 二、用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的 根據本法的規定：“勞動合同期限分為固定期限、無固定期限和以完成一定工作任務為期限三種。”“無固定期限勞動合同，是指用人單位與勞動者約定無確定終止時間的勞動合同。”當前，我國勞務就業市場上出現了勞動合同短期化現象，對勞動關系的穩定和諧、收入分配制度及職工相關權益落實都產生了消極影響，從長遠的觀點來看，對企業、勞動者，對政府而言都是不利的，最終將影響到國民經濟的持續、協調、穩定、健康的發展。因此，為維護勞動者的合法權益，促進勞動關系的和諧穩定，在勞動合同法中采取措施遏制勞動合同短期化是非常必要的。本法第十四條對訂立無固定期限勞動合同作出了明確規定。本條中“違反本法規定不簽訂無固定期限勞動合同的”主要就是指用人單位違反本法第十四條第二款的規定，不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的行為，主要包括以下三種情形：(一)續延勞動合同時，勞動者已在該用人單位連續工作滿十年以上，勞動者提出或者同意續訂勞動合同，用人單位拒絕簽訂無固定期限勞動合同;(二)用人單位初次實行勞動合同制度或者國有企業改制重新訂立勞動合同時，勞動者在該用人單位連續工作滿十年且距法定退休年齡十年以內的，勞動者提出或者同意續訂勞動合同，用人單位拒絕簽訂無固定期限勞動合同;(三)連續簽訂兩次固定期限勞動合同后續簽的，勞動者提出或者同意續訂勞動合同，而用人單位拒絕簽訂無固定期限勞動合同。 三、用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同，以及用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的法律責任 對于用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同，以及用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的違法行為，本條規定了一種懲罰性的民事賠償責任即：應當向勞動者支付二倍的月工資。 (一)懲罰性的民事賠償責任 懲罰性賠償，又叫做懲戒性賠償，它指的是對受害方的實際損失予以補償性賠償之外的賠償，通常是因為侵權方的一些特殊的不當行為所致。懲罰性賠償是一項很古老的制度，它在世界上一些主要的普通法系國家，如英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭，美國和加拿大等都得到了廣泛的適用。實施懲罰性賠償，是為了懲罰和阻止一些特定的行為，特別是故意或惡意所致的行為。此外，懲罰性賠償還可以疏導受害人的憤慨情緒，防止受害一方因為侵權方的惡意侵權而采取一些以牙還牙的報復行為，全面補償受害人所遭受的物質和精神損失。 懲罰性賠償雖然在普通法系國家得到了廣泛的運用，但在大多數大陸法系國家卻沒有得到承認。大多數的大陸法系國家對民事案件的損失賠償額被限定在一定范圍內，使受害人一方回復到沒有受損時的狀態。 我國一直以來采用大陸法系的立場，堅持賠償采用實際損失原則，即只賠償受害者因為侵權行為而實際受到的損失。但在1993年制定《中華人民共和國消費者權益保護法》時，借鑒了英美法系的懲罰性賠償制度，該法第四十九條規定：“經營者提供商品或者服務有欺詐行為的，應當按照消費者的要求增加賠償其受到的損失，增加賠償的金額為消費者購買商品的價款或者接受服務的費用的一倍。”這一規定次采用了懲罰性賠償制度，以制裁消費領域中的欺詐行為，維護消費者的合法權益。此次，勞動合同法為了更好地保護勞動者的合法權益，對用人單位故意不簽訂書面勞動合同或者拖延簽訂勞動合同，以及故意不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的違法行為，規定了“應當向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資”這樣一個懲罰性的賠償制度，用于懲罰用人單位的違法行為，同時也是督促用人單位盡快依法與勞動者簽訂勞動合同，從而保護作為弱者一方的勞動者的合法權益，維護勞動關系的和諧穩定。例如：某一勞動者于某年10月8日起到某一企業工作，約定工資為每月700元，如果到了當年的11月15日，企業還沒有與該勞動者簽訂書面的勞動合同，則該用人單位違反了勞動合同法的規定，依據本條的規定應支付勞動者勞動應得報酬二倍的月工資，即雖然該勞動者只干了一個月的工作，用人單位也要支持勞動者1400元的工資。
第四篇: 勞動合同法82
勞動合同法第82條
1994年，我國制定出臺了勞動法，明確規定了用人單位和勞動者之間建立勞動關系，應當訂立勞動合同，勞動合同應當以書面形式訂立。實踐中，絕大多數的用人單位能夠遵守勞動法的規定，與勞動者簽訂書面的勞動合同，但也有一些用人單位無視法律的規定，不與勞動者簽訂勞動合同，或者不簽訂書面的勞動合同，因此，一旦發生勞動爭議，勞動者往往因為拿不出勞動合同，而無法維護自己的合法權益。為了切實貫徹勞動合同制，維護勞動者的合法權益，勞動合同法第十條規定：“建立勞動關系，應當訂立書面勞動合同。”“已建立勞動關系，未同時訂立書面勞動合同的，應當自用工之日起一個月內訂立書面勞動合同。”“用人單位與勞動者在用工前訂立勞動合同的，勞動關系自用工之日起建立。”同時，勞動合同法第十四條第三款規定：“用人單位自用工之日起滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，視為用人單位與勞動者已訂立無固定期限勞動合同。”根據上述規定，如果用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面合同，就要承擔相應的法律責任。這里包括三層含義：一是用人單位自用工之日起一個月內必須與勞動者訂立勞動合同;二是勞動合同必須以書面形式訂立，如果在一個月的時間內訂立的是口頭的勞動合同，則也是違法的，要依法承擔法律責任;三是如果用人單位自用工之日起超過一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，視為用人單位與勞動者已訂立無固定期限勞動合同，直接適用無固定期限勞動合同的有關規定。
根據本法的規定：“勞動合同期限分為固定期限、無固定期限和以完成一定工作任務為期限三種。”“無固定期限勞動合同，是指用人單位與勞動者約定無確定終止時間的勞動合同。”當前，我國勞務就業市場上出現了勞動合同短期化現象，對勞動關系的穩定和諧、收入分配制度及職工相關權益落實都產生了消極影響，從長遠的觀點來看，對企業、勞動者，對政府而言都是不利的，最終將影響到國民經濟的持續、協調、穩定、健康的發展。因此，為維護勞動者的合法權益，促進勞動關系的和諧穩定，在勞動合同法中采取措施遏制勞動合同短期化是非常必要的。本法第十四條對訂立無固定期限勞動合同作出了明確規定。本條中“違反本法規定不簽訂無固定期限勞動合同的”主要就是指用人單位違反本法第十四條第二款的規定，不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的行為，主要包括以下三種情形：(一)續延勞動合同時，勞動者已在該用人單位連續工作滿十年以上，勞動者提出或者同意續訂勞動合同，用人單位拒絕簽訂無固定期限勞動合同;(二)用人單位初次實行勞動合同制度或者國有企業改制重新訂立勞動合同時，勞動者在該用人單位連續工作滿十年且距法定退休年齡十年以內的，勞動者提出或者同意續訂勞動合同，用人單位拒絕簽訂無固定期限勞動合同;(三)連續簽訂兩次固定期限勞動合同后續簽的，勞動者提出或者同意續訂勞動合同，而用人單位拒絕簽訂無固定期限勞動合同。
對于用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同，以及用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的違法行為，本條規定了一種懲罰性的民事賠償責任即：應當向勞動者支付二倍的月工資。
懲罰性賠償，又叫做懲戒性賠償，它指的是對受害方的實際損失予以補償性賠償之外的賠償，通常是因為侵權方的一些特殊的不當行為所致。懲罰性賠償是一項很古老的制度，它在世界上一些主要的普通法系國家，如英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭，美國和加拿大等都得到了廣泛的適用。實施懲罰性賠償，是為了懲罰和阻止一些特定的行為，特別是故意或惡意所致的行為。此外，懲罰性賠償還可以疏導受害人的憤慨情緒，防止受害一方因為侵權方的惡意侵權而采取一些以牙還牙的報復行為，全面補償受害人所遭受的物質和精神損失。
懲罰性賠償雖然在普通法系國家得到了廣泛的運用，但在大多數大陸法系國家卻沒有得到承認。大多數的大陸法系國家對民事案件的損失賠償額被限定在一定范圍內，使受害人一方回復到沒有受損時的狀態。
我國一直以來采用大陸法系的立場，堅持賠償采用實際損失原則，即只賠償受害者因為侵權行為而實際受到的損失。但在1993年制定《中華人民共和國消費者權益保護法》時，借鑒了英美法系的懲罰性賠償制度，該法第四十九條規定：“經營者提供商品或者服務有欺詐行為的，應當按照消費者的要求增加賠償其受到的損失，增加賠償的金額為消費者購買商品的價款或者接受服務的費用的一倍。”這一規定第一次采用了懲罰性賠償制度，以制裁消費領域中的欺詐行為，維護消費者的合法權益。此次，勞動合同法為了更好地保護勞動者的合法權益，對用人單位故意不簽訂書面勞動合同或者拖延簽訂勞動合同，以及故意不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的違法行為，規定了“應當向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資”這樣一個懲罰性的賠償制度，用于懲罰用人單位的違法行為，同時也是督促用人單位盡快依法與勞動者簽訂勞動合同，從而保護作為弱者一方的勞動者的合法權益，維護勞動關系的和諧穩定。例如：某一勞動者于某年10月8日起到某一企業工作，約定工資為每月700元，如果到了當年的11月15日，企業還沒有與該勞動者簽訂書面的勞動合同，則該用人單位違反了勞動合同法的規定，依據本條的規定應支付勞動者勞動應得報酬二倍的月工資，即雖然該勞動者只干了一個月的工作，用人單位也要支持勞動者1400元的工資。
