開題，漢語詞語，讀作“kāi tí”，意思是指傳說中的國名，猶宣講， 以下是為大家整理的關于經濟學開題報告3篇 , 供大家參考選擇。
經濟學開題報告3篇
【篇一】經濟學開題報告
1.0 Introduction
In current years, our country has the great achievements of industrial development, and we are now becoming more and more close to a modern industrial country. However, there are many obstacles for us, and we get some from international trade. As a government official, I just, free trade can achieve, as soon as possible to enter the European Union (EU. as a European country, the benefits of doing so is absolute.
2.0 Body
Question 1 Trading internationally
1) Increased world-wide output. Making the enterprises of Bierce become more competitive and full filled with innovation?spirit. Since international trading is trading between different countries, companies from other countries will occupy the international market with our companies. In order to facing these challenges, our companies should make changes to adapt the global market, and this will help them establish the innovation spirit and the companies will be more competitive.
2) Goods and services produced at lower cost. Through trading internationally, we can purchase materials and other goods from other countries at a quite lower price, this can reduce our cost of producing products, and our people can buy more kind of goods just in domestic shops.
3) Overall increase in standard of living. This is also a good chance to raise our international standing. International trading can not only bring us wealth, but also bring us the opportunity to be known by people throughout the world. We should make use of international trading to participate in the international activities, so that our national power can be shown and developed.
Question 2 The free trade
Free trade is a system of trade policy that allows traders to act and or transact without interference from government. According to the law of comparative advantage the policy permits trading partners mutual gains from trade of goods and services.
For example, The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore. When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997 and Cambodia in 1999. AFTA now comprises ten countries of ASEAN. All the four latecomers were required to sign the AFTA agreement in order to join ASEAN, but were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA"s tariff reduction obligations. The primary goals of AFTA seek to: Increase ASEAN"s competitive edge as a production base in the world market through the elimination, within ASEAN, of tariffs and non-tariff barriers; and Attract more foreign direct investment to ASEAN.
Question 3 Absolute advantage and comparative advantage
Absolute advantage is the ability of a country, individual, company or region to produce a good or service at a lower cost per unit than the cost at which any other entity produces that good or service. For example, As trade opens up, by Ricardian demon- stration, both countries would experience rise in national incomes. US will specialise in A, China in B. But countries tend to catch up with others in terms of productivity. It may so happen that the productivity of labour in the production of A rises in China by such an amount that the ratio of the productivities in the two countries exactly matches each other (while US still maintain the absolute advantage in both). In this case, no country will have any incentive to trade. The US will have a level of national income which it had in autarky.
Comparative advantage is the name for the ability of one business entity to engage in production at a lower opportunity cost than another entity. Comparative advantage, rather than absolute advantage, is useful in determining what should be produced and what should be acquired though trade. For example, Latvia is one of the new member states that joined the European Union in 2004. Like all other Central and East European countries that were admitted into the EU at that time, Latvia had much lower level of economic development and productivity than the 15 “old” EU members. But Latvia has had a comparative advantage in any area by the moment of joining the EU. Seven years before Latvia became a full member of the European Union.
Question 4 The protectionism
The protectionism is the government"s placing of duties or quotas on imports to protect of domestic industries from global competition.
For example, in March 2010, US Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner delivered a warning to the European Commission that the EC"s plans to regulate the hedge fund and private equity industries shows definite signs of protectionism against US groups.
The other example, In March 2010, President Obama announced a government effort to promote US goods overseas , hoping to boost competitiveness abroad and create jobs in the US Ralph C. Bryant, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, said efforts to stimulate exports could prompt other countries to take similarly ambitious actions.
Government for the purpose to protection of employment, to protect their market from infringement, and to protecting domestic industries.
Question 5 Barriers to trade
The two barriers to trade are: Tariffs barriers and non-tariff barriers.
Tariffs barriers
These are taxes or customs duties placed on foreign products to artificially raise their prices and this hopefully, suppresses domestic demand for them. Sometimes they may be used by a government as a way of raising revenue. The United Kingdom at one stage had a special tax which was levied on imported cars. The purpose was to try and protect the uk automobile industry from foreign competition. But it failed because the uk population ‘ perceived’ the imported cars to be still better value than uk sourced vehicles and the proportion of imported to home produced vehicles steadily rose. This particular tariff was obviously not very effective.
Non-tariff barriers
UK non-tariff administrative measures: For opening the domestic market, the British Government takes a positive attitude, but also to take appropriate non-tariff measures. British Government"s position in this regard is: taking into account a variety of macroeconomic factors, we must also take into account the interests of various sectors and individuals to ensure that the measures to use and fully reflect the interests of the British state as a whole.