對于用人單位違反本法規定不與勞動者訂立無固定期限勞動合同的，本條規定：自應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日起向勞動者每月支付二倍的工資。這里的“應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日”應當理解為勞動合同法第十四條第二款、第三款規定的四種情形到來之日;包括：(1)勞動者在同一用人單位連續工作滿十年之日的次日。如某一勞動者1998年6月1日進入某一企業工作，到XX年6月1日已在該企業連續工作十年，如果該勞動者提出續訂勞動合同，則XX年6月2日即為“應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日”。(2)在勞動者在同一用人單位連續工作滿十年且距法定退休年齡不足十年的情況下，用人單位初次實行勞動合同制度或者國有企業改制重新訂立勞動合同的日子。如某一職工已在某一企業連續工作十年，此時他53歲，距60歲的退休年齡不足10年，在此情況下，如果其所在的用人單位進行改制，確定于XX年3月1日重新與職工訂立勞動合同，則這一天即為“應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日”。(3)勞動者與企業連續訂立二次固定期限勞動合同，且該勞動者沒有勞動合同法第三十九條規定的情形，在此情況下，雙方續訂勞動合同的日子。(4)用人單位自用工之日起滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面勞動合同的，則滿一年后的第一天為“應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日”。如某一勞動者于XX年5月8日進入某一企業工作，到了XX年5月25日該企業還沒有與該勞動者簽訂書面勞動合同，則視為企業與勞動者已經訂立無固定期限的勞動合同，“應當訂立無固定期限勞動合同之日”為工作滿一年后的第一天，即XX年5月9日。
對于用人單位自用工之日起超過一個月但不滿一年不與勞動者訂立書面合同的，以及違反本法規定不予勞動者簽訂無固定期限勞動合同的違法行為，勞動者可以通過以下途徑追究用人單位的賠償責任：
(一)向當地勞動行政部門進行舉報。勞動合同法明確規定，縣級以上地方人民政府勞動行政部門負責本行政區域內勞動合同制度實施的監督管理。同時，勞動合同法還明確規定，任何組織或者個人對于違反本法的行為都有權舉報，縣級以上人民政府勞動行政部門應當及時核實、處理。受理勞動違法行為舉報是各級勞動行政部門依法應當履行的職責。勞動者就用人單位違反勞動合同法的行為向勞動行政部門進行舉報，勞動行政部門應當依法受理并立案查處。一經查實，勞動行政部門可以責令用人單位依法對勞動者予以賠償。
(二)向勞動爭議仲裁機構申請仲裁。勞動爭議仲裁，是指勞動爭議仲裁機構對申請仲裁的勞動爭議案件依法進行裁決的活動。勞動爭議仲裁既是勞動爭議雙方當事人向法院提起爭議訴訟前的必經程序，也是我國處理勞動爭議案件的一種基本形式。勞動爭議仲裁裁決書下達后，任何一方當事人不服，可在法定期限內向人民法院起訴，逾期不起訴將產生法律效力，當事人必須履行。對用人單位違反勞動合同法的行為，勞動者可以依法向勞動仲裁機構申請賠償。
(三)向人民法院提起訴訟。向人民法院提起訴訟是勞動者依法享有的一項權利，是勞動者追究用人單位違反勞動合同法的賠償責任、解決賠償責任爭議的一種重要方式，也是最后的方式。人民法院按照司法審判程序對案件進行審理、裁判和執行，保障勞動者的合法權益，包括獲得法定賠償的權利得以實現。
第五篇: 勞動合同法82
LAW OF THE PEOPLE′S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
Adopted at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People′s Congress on June 29，2007
Effective from January 1， 2008
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
This Law has been formulated in order to improve the employment contract system， to specify the rights and obligations of the parties to employment contracts， to protect the lawful rights and interests of Employees and to build and develop harmonious and stable employment relationships.
Article 2
This Law governs the establishment of employment relationships between， and the conclusion， performance， amendment， termination and ending of employment contracts by， organizations such as enterprises， individual economic organizations and private non-enterprise units in the People"s Republic of China （“Employers”） on the one hand and Employees in the People"s Republic of China on the other hand.
The conclusion， performance， amendment， termination and ending of employment contracts by state authorities， institutions or social organizations on the one hand and Employees with whom they establish employment relationships on the other hand， shall be handled pursuant to this Law.
Article 3
The conclusion of employment contracts shall comply with the principles of lawfulness， fairness， equality， free will， negotiated consensus and good faith.
A lawfully concluded employment contract is binding， and both the Employer and the Employee shall perform their respective obligations stipulated therein.
Article 4
Employers shall establish and improve internal rules and regulations， so as to ensure that Employees enjoy their labor rights and perform their labor obligations.
When an Employer formulates， revises or decides on rules and regulations， or material matters， that have a direct bearing on the immediate interests of its Employees， such as those concerning compensation， work hours， rest， leave， work safety and hygiene， insurance， benefits， employee training， work discipline or work quota management， the same shall be discussed by the employee representative congress or all the employees. The employee representative congress or all the employees， as the case may be， shall put forward a proposal and comments， whereupon the matter shall be determined through consultations with the Trade union or employee representatives conducted on a basis of equality.
If， during the implementation of an Employer"s rule or regulation or decision on a crucial matter， the Trade union or an employee is of the opinion that the same is inappropriate， it or he is entitled to communicate such opinion to the Employer， and the rule， regulation or decision shall be improved by making amendments after consultations.
Rules and regulations， and decisions on material matters， that have a direct bearing on the immediate interests of Employees shall be made public or be communicated to the Employees by the Employer.
Article 5
The labor administration authorities of People"s Governments at the county level and above， together with the Trade union and enterprise representatives， shall establish a comprehensive tri-partite mechanism for the coordination of employment relationships， in order to jointly study and resolve major issues concerning employment relationships.
Article 6
A Trade union shall assist and guide Employees in the conclusion of employment contracts with their Employer and the performance thereof in accordance with the law， and establish a collective bargaining mechanism with the Employer in order to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of Employees.
CHAPTER 2 CONCLUSION OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
Article 7
An Employer"s employment relationship with a Employee is established on the date it starts using the Employee. An Employer shall keep a register of employees， for reference purposes.
Article 8
When an Employer hires a Employee， it shall truthfully inform him as to the content of the work， the working conditions， the place of work， occupational hazards， production safety conditions， labor compensation and other matters which the Employee requests to be informed about. The Employer has the right to learn from the Employee basic information which directly relates to the employment contract， and the Employee shall truthfully provide the same.
Article 9
When hiring a Employee， an Employer may not retain the Employee"s resident ID card or other papers， nor may it require him to provide security or collect property from him under some other guise.
Article 10
To establish an employment relationship， a written employment contract shall be concluded.
In the event that no written employment contract was concluded at the time of establishment of an employment relationship， a written employment contract shall be concluded within one month after the date on which the Employer starts using the Employee.
Where an Employer and a Employee conclude an employment contract before the Employer starts using the Employee， the employment relationship shall be established on the date on which the Employer starts using the Employee.
Article 11
In the event that an Employer fails to conclude a written employment contract with a Employee at the time its starts to use him， and it is not clear what labor compensation was agreed upon with the Employee， the labor compensation of the new Employee shall be decided pursuant to the rate specified in the collective contract； where there is no collective contract or the collective contract is silent on the matter， equal pay shall be given for equal work.
Article 12
Employment contracts are divided into fixed-term employment contracts， open-ended employment contracts and employment contracts to expire upon completion of a certain job.
Article 13
A “fixed-term employment contract” is an employment contract whose ending date is agreed upon by the Employer and the Employee.
An Employer and a Employee may conclude a fixed-term employment contract upon reaching a negotiated consensus.
Article 14
An “open-ended employment contract” is an employment contract for which the Employer and the Employee have agreed not to stipulate a definite ending date.
An Employer and a Employee may conclude an open-ended employment contract upon reaching a negotiated consensus. If a Employee proposes or agrees to renew his employment contract or to conclude an employment contract in any of the following circumstances， an open-ended employment contract shall be concluded， unless the Employee requests the conclusion of a fixed-term employment contract：
（1） The Employee has been working for the Employer for a consecutive period of not less than 10 years；
（2） when his Employer introduces the employment contract system or the state owned enterprise that employs him re-concludes its employment contracts as a result of restructuring， the Employee has been working for the Employer for a consecutive period of not less than 10 years and is less than 10 years away from his legal retirement age； or
（3） prior to the renewal， a fixed-term employment contract was concluded on two consecutive occasions and the Employee is not characterized by any of the circumstances set forth in Article 39 and items （1） and （2） of Article 40 hereof.
If an Employer fails to conclude a written employment contract with a Employee within one year from the date on which it starts using the Employee， the Employer and the Employee shall be deemed to have concluded an open-ended employment contract.
Article 15
An “employment contract with a term to expire upon completion of a certain job” is an employment contract in which the Employer and the Employee have agreed that the completion of a certain job is the term of the contract.
An Employer and a Employee may， upon reaching a negotiated consensus， conclude an employment contract with a term to expire upon completion of a certain job.
Article 16
An employment contract shall become effective when the Employer and the Employee have reached a negotiated consensus thereon and each of them has signed or sealed the text of such contract.
The Employer and the Employee shall each hold one copy of the employment contract.
Article 17
An employment contract shall specify the following matters：
（1） The name， domicile and legal representative or main person in charge of the Employer；
（2） The name， domicile and number of the resident ID card or other valid identity document of the Employee；
（3） The term of the employment contract；
（4） The job des cription and the place of work；
（5） Working hours， rest and leave；
（6） Labor compensation；
（7） Social insurance；
（8） Labor protection， working conditions and protection against occupational hazards； and
（9） Other matters which laws and statutes require to be included in employment contracts.
In addition to the requisite terms mentioned above， an Employer and a Employee may agree to stipulate other matters in the employment contract， such as probation period， training， confidentiality， supplementary insurance and benefits， etc.
Article 18
If a dispute arises due to the fact that the rate or standards for labor compensation or working conditions， etc. are not explicitly specified in the employment contract， the Employer and the Employee may renegotiate. If the negotiations are unsuccessful， the provisions of the collective contract shall apply. If there is no collective contract or the collective contract is silent on the issue of labor compensation， equal pay shall be given for equal work； if there is no collective contract or the collective contract is silent on the issue of working conditions， the relevant regulations of the state shall apply.
Article 19
If an employment contract has a term of not less than three months but less than one year， the probation period may not exceed one month； if an employment contract has a term of more than one year and less than three years， the probation period may not exceed two months； and if an employment contract has a term of not less than three years or is open-ended， the probation period may not exceed six months.
An Employer may stipulate only one probation period with any given Employee.
No probation period may be specified in an employment contract with a term to expire upon completion of a certain job or an employment contract with a term of less than three months.
The probation period shall be included in the term of the employment contract. If an employment contract provides for a probation period only， then there is no probation period and the term concerned shall be the term of the employment contract.
Article 20
The wages of a Employee on probation may not be less than the lowest wage level for the same job with the Employer or less than 80 percent of the wage agreed upon in the employment contract， and may not be less than the minimum wage rate in the place where the Employer is located.
Article 21
An Employer may not terminate an employment contract during the probation period unless the Employee is characterized by any of the circumstances set forth in Article 39 and items （1） and （2） of Article 40 hereof. If an Employer terminates an employment contract during the probation period， it shall explain the reasons to the Employee.
Article 22
If an Employer provides special funding for a Employee"s training and gives him professional technical training， it may conclude an agreement specifying a term of service with such Employee.
If the Employee breaches the agreement on the term of service， he shall pay liquidated damages to the Employer as agreed. The measure of the liquidated damages may not exceed the training expenses paid by the Employer. The liquidated damages that the Employer requires the Employee to pay may not exceed the portion of the training expenses allocable to the unperformed portion of the term of service.
The reaching of agreement on a term of service between the Employer and the Employee does not affect the raising of the Employee"s labor compensation during the term of service according to the normal wage adjustment mechanism.
Article 23
An Employer and a Employee may include in their employment contract provisions on confidentiality matters relating to maintaining the confidentiality of the trade secrets of the Employer and to intellectual property.
If a Employee has a confidentiality obligation， the Employer may agree with the Employee on competition restriction provisions in the employment contract or confidentiality agreement， and stipulate that the Employer shall pay financial compensation to the Employee on a monthly basis during the term of the competition restriction after the termination or ending of the employment contract. If the Employee breaches the competition restriction provisions， he shall pay liquidated damages to the Employer as stipulated.
Article 24
The personnel subject to competition restrictions shall be limited to the Employer"s senior management， senior technicians and other personnel with a confidentiality obligation. The scope， territory and term of the competition restrictions shall be agreed upon by the Employer and the Employee， and such agreement shall not violate laws and regulations.
The term， counted from the termination or ending of the employment contract， for which a person as mentioned in the preceding paragraph is subject to competition restrictions in terms of his working for a competing Employer that produces the same type of products or is engaged in the same type of business as his current Employer， or in terms of his establishing his own business to produce the same type of products or engage in the same type of business， shall not exceed two years.
Article 25
With the exception of the circumstances specified in Articles 22 and 23 hereof， an Employer may not stipulate with a Employee provisions on the bearing of liquidated damages by the Employee.
Article 26
An employment contract shall be invalid or partially invalid if：
（1） A party uses such means as deception or coercion， or takes advantage of the other party"s difficulties， to cause the other party to conclude an employment contract， or to make an amendment thereto， that is contrary to that party"s true intent；
（2） The Employer disclaims its legal liability or denies the Employee his rights； or
（3） Mandatory provisions of laws or administrative statutes are violated.