Question 6 The role of the WTO
The value of world merchandise trade was 18% higher in the third quarter of 2010 than in the same period of 2009, according to the latest WTO quarterly figures released on 1 December 2010. This marks a slowdown in comparison with the 26% increase registered in the second quarter of 2010. From January to September trade expanded by 23%, continuing the recovery that began in the second quarter of 2009. Despite this positive trend, the value of world trade remains below its peak level from before the present financial crisis.
These short-term “value” figures should not be confused with the annual trade growth figures,the latest projection of 13.5% merchandise trade volume growth for 2010, released on 20 September, remains unchanged for the time being.
WTO short-term merchandise trade values are expressed in “current” US dollars, Seasonal patterns therefore considerably affect the quarter on quarter (Q-o-Q) and month on month (M-o-M) developments in world trade, and this in turn affects comparisons between the trade developments in individual regions and economies.
The EU has undertaken numerous good faith attempts towards a negotiated solution to the differences of opinion between the EU and the US, without success to date.
February 18, 2010, WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) regular meeting formally decided to recommend six of China WTO Dispute Settlement Panel of experts included in the indicative list.
Question 7 The role of the EU
EU: initiatives for simplifying national and community rules include SLIM(simpler legislation for the internal market) and the European business test panel, which allows for consultation with business during the drafting stage of new legislation.
The major bone of contention is that of EU Member State co-financing of R&D for new Airbus aircraft. This form of support is expressly agreed under the bilateral EU-US Agreement and has been used on three of the nine Airbus aircraft launched. It provides for government funding to Airbus repaid with interest under terms specified in the Bilateral Agreement.
In some cases the terms are more onerous than those commercially available in that the lending governments are receiving royalty payments that will last through the life of a particular aircraft program. In fact, EU governments so far have made handsome returns on their initial “investments”, even though there are instances where Airbus has been able to obtain financing on more favourable terms from private lenders, compared with government offers.
Question 8 The composition of the balance
BOP is the record of all financial transactions between a country and the Global economy which is split into two areas. And BOP is a general account of government which results in the surplus and deficits of import and export. In UK one trade year is 10 months.
The BOP’s structure in UK consists of the current Account, the Capital Account and the Financial Account.
Current account is typical account. And nowadays there’s a fairly large deficit in current account in UK. For instance, there is a deficit of ￡68,589 million in 2005, which mainly caused by trade in goods and services (￡42,847 million).
Capital account tracks capital flows into and out of the UK. The creditor is the capital flows out of UK. While government is the debtor. The balance of capital account is ￡1503 million, which caused by credits---￡4,310 million and debits---￡2,807 million in 2003.
Financial account which deals with flow of direct portfolio investments and reserve assets and the International Investment Position and it shows the Stock of External Financial Assets and Liabilities. The balance of financial account is ￡29,024m, causing by investment in UK ￡716,344m less UK investment abroad ￡687,320m.
Question 9 The general trends in UK
In the previous 30 years, UK was a heavy importer in trade of goods balance. It has held a large-scale of deficit except a short surplus period from 1980 to 1982.
Current Account
Trade in Goods
(￡/ million )
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Trade in goods
-47,705
-48,607
-60,900
-68,589
-76,312
Trade in Services
(￡/ million )
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Trade in Services
8,499
6,643
11,165
15,002
25,742
In 1981, the amount of Trade in Goods in UK has occurred a surplus of nearly ￡4 billion as a result of the export of North Sea Oil. On the other hand, the balance of Trade in Services in UK from 1976 to 1997 has appeared a surplus. The main groups of Services in UK are Travel, Construction, Transportation, Royalties, Financial, Insurance, Computer and Information, Licence Fees, Business, Personal, Cultural and Recreation, Government. From 1985 to 1987, the amount of Trade in Service of UK was increased in larger amplitude which produced by the spring up of the computer industry. Many years later, the finance, especially the financial supervision, has made an apparent development. The Chinese Wall has brought huge amount of benefits for UK government. As a result, in 1997, the amount in Trade in Services of UK was growing rapidly.
The second account is the Capital Account. This one is consists of two parts: Capital Transfers and Acquisition/Disposal of non produced Assets/non financial Assets. In 2003, credits in UK’s capital account are ￡2,793 million and debits are ￡1,327 million The balances of the capital account that year are ￡1,466 million pound which is obviously surplus.
The financial account which has been modified now from an old capital account has the same categories as the income account. These are:Direct Investment, Portfolio Investment and Reserve Assets.
It always has positive result except that in Asian’s financial crisis in 1997, deficit appeared in UK. In 2005, the surplus on direct investment was ￡29 billion, while portfolio investment invest abroad showed a surplus of ￡ 61 billion.
In 2002, the current balance was -9,624, the capital account was 1,096, and the financial account was 7,188, so the Net Errors and Omissions were -1,340.