If the invalidity or partial invalidity of the employment contract is disputed， it shall be confirmed by a labor dispute arbitration institution or a People"s Court.
Article 27
If certain provisions of an employment contract are invalid and such invalidity does not affect the validity of the remaining provisions， the remaining provisions shall remain valid.
Article 28
If an employment contract is confirmed as invalid and the Employee has already performed labor， the Employer shall pay the Employee labor compensation. The amount of labor compensation shall be determined with reference to the labor compensation of Employees in the same or a similar position with the Employer.
CHAPTER 3 PERFORMANCE AND AMENDMENT OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
Article 29
The Employer and the Employee shall each fully perform its/his obligations in accordance with the employment contract.
Article 30
Employers shall pay their Employees labor compensation on time and in full in accordance with the employment contracts and state regulations.
If an Employer falls into arrears with the payment of labor compensation or fails to make payment in full， the Employee may， in accordance with the law， apply to the local People"s
Court for an order to pay； and the People"s Court shall issue such order in accordance with the law.
Article 31
Employers shall strictly implement the work quota standards and may not compel or in a disguised manner compel Employees to work overtime. If an Employer arranges for a Employee to work overtime， it shall pay him overtime pay in accordance with the relevant state regulations.
Article 32
Employees shall not be held in breach of their employment contracts if they refuse to perform dangerous operations that are instructed in violation of regulations or peremptorily ordered by management staff of the Employer.
Employees have the right to criticize， report to the authorities or lodge accusations against their Employers in respect of working conditions that endanger their lives or health.
Article 33
Changes such a change in the name， legal representative or main person in charge of， or an （the） investor（s） in， an Employer shall not affect the performance of its employment contracts.
Article 34
If an Employer is merged or divided， etc.， its existing employment contracts shall remain valid and continue to be performed by the Employer（s） which succeeded to its rights and obligations
Article 35
An Employer and a Employee may amend the provisions of their employment contract if they so agree after consultations. Amendments to an employment contract shall be made in writing.
The Employer and the Employee shall each hold one copy of the amended employment contract.
CHAPTER 4 TERMINATION AND ENDING OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
Article 36
An Employer and a Employee may terminate their employment contract if they so agree after consultations.
Article 37
A Employee may terminate his employment contract upon 30 days" prior written notice to his Employer. During his probation period， a Employee may terminate his employment contract by giving his Employer three days" prior notice.
Article 38
A Employee may terminate his employment contract if his Employer：
（1） Fails to provide the labor protection or working conditions specified in the employment contract；
（2） Fails to pay labor compensation in full and on time；
（3） Fails to pay the social insurance premiums for the Employee in accordance with the law；
（4） Has rules and regulations that violate laws or regulations， thereby harming the Employee"s rights and interests；
（5） causes the employment contract to be invalid due to a circumstance specified in the first paragraph of Article 26 hereof；
（6） Gives rise to another circumstance in which laws or administrative statutes permit a Employee to terminate his employment contract.
If an Employer uses violence， threats or unlawful restriction of personal freedom to compel a Employee to work， or if a Employee is instructed in violation of rules and regulations or peremptorily ordered by his Employer to perform dangerous operations which threaten his personal safety， the Employee may terminate his employment contract forthwith without giving prior notice to the Employer.
Article 39
An Employer may terminate an employment contract if the Employee：
（1） Is proved during the probation period not to satisfy the conditions for employment；
（2） Materially breaches the Employer"s rules and regulations；
（3） Commits serious dereliction of duty or practices graft， causing substantial damage to the Employer；
（4） has additionally established an employment relationship with another Employer which materially affects the completion of his tasks with the first-mentioned Employer， or he refuses to rectify the matter after the same is brought to his attention by the Employer；
（5） causes the employment contract to be invalid due to the circumstance specified in item （1） of the first paragraph of Article 26 hereof； or
（6） Has his criminal liability pursued in accordance with the law.
Article 40
An Employer may terminate an employment contract by giving the Employee himself 30 days" prior written notice， or one month"s wage in lieu of notice， if：
（1） after the set period of medical care for an illness or non-work-related injury， the Employee can engage neither in his original work nor in other work arranged for him by his Employer；
（2） The Employee is incompetent and remains incompetent after training or adjustment of his position； or
（3） A major change in the objective circumstances relied upon at the time of conclusion of the employment contract renders it unperformable and， after consultations， the Employer and Employee are unable to reach agreement on amending the employment contract.
Article 41
If any of the following circumstances makes it necessary to reduce the workforce by 20 persons or more or by a number of persons that is less than 20 but accounts for 10 percent or more of the total number of the enterprise"s employees， the Employer may reduce the workforce after it has explained the circumstances to its Trade union or to all of its employees 30 days in advance， has considered the opinions of the Trade union or the employees and has subsequently reported the workforce reduction plan to the labor administration department：
（1） Restructuring pursuant to the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law；
（2） Serious difficulties in production and/or business operations；
（3） The enterprise switches production， introduces a major technological innovation or revises its business method， and， after amendment of employment contracts， still needs to reduce its workforce； or
（4） Another major change in the objective economic circumstances relied upon at the time of conclusion of the employment contracts， rendering them unperformable.
When reducing the workforce， the Employer shall retain with priority persons：
（1） Who have concluded with the Employer fixed-term employment contracts with a relatively long term；
（2） Who have concluded open-ended employment contracts with the Employer； or
（3） Who are the only ones in their families to be employed and whose families have an elderly person or a minor for whom they need to provide.
If an Employer that has reduced its workforce pursuant to the first paragraph hereof hires again within six months， it shall give notice to the persons dismissed at the time of the reduction and， all things being equal， hire them on a preferential basis.
Article 42
An Employer may not terminate an employment contract pursuant to Article
40 or Article 41 hereof if the Employee：
（1） is engaged in operations exposing him to occupational disease hazards and has not undergone a pre-departure occupational health check-up， or is suspected of having contracted an occupational disease and is being diagnosed or under medical observation；
（2） Has been confirmed as having lost or partially lost his capacity to work due to an occupational disease contracted or a work-related injury sustained with the Employer；
（3） Has contracted an illness or sustained a non-work-related injury， and the set period of medical care therefore has not expired；
（4） Is a female employee in her pregnancy， confinement or nursing period；
（5） Has been working for the Employer continuously for not less than 15 years and is less than 5 years away from his legal retirement age；
（6） Finds himself in other circumstances stipulated in laws or administrative statutes.
Article 43
When an Employer is to terminate an employment contract unilaterally， it shall give the Trade union advance notice of the reason therefore. If the Employer violates laws， administrative statutes or the employment contract， the Trade union has the right to demand that the Employer rectify the matter. The Employer shall study the Trade union"s opinions and notify the Trade union in writing as to the outcome of its handling of the matter.
Article 44
An employment contract shall end if：
（1） Its term expires；
（2） The Employee has commenced drawing his basic old age insurance pension in accordance with the law；
（3） The Employee dies， or is declared dead or missing by a People"s Court；
（4） The Employer is declared bankrupt；
（5） The Employer has its business license revoked， is ordered to close or is closed down， or the Employer decides on early liquidation； or
（6） Another circumstance specified in laws or administrative statutes arises.
Article 45
If an employment contract expires and any of the circumstances specified in
Article 42 hereof applies， the term of the employment contract shall be extended until the relevant circumstance ceases to exist， at which point the contract shall end. However， matters relating to the ending of the employment contract of a Employee who has lost or partially lost his capacity to work as specified in item （2） of Article 42 hereof shall be handled in accordance with state regulations on work-related injury insurance.
Article 46
In any of the following circumstances， the Employer shall pay the Employee severance pay：
（1） The employment contract is terminated by the Employee pursuant to Article 38 hereof；
（2） The employment contract is terminated after such termination was proposed to the Employee by the Employer pursuant to Article 36 hereof and the parties reached agreement thereon after consultations；
（3） The employment contract is terminated by the Employer pursuant to Article 40 hereof；
（4） The employment contract is terminated by the Employer pursuant to the first paragraph of Article 41 hereof；
（5） The employment contract is a fixed–term contract that ends pursuant to item （1） of
Article 44 hereof， unless the Employee does not agree to renew the contract even though the conditions offered by the Employer are the same as or better than those stipulated in the current contract；
（6） The employment contract ends pursuant to item （4） or （5） of Article 44 hereof；
（7） Other circumstances specified in laws or administrative statutes.
Article 47
A Employee shall be paid severance pay based on the number of years worked with the Employer at the rate of one month"s wage for each full year worked. Any period of not less than six months but less than one year shall be counted as one year. The severance pay payable to a Employee for any period of less than six months shall be one-half of his monthly wages.
If the monthly wage of a Employee is greater than three times the average monthly wage of employees in the Employer"s area as published by the People"s Government at the level of municipality directly under the central government or municipality divided into districts of the area1 where the Employer is located， the rate for the severance pay paid to him shall be three times the average monthly wage of employees and shall be for not more than 12 years of work.
For the purposes of this Article， the term “monthly wage” means the Employee"s average monthly wage for the 12 months prior to the termination or ending of his employment contract.
Article 48
If an Employer terminates or ends an employment contract in violation of this
Law and the Employee demands continued performance of such contract， the Employer shall continue performing the same. If the Employee does not demand continued performance of the employment contract or if continued performance of the employment contract has become impossible， the Employer shall pay damages pursuant to Article 87 hereof.
Article 49
The state will take measures to establish a comprehensive system that enables Employees" social insurance accounts to be transferred from one region to another and to be continued in such other region.
Article 50
At the time of termination or ending of an employment contract， the Employer shall issue a proof of termination or ending of the employment contract and， within 15 days， carry out the procedures for the transfer of the Employee"s file and social insurance account.
The Employee shall carry out the procedures for the handover of his work as agreed by the parties. If relevant provisions of this Law require the Employer to pay severance pay， it shall pay the same upon completion of the procedures for the handover of the work.
The Employer shall keep terminated or ended employment contracts on file for not less than two years， for reference purposes.
CHAPTER 5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 1 COLLECTIVE CONTRACT
Article 51
After bargaining on an equal basis， enterprise employees， as one party， and their Employer may conclude a collective contract on such matters as labor compensation， working hours， rest， leave， work safety and hygiene， insurance， benefits， etc. The draft of the collective contract shall be presented to the employee representative congress or all the employees for discussion and approval.
A collective contract shall be concluded by the Trade union， on behalf of the enterprise"s employees， and the Employer. If the Employer does not yet have a Trade union， it shall
1 Translator"s note： The phrase “of the area” does not appear in the Chinese text. It has been added by us in view of the context.
Conclude the collective contract with a representative put forward by the Employees under the guidance of the Trade union at the next higher level.
Article 52
Enterprise employees， as one party， and their Employer may enter into specialized collective contracts addressing labor safety and hygiene， protection of the rights and interests of female employees， the wage adjustment mechanism， etc.
Article 53
Industry-wide or area-wide collective contracts may be concluded between the Trade union on the one hand and representatives on the side of the enterprises on the other hand in industries such as construction， mining， catering services， etc. within areas below the county level.
Article 54
After a collective contract has been concluded， it shall be submitted to the labor administration authority. The collective contract shall become effective upon the lapse of 15 days from the date of receipt thereof by the labor administration authority， unless the said authority raises any objections to the contract.
A collective contract that has been concluded in accordance with the law is binding on the Employer and the Employees. An industry-wide or area-wide collective contract is binding on Employers and Employees in the industry or in the area in the locality concerned.
Article 55
The rates for labor compensation， standards for working conditions， etc. stipulated in a collective contract may not be lower than the minimum rates and standards prescribed by the local People"s Government. The rates for labor compensation， standards for working conditions， etc. stipulated in the employment contract between an Employer and a Employee may not be lower than those stipulated in the collective contract.
Article 56
If an Employer"s breach of the collective contract infringes upon the labor rights and interests of the employees， the Trade union may， in accordance with the law， demand that the Employer assume liability. If a dispute arising from the performance of the collective contract is not resolved following consultations， the Trade union may apply for arbitration and institute an action according to law.
SECTION 2 Placement
Article 57
Staffing firms shall be established in accordance with the relevant provisions
of the Company Law and have registered capital of not less than RMB￥500，000.
Article 58
Staffing firms are Employers as mentioned in this Law and shall perform an Employer"s obligations toward its Employees. The employment contract between a staffing firm and a Employee to be placed shall， in addition to the matters specified in Article 17 hereof， specify matters such as the unit with which the Employee will be placed， the term of his placement， his position， etc.
The employment contracts between staffing firms and the Employees to be placed shall be fixed term employment contracts with a term of not less than two years. Staffing firms shall pay labor compensation on a monthly basis. During periods when there is no work for Employees to be placed， the staffing firm shall pay such Employees compensation on a monthly basis at the minimum wage rate prescribed by the People"s Government of the place where the staffing firm is located.
Article 59
When placing Employees， staffing firms shall enter into staffing agreements with the units that accept the Employees under the placement arrangements （“Accepting Units”）. The staffing agreements shall stipulate the job positions in which Employees are placed， the number of persons placed， the term of placement， the amounts and methods of payments of labor compensation and social insurance premiums， and the liability for breach of the agreement.
An Accepting Unit shall decide with the staffing firm on the term of placement based on the actual requirements of the job position， and it may not conclude several short-term placement agreements to cover a continuous term of labor use.
Article 60
Staffing firms shall inform the Employees placed of the content of the placement agreements.
Staffing firms may not pocket part of the labor compensation that the Accepting Units pay to the Employees in accordance with the placement agreement.
Staffing firms and the Accepting Units may not charge fees from the Employees placed.
Article 61
If a staffing firm places a Employee with an Accepting Unit in another region， the Employee"s labor compensation and working conditions shall be in line with the rates and standards of the place where the Accepting Unit is located.
Article 62
Accepting Units shall perform the following obligations：
（1） Implement state labor standards and provide the corresponding working conditions and labor protection；
（2） communicate the job requirements and labor compensation of the Employees placed；
（3） Pay overtime pay and performance bonuses and provide benefits appropriate for the job positions；
（4） Provide the placed Employees who are on the job with the training necessary for their job positions； and
（5） In case of continuous placement， implement a normal wage adjustment system.
Accepting Units may not in turn place the Employees with other Employers.
Article 63
Placed Employees shall have the right to receive the same pay as that received by Employees of the Accepting Unit for the same work. If an Accepting Unit has no Employee in the same position， the labor compensation shall be determined with reference to the labor compensation paid in the place where the Accepting Unit is located to Employees in the same or a similar position.
Article 64
Placed Employees have the right to lawfully join the Trade union of their staffing firm or the Accepting Unit or to organize such unions， so as to protect their own lawful rights and interests.
Article 65
Placed Employees may terminate their employment contracts with their staffing firms pursuant to Article 36 or 38 hereof.
If any of the circumstances provided for in Article 39 and items （1） and （2） of Article 40 hereof applies to a placed Employee， his Accepting Unit may return him to the staffing firm， which may terminate its employment contract with him in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law.
Article 66
The placement of Employees shall generally be practiced for temporary， auxiliary or substitute job positions.
Article 67
Employers may not establish staffing firms to place Employees with themselves or their subordinate units.
Section 3 Part-Time Labor
Article 68
The term “part-time labor” means a form of labor for which the compensation is chiefly calculated by the hour and where the Employee generally averages not more than 4 hours of work per day and not more than an aggregate 24 hours of work per week for the same Employer.
Article 69
The two parties to part-time labor may conclude an oral agreement.