Question 10 The influence of exchange rate
The exchange rate can have a big effect on the balance of payments although these effects are subject to uncertain lags. It has two aspects in affecting the balance of payment.
First, high exchange rate means that all those areas which are interest bearing will benefit and this will have a positive impact on the balance of payment. Bur the imports will become cheaper which could cause problems in the balance of trade areas.
A low exchange rate will be benefit for exports. Because the money dose not valued as before. And another country can buy more goods than before but use the same money as before. It is not benefit for import.
Here is a case to explain the effect that falls and rises in the value of a country’s currency can cause. A UK firm manufactures hard discs for a computer firm in the USA. The cost is ￡100. The rate of the dollar to the pounds is $1.5 to ￡ 1. So the cost to the American firm is ￡150. The rate change s to ￡=$2 which means the pound is stronger and the cost of the disc to the American firm is now$200. The American firm may consider this to be too expensive and look elsewhere for a cheaper alternative. If the value of the pound then falls to ￡1 to $1 then the cost to the American firm will be $100 and they are likely to purchase more at this cheaper price.
Question 11 The single currency
Advantages
Transaction costs will be eliminated: For instance, UK firms currently spend about ￡1.5 billion a year buying and selling foreign currencies to do business in the EU. With the EMU this is eliminated, so increasing profitability of EU firms.
Price transparency: EU firms and households often find it difficult to accurately compare the prices of goods, services and resources across the EU because of the distorting effects of exchange rate differences. This discourages trade. According to economic theory, prices should act as a mechanism to allocate resources in an optimal way, so as to improve economic efficiency. There is a far greater chance of this happening across an area where EMU exists.
Disadvantages
The instability of the system: Throughout most of the 1980s the UK refused to join the ERM. It argued that it would be impossible to maintain exchange rate stability within the ERM, especially in the early 1980s when the pound was a petro-currency and when the UK inflation rate was consistently above that of Germany. When the UK joined the ERM in 1990 there had been three years of relative currency stability in Europe and it looked as though the system had become relatively robust.
Loss of Sovereignty: On the political side, it is argued that an independent central bank is undemocratic. Governments must be able to control the actions of the central banks because Governments have been democratically elected by the people, whereas an independent central bank would be controlled by a non elected body. Moreover, there would be a considerable loss of sovereignty. Power would be transferred from London to Brussels.
Question 12 Effects of the single currency
On individuals
Deflationary tendencies: Perhaps the most important economic argument relates to the deflationary tendencies within the system. Another problem that the early 1990s highlighted was that the needs of one part of Europe can have a negative impact on the rest of Europe. Critics of the ERM and EMU argue that this could be repeated frequently if EMU were ever to be achieved. Local economies would suffer economic shocks because of policies, forced on them, designed to meet the problems of other parts of Europe.
Inflation: From the mid-1980s onwards, there were a number of economists and politicians who argued that, for the UK at least, EMU provided the best way forward to achieve low inflation rates throughout the EU. During the first half of the 1980s high inflation countries, such as France and Italy were forced to adopt policies which reduced their inflation rates to something approximating the German inflation rates to something approximating the German inflation rate. If they had not done this, the franc and the lira would have had to be periodically devalued, negating the fixed exchange rate advantages of the system.
On business
Increased Trade and reduced costs to firms: Proponents of the move argue that it brings considerable economic trade through the wiping out of exchange rate fluctuations, but as well as this it helps to lower costs to industry because companies will not have to buy foreign exchange for use within the EU. For them, EU represents the completion of the Single European Market. It is vital if Europe is to compete with the other large trading blocs of the Far East and North America.
Uncertainty caused by Exchange rate fluctuations eliminated: Many firms become wary when investing in other countries because of the uncertainty caused by the fluctuating currencies in the EU. Investment would rise in the EMU area as the currency is universal within the area, therefore the anxiety that was previously apparent is there no more.
Question 13 The characteristics of LDCs
The two characteristics of LDCs:
Political instability in the political development of developing countries, a distinctive feature: The lives of political instability, frequent changes of regime, the Government such as the lantern-style replacement.
Political dictatorship in some developing countries, due to traditional factors or weak social forces and political rights are often highly concentrated in the hands of one or a few people.
For example: Mali. Mali is a backward agricultural country, less than 300 dollars per capita GDP, is one of the world"s poorest countries, debt burdens, the people living in poverty.
Mali"s agriculture
Food crops: Millet: the basic food of Mali, the average annual yield of about 793,000 tons; Sorghum: Malian people"s basic food, the annual output of about 488,500 tons; Corn: Malian people"s basic food, the annual output 742,000 tons; Rice: about 524,000 tons. Cash crops: Cotton: an annual output of 58 million tons, the output column first in West Africa, Mali is the largest export product; peanut: 14 tons; sugar cane: 28.5 million tons, good quality, has great development potential. Tobacco: 726 tons / year.