A Employee who engages in part-time labor may conclude an employment contract with one or more Employers， but a subsequently concluded employment contract may not prejudice the performance of a previously concluded employment contract.
Article 70
The two parties to part-time labor may not stipulate a probation period.
Article 71
Either of the two parties to part-time labor may terminate the use of the labor by notice to the other party at any time. No severance pay shall be payable by the Employer to the Employee upon termination of the use of the labor.
Article 72
The hourly compensation rate for part-time labor may not be lower than the minimum hourly wage rate prescribed by the People"s Government of the place where the Employer is located.
The labor compensation settlement and payment cycle for part-time labor may not exceed 15 days.
CHAPTER 6 MONITORING INSPECTIONS
Article 73
The State Council"s labor administration authority shall be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the employment contract system nationwide. The labor administration authorities of local People"s Governments at the county level and above shall be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the employment contract system in their respective jurisdictions.
In the course of overseeing the implementation of the employment contract system， the labor administration authorities of People"s Governments at the county level and above shall consider the opinions of the Trade unions， the representatives on the side of the enterprises and the authorities in charge of the industries concerned.
Article 74
The labor administration authorities of local People"s Governments at the county level and above shall conduct monitoring inspections of the implementation of the following aspects of the employment contract system， in accordance with the law：
（1） Employers" formulation of rules and regulations that have a direct bearing on the immediate interests of Employees， and the implementation thereof；
（2） The conclusion and termination of employment contracts by Employers and Employees；
（3） Compliance with relevant regulations on placement by staffing firms and Accepting Units；
（4） Employers" compliance with state regulations on Employees" working hours， rest and leave；
（5） Employers" payment of labor compensation as specified in the employment contracts and compliance with minimum wage rates；
（6） Employers" enrollment in the various types of social insurance and payment of social insurance premiums； and
（7） Other labor matters requiring monitoring inspections， as specified in laws and administrative statutes.
Article 75
When the labor administration authority of a local People"s Government at the county level or above conducts a monitoring inspection， it has the authority to review materials relating to the employment contracts and collective contracts and conduct an on the-spot inspection of the work premises. Both the Employer and the Employees shall truthfully provide relevant information and materials.
When working personnel of a labor administration authority conduct a monitoring inspection， they shall show their IDs， exercise their functions and powers according to law and enforce the law in a well-disciplined manner.
Article 76
Such competent authorities as construction authorities， health authorities， production safety regulators， etc. of People"s Governments at the county level and above shall， to the extent of their respective purviews， oversee the implementation of the employment contract system by Employers.
Article 77
A Employee whose lawful rights and interests have been infringed upon shall have the right to request that the relevant authority deal with the infringement according to law， or to apply for arbitration and institute an action according to law.
Article 78
Trade unions shall safeguard the lawful rights and interests of Employees in accordance with the law and monitor the performance of the employment contracts and collective contracts by Employers. If an Employer violates labor laws or statutes or breaches an employment contract or collective contract， the Trade union has the right to voice its opinion or require that the matter be rectified. If a Employee applies for arbitration or institutes an action， the Trade union shall provide support and assistance in accordance with the law.
Article 79
All organizations and individuals are entitled to report violations of this Law.
The labor administration authorities of People"s Governments at the county level and above shall timely check and handle the violations reported and reward those persons whose reports are valuable.
CHAPTER 7 LEGAL LIABILITY
Article 80
If an Employer"s rule or regulation with a direct bearing on the immediate interests of Employees violates laws or administrative statutes， the labor administration authority shall order rectification and give a warning. If the said rule or regulation caused a Employee to suffer harm， the Employer will be liable for damages.
Article 81
If the text of an employment contract provided by an Employer lacks any of the mandatory clauses which this Law requires to be included in such contracts or if an Employer fails to deliver the text of the employment contract to the Employee， the labor administration authority shall order rectification； if the Employee suffered harm as a result thereof， the Employer will be liable for damages.
Article 82
If an Employer concludes a written employment contract with a Employee more than one month but less than one year after the date on which it started using him， it shall each month pay to the Employee twice his wage.
If an Employer fails， in violation of this Law， to conclude an open-ended employment contract with a Employee， it shall each month pay to the Employee twice his wage， starting from the date on which an open-ended employment contract should have been concluded.
Article 83
If the probation period stipulated by an Employer with a Employee violates this Law， the labor administration authority shall order rectification. If the illegally stipulated probation has been performed， the Employer shall pay compensation to the Employee according to the time worked on probation beyond the statutory probation period， at the rate of the Employee"s monthly wage following the completion of his probation.
Article 84
If an Employer violates this Law by retaining a Employee"s resident ID card or other papers， the labor administration authority shall order the same returned to the Employee within a specified period of time and impose a penalty in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws.
If an Employer violates this Law by collection property from Employees as security or under some other guise， the labor administration authority shall order the same returned to the Employees within a specified period of time and impose a fine on the Employer of not less than RMB￥500 and not more than RMB￥2，000 for each person； If the Employees suffered harm as a result of the said conduct on the part of the Employer， the Employer will be liable for damages. If an Employer retains a Employee"s file or other Article after the Employee has terminated or ended his employment contract in accordance with the law， a penalty shall be imposed in accordance with the preceding paragraph.
Article 85
If an Employer：
（1） Fails to pay a Employee his labor compensation in full and on time as stipulated in his employment contract or prescribed by the state；
（2） Pays labor compensation below the local minimum wage rate；
（3） Arranges overtime without paying overtime pay； or
（4） Terminates or ends an employment contract without paying the Employee severance pay pursuant to this Law； then the labor administration authority shall order it to pay the labor compensation， overtime pay or severance pay within a specified period of time； if the labor compensation is lower than the local minimum wage rate， the Employer shall pay the shortfall. If payment is not made within the time limit， the Employer shall be ordered to additionally pay damages to the Employee at a rate of not less than 50 percent and not more than 100 percent of the amount payable.
Article 86
If an employment contract is confirmed as being invalid in accordance with Article 26 hereof and the other party suffers harm as a result thereof， the party at fault shall be liable for damages.
Article 87
If an Employer terminates or ends an employment contract in violation of this Law， it shall pay damages to the Employee at twice the rate of the severance pay provided for in Article 47 hereof.
Article 88
If an Employer：
（1） uses violence， threats or unlawful restriction of personal freedom to compel a Employee to work；
（2） Instructs in violation of rules and regulations， or peremptorily orders， a Employee to perform dangerous operations which threaten his personal safety；
（3） Insults， corporally punishes， beats， illegally searches or detains a Employee； or
（4） provides odious working conditions or a severely polluted environment， resulting in serious harm to the physical or mental health of Employees； it shall be subjected to administrative punishment； if the said conduct constitutes a criminal offense， criminal liability shall be pursued according to law； if the Employee suffers harm as a result of the said conduct on the part of the Employer， the Employer will be liable for damages.
Article 89
If an Employer fails， in violation of this Law， to issue to a Employee a certificate evidencing the termination or ending of his employment contract， the labor administration authority shall order rectification. If the Employee suffers harm as a result of such failure， the Employer will be liable for damages.
Article 90
If a Employee terminates his employment contract in violation of this Law or breaches the confidentiality obligations or competition restrictions stipulated in his employment contract， and if such violation or breach causes his Employer to suffer loss， he will be liable for damages.
Article 91
If an Employer hires a Employee whose employment contract with another Employer has not yet been terminated or ended， causing the other Employer to suffer a loss， it shall be jointly and severally liable with the Employee for damages.
Article 92
If a staffing firm violates this Law， the labor administration authority and other relevant competent authorities shall order it to rectify the situation. If the circumstances are serious， it shall impose a fine of not less than RMB￥1，000 and not more than RMB￥5，000 for each person， and the administration for industry and commerce shall revoke the business license. If the Employee（s） placed suffer（s） harm， the staffing firm and the Accepting Unit shall be jointly and severally liable for damages.
Article 93
An Employer that carries on business without the legal qualifications therefore will be pursued according to law for its legal liability for its illegal and criminal acts. If its Employees have already performed labor， the Employer or its investor（s） shall pay them labor compensation， severance pays and damages in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law. If the Employees suffer harm as a result thereof， the said unit shall be liable for damages.
Article 94
If an individual that contracts for the operation of a business hires Employees in violation of this Law and a Employee suffers harm as a result thereof， the organization that employed such contractor shall be jointly and severally liable with the contractor for damages.
Article 95
If a labor administration authority， another competent authority or a member of its working personnel neglects its/his duties， fails to perform its/his statutory duties or exercises its/his authority in violation of the law， thereby causing harm to a Employee or an
Employer， liability for damages shall be borne and the leading official directly in charge and the other persons directly responsible shall be subjected to administrative penalties in accordance with the law； if a criminal offense is constituted， criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.
CHAPTER 8 SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
Article 96
Where laws or administrative statutes contain， or the State Council has formulated， separate regulations concerning the conclusion， performance， amendment， termination or ending of employment contracts by and between institutions and those of their working personnel that are subject to the employment system， matters shall be handled in accordance with such regulations； in the absence of such regulations， matters shall be handled in accordance with this Law.
Article 97
Employment contracts concluded in accordance with the law before the implementation of this Law and continuing to exist on the implementation date of this Law shall continue to be performed. For the purposes of item （3） of the second paragraph of Article 14 hereof， the number of consecutive occasions on which a fixed-term employment contract is concluded shall be counted from the first renewal of such contract to occur after the implementation of this Law.
If an employment relationship was established prior to the implementation of this Law without the conclusion of a written employment contract， such contract shall be concluded within one month from the implementation date of this Law.
If an employment contract existing on the implementation date of this Law is terminated or ends after the implementation of this Law and， pursuant to Article 46 hereof， severance pay is payable， the number of years for which severance pay is payable shall be counted from the implementation date of this Law. If， under relevant regulations in effect prior to the implementation of this Law， the Employee is entitled to severance pay from the Employer in respect of a period preceding the implementation of this Law， the matter shall be handled in accordance with the relevant regulations that were in effect at that time.
Article 98
This Law shall be implemented from January 1， 2008.
第六篇: 勞動合同法82
勞動合同法復習題
一、簡答題
1、簡述勞動合同法的適用范圍
2、勞動關系和勞務關系的區別。
3、HR管理簽訂培訓協議應注意的問題
4. 簡述商業秘密的含義和特征
5. 簡述加班工資支付標準：
6. 簡述工資支付的法律保障
答：（1）工資必須是基于一定的勞動法律關系所取得的勞動報酬；（2）工資的分配，受國家法律規定和勞動行政管理部門的管理；（3） 工資必須以貨幣形式支付；（4）工資必須定期支付；（5）支付工資是用人單位的法定義務，勞動者取得工資則必須履行勞動合同規定的義務。
7、簡述工傷認定程序。
答：申請登記 受理 調查核實 勞動能力鑒定 行政決定 送達
8. 勞動合同無效的情形。
答：一）以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下訂立或者變更勞動合同的；
（二）用人單位免除自己的法定責任、排除勞動者權利的，主要表現為合同條款簡化、法定條款缺失、僅規定勞動者義務、生老病死自負等條款。
（三）違反法律、行政法規強制性規定的，包括不具備訂立勞動合同的資格、勞動條件不符合法律規定、招錄童工、低于最低工資、不繳納各項社會保險費用、傷殘自負、暫不婚孕等條款。
9、簡述用人單位的單方解除勞動合同的條件和程序
答：（一）因勞動者有過失而單方解除勞動合同
過失性辭退的法定許可性條件，一般為勞動者經試用不合格，或者勞動者違紀、違法達到一定嚴重程度，當出現此類許可性條件，用人單位無需向對方預告就可隨時通知解除勞動合同。過失性辭退也稱即時辭退。即時辭退的許可性條件限于勞動者有下列情形之一：
（1）以試用期間被證明不符合錄用條件。
（2）嚴重違反勞動紀律或者用人單位規章制度。
（3）嚴重失職，營私舞弊，對用人單位利益造成重大損害。
（4）被依法追究刑事責任。
（5）被勞動教養。即勞動者在勞動合同存續期間，因嚴懲違法而被公安機關依法處以勞動教養的。
?（二）因非過失性原因而單方解除勞動合同
用人單位因非過失性原因而單方解除勞動合同亦稱為預告辭退，即用人單位須向對方預告后才能解除合同。其法定許可性條件一般限于勞動者在無過錯的情況下由于主客觀情況的變化而導致勞動合同無法履行的情形。根據我國《勞動法》的規定，預告辭退的許可性條件，為有下列情形之一：
（1）勞動者患病或非因工負傷，醫療期滿后，不能從事原工作也不能從事由用人單位另行安排的工作。
（2）勞動者不能勝任工作，經過培訓或調整工作崗位，仍不能勝任工作。這里所謂“不能勝任工作”，是指不能按要求完成勞動合同中約定的任務或者同工種，同崗位人員的工作量。用人單位不得故意提高定額標準，使勞動者無法完成勞動者不能勝任工作。勞動者在試用期滿后不能勝任勞動合同所約定的工作，用人單位應對其進行培訓或者為其調整工作崗位，如果勞動者經過一定期間的培訓仍不能勝任原約定的工作，或者對重新安排的工作也不勝任，就意味著勞動者缺乏履行勞動合同的勞動能力，用人單位可以預告辭退，同時應依《補償辦法》第七條之規給予經濟補償金。
（3）勞動合同訂立時所依據的客觀情況發生重大變化，致使勞動合同無法履行，經當事人協商不能就變更勞動合同達成協議。
?3、因經濟性裁員而單方解除勞動合同
（1）用人單位經濟性裁員的法定事由裁員。
（2）用人單位經濟性裁員應遵循的程序
?首先，用人單位在決定裁減人員時，應當提前30日向工會或全體職工說明情況，聽取工會或者職工的意見。即用人單位在裁減人員時應先向工會和職工進行預先通知，并提供有關生產經營狀況的資料，考慮工人和工會的意見。預先通知的目的在于讓職工事先準備，在30日的期限內重新找工作，避免因裁員而失業。
其次，提出裁減人員方案，內容包括：被裁減人員名單，裁減時間及實施步驟，符合法律、法規規定和集體合同約定的被裁減有員經濟補償辦法。再次，將裁減人員方案征求工會或全體職工的意見，并對方案進行修改和完善。
再次，向勞動行政部門報告裁減人員方案以及工會或者全體職工的意見，使勞動部門能夠有時間對用人單位的裁減行為進行審查。如果發現不符合裁員條件或事先未向工會或職工進行通知，勞動部門可責令用人單位停止實施裁員行為并對其進行處罰。
???最后，用人單位正式公布裁減人員方案，與被裁減人員辦理解除勞動合同手續，按照法律法規規定向被裁減人員本人支付經濟補償金，并出具裁減人員證明人書。為防止用人單位以經營狀況嚴重困難為借口任意裁減職工，侵犯職工的合法權益，勞動法還規定用人單位人裁減人員之日起，6個月內需要新招人員的，必須優先從本單位裁減的人員中錄用，并向勞動行政部門報告錄用人員的數量、時間、條件以及優先錄用被裁減人員的情況。10、簡述經濟補償金的計算標準
11、簡述女職工勞動保護包括的內容：
答：（1）保護女職工的勞動權利。（2）研究職業因素對女性生理機能的影響。（3）安排女職工從事無害女性生理機能的工作。（4）做好女性生理機能變化過程中的勞動保護，即“四期保護”（經期保護、孕期保護、產期保護、哺乳期保護）。
三、案例分析題
（一）小張是某大學經濟管理專業的畢業生。他畢業不久就應聘到某高科技園區某公司，從事管理工作。進入公司時，小張與公司簽訂了一份勞動合同，合同期為三年，其中約定試用期為四個月。不幸的是，小張剛工作90余天，試用期未滿，就因感染肺炎而住進醫院。公司人事總監考慮辭退小張，另外招聘新人頂替小張的位置。
問題：1、約定試用期為兩個月是否合法？
2、公司辭退小張的做法合法嗎？為什么？
（二）程某是某大學的畢業生。2010年4月，程某以應屆畢業生的身份與比亞迪公司及華中科技大學共同簽訂了三方就業協議書，約定：比亞迪公司同意錄用程某；程某愿意到比亞迪公司就業；華中科技大學根據相關規定將程某列入就業建議計劃并予派遣。任何一方不得違約，否則將承擔違約責任支付違約金2萬元。
同年7月2日，程某被比亞迪公司派遣到其子公司上海比亞迪公司工作，后雙方簽訂了為期三年的勞動合同。
2011年1月9日，程某提出辭職，在上海比亞迪公司的要求下，程某在離職時支付了違約金2萬元。
問題：1、三方就業協議書是否有效？為什么？
2、程某辭職需要繳納違約金嗎？
?
（三）小王2010年6月份畢業于某知名大學計算機專業，通過應聘進入某軟件開發公司擔任軟件工程師一職。公司與小王簽訂了三年的勞動合同，同時在合同中約定：小王在離開公司后三年內，不得到與該公司同類型的公司從事同樣的工作，否則應向公司賠償2萬元。
2011年4月份，小王收到了一家獵頭公司的電話，另一家軟件開發公司想挖他去擔任項目經理，薪水差不多能上漲一倍。
小王經過慎重考慮后，隨后向公司提出書面申請，表示將于1個月后離職，公司經過挽留后無果，同意了小王的離職申請，雙方解除了勞動合同。
?
離開原公司后不到一個月，小王即到新公司報到了，當然，原公司很快也知道了這個消息。于是，原公司就根據合同約定，起訴至法院，要求小王依照合同約定支付賠償金2萬元。
問題：小王需要向公司支付賠償金嗎？
?
（四）2009年3月，周女士進入某外資公司擔任研發經理。雙方簽有勞動合同和一份競業限制協議。公司于每月25日以銀行轉賬形式將基本工資1500元、績效工資1000元、保密費500元以及各項津貼和補貼劃至周女士個人賬戶。2010年5月初，周女士尋找到了更好的發展機會，提出了辭職。后周女士提起仲裁，要求原公司支付相當于2個月工資的6000元，作為競業限制期間的經濟補償金。公司則認為自己每月工資中以“保密費”的名義，已對競業限制協議的作出補償，周女士要求再支付經濟補償的理由不成立，而且，周女士應當履行兩年的競業限制義務。
問題：
（1）周女士能否要求公司支付經濟補償？
（2）公司能否要求周女士履行競業限制義務？
答：保密費不同于競業限制的經濟補償 本案中，公司實際上是將保密費與競業限制的經濟補償混為一談。勞動者的保密義務和競業限制義務有著很大的不同，主要體現在以下三個方面： （1）產生方式不同。整理 保密是一種法定義務，不管是否有明示的約定，勞動者在職期間和離職以后，均需承擔保守商業秘密的義務；而勞動者的競業限制義務則是一種約定義務，是基于雙方當事人之間的約定，無約定則無義務。（2）期限不同。 保密義務的存在沒有期限，只要商業秘密存在，義務人的保密義務就永遠存在；而競業限制則存在一個期限。 （3）費用的支付不同。 保密可以支付保密費也可以不支付，而競業限制約定是對勞動者自由擇業權的限制，用人單位應當就此給予勞動者相應經濟補償。此外，保密費是勞動者在職期限發放，而競業限制的經濟補償，則是在勞動者離職后發放。因此，在本案中，王女士在職期間，公司向其支付的保密費并非競業限制的經濟補償，所以，公司如果要王女士履行競業限制義務，需要向其另行支付經濟補償。
（3）公司能否放棄對周女士履行競業限制義務的要求而不支付經濟補償？
?答：競業限制對公司是一種權利，競業限制對于勞動者來說是一種義務，對于用人單位來說則是一種權利，權利可以放棄。因此，用人單位可以放棄對勞動者競業限制的要求，并且不向勞動者支付經濟補償。但根據上海市的相關規定，競業限制協議生效前或履行期間，用人單位放棄對勞動者競業限制的要求，應當提前一個月通知勞動者。所以，具體到本案，公司可以放棄競業限制的要求，并且不支付競業限制補償，但需要提前一個月通知王女士。
（五）2011年2月，于某和八方貨運公司簽訂了一份合同，雙方約定，如果于某在工作中發生了事故，后果由他自負。5月10日，于某在為八方公司干活的時候，不幸摔斷了三根肋骨。事故發生后，八方公司的負責人袁先生把于某送到了醫院，并支付了部分醫療費用。 “之后我就在家里養病，一躺就是2個多月；這段時間里我找老板要錢，他說養病的這2個月沒干活不給錢，而且還有部分藥費也沒給我報。”于某說。袁先生表示，為于某看病已經花了1千多元錢，而公司是干一天活給一天的錢。
問題：約定事故責任自負合法嗎？
答：因工受傷工資照給。
我國《勞動合同法》第26條規定：“下列勞動合同無效或者部分無效：
（一）以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下訂立或者變更勞動合同的；
（二）用人單位免除自己的法定責任、排除勞動者權利的；
（三）違反法律、行政法規強制性規定的。對勞動合同的無效或者部分無效有爭議的，由勞動爭議仲裁機構或者人民法院確認。第27條規定：“勞動合同部分無效，不影響其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。”
而按照《工傷保險條例》的規定，參加工傷保險，為職工繳納工傷保險費，是用人單位的法定義務。職工有依法享受工傷保險待遇的權利。如果用人單位不參加工傷保險，職工出了事故認定為工傷的，單位也必須按照工傷保險待遇的標準依法賠償。
勞動者與企業簽訂勞動合同，約定的工傷自負的條款違法，應屬無效，沒有法律約束力。如果勞動合同其他條款不存在無效的情形，工傷自負的無效條款并不影響其他條款的效力，其他條款仍應依法履行。
因此，于先生和八方貨運公司簽訂的合同中，“如發生了事故，后果由當事人自負”的條款是無效的。
（六）王某于2009年2月到某公司工作，該公司不按時發放工資，至7月份已拖欠了王某3個月的工資共計3600元。王某向公司多次討要都沒有結果，無奈之下向當地勞動爭議仲裁委員會提起申訴，要求該公司支付拖欠的工資并支付賠償金。在仲裁委的調解下，王某與該公司達成了一致意見，雙方簽訂了調解協議書，約定自簽訂調解協議書之日起10日內，該公司一次性支付王某3個月的工資。但約定支付工資的期限過了一個星期后，該公司還未支付王某工資。
問題：王某下一步應該怎么辦呢？
答：（王某只好再次來到仲裁委。仲裁委查明該公司確實未按約支付王某工資，便告知王某根據《勞動爭議調解仲裁法》第16條規定：“因支付拖欠勞動報酬、工傷醫療費、經濟補償或者賠償金事項達成調解協議，用人單位在協議約定期限內不履行的，勞動者可以持調解協議書依法向人民法院申請支付令。人民法院應當依法發出支付令。”）根據《勞動爭議調解仲裁法》第16條規定：“因支付拖欠勞動報酬、工傷醫療費、經濟補償或者賠償金事項達成調解協議，用人單位在協議約定期限內不履行的，勞動者可以持調解協議書依法向人民法院申請支付令。人民法院應當依法發出支付令。”王某可以持調解協議書到法院申請支付令。該公司依法及時支付了拖欠王某的工資。