Mali"s education
Attention to the protection and development of national culture, to encourage literature. Arts groups have the official National Song and Dance Ensemble Folk Orchestra and the Repertory Theatre and so on. Cultural facilities concentrated in the capital Bamako, mainly the Islamic Cultural Centre, National Museum and National Library. Follow the French education system. By the basic, secondary and vocational technical and higher education of three parts. In 2004, expenditure on education accounted for 15.06% of the national budget. In 2003, the enrollment rate of 70% of children and illiterate persons accounted for 70% of the population. In the same year, schools, students and teachers as follows: Number of schools (schools) in school (person) teachers (person)；Basic Education 8714 1651000366000; Secondary and vocational: Education 1531090002890; Higher 937,600,824.
Question 14 The current issues
Mali"s climate is not good, leading to an important reason for its backwardness. Mali in West Africa, southern edge of the Sahara desert, west of Mauritania, Senegal, North, East and Algeria and Niger is adjacent to the south, Guinea, C?te d"Ivoire and Burkina Faso, for landlocked countries. Northern tropical desert climate, dry and hot in the southern savannah climate. Year is divided into three seasons: 3 to 5 months for the hot season, from 6 October for the rainy season, 11 to 2 months for the cool season. Maximum temperature of the hot season 50 ℃, cool season minimum temperature of 14 ℃.
Slow economic development in Mali, but also led to an important reason for its backwardness. Agricultural-based economy, weak industrial base, published by the United Nations, one of the world"s least developed countries. 1988, began implementing the "economic restructuring plan "and" state-owned enterprise reform plan. " In 1992, the year the World Bank and International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programs signed agreement, within the period specified in the agreement certain amount of assistance available horses.
Question 15
The impacts of multinationals
The Coca-Cola Company has long been a worldwide business. As we all know, Coca-cola is a big and successful multinational company in the world. Their products can be bought in everywhere in the world. Therefore, we will analyze its two impacts on newly industrialized countries and LDCs. As we all know, The Company has both effect on newly industrialized countries and LDCS. For example, Over the past five years the company in Africa an investment of more than $6 billion, is mainly used to the new factory, equipment updating and staff training, At present, the company owns 160 factories in Africa. Africa is a less developed country. Through the case, we may know the impact of multinationals on LDCs. The company affect Africa in some way as follows: firstly, since coca-cola company invested in Africa, it will increase local employment in Africa, because they need labor force from Africa when running the company. What’s more, coca-cola will also force Africa capital infusion and capital formation.
But, some multinational company can also cause troubles, as four tires companies in South Africa in order to enlarge their marketing, using a variety of trade protection measures besieged local counterparts’ products. And it may cause technological dependence and brain drawn.
3.0 Conclusion
Company?should be aware?that there are many?from international trade?to get. However, many?countries have large?trade barriers?to protect?their own industries, because?they have absolute?or relative?advantages.?Thus, like?the World Trade Organization?or the European Union?organization provides a?similar?form of?free trade, the basic unit of?transfer of?goods or?services.?Otherwise,?the main criteria for?the balance of payments?between countries?is extremely?ensure that?transactions and other?people"s?level.?This makes the?current account, capital?account and?financial account.?The European countries utilize single currency in recent years; growing developed countries place their extra capital into LDC or NIC.
4.0 Reference
Website
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【篇二】經濟學開題報告
行為經濟學挑戰傳統經濟學
（一）對“經濟人”假設的挑戰“經濟人”假設是整個經濟學思想體系中的前提性假設和基礎性假設，并被作為全部理論構架的邏輯支撐點和方法論 原則。它主張：
①人是有理性的。每個人是自己利益的最好判斷者，在各項利益的比較中選擇自我的最大利益。“他只想以最小的犧牲來滿足自己的最大需要”。
②利己是人的本性，人們在從事經濟活動中，追求的是個人利益，通常沒有促進社會利益的動機。
③個人利益的最大化，只有在與他人利益的協調中才能實現。交換是從"經濟人"的本性驅使下自然而然地發生的。人類的交換傾向是利己本性的外在形式和作用方式，"理性言語那諸種能力的必然結果"。
人們往往出于想挽回已經發生卻無法收回的所謂 沉沒成本，而做出很多欠理性的行為。
??不要因為沉沒成本的存在而影響了你的理性決 策。
??往前看，尋找新的機會，千萬不能讓沉沒成本困 住前進的步伐！
結果偏見：
有句話，我們說的很多，做的很少－－不以成敗 論英雄。
結果并非是最好的評價因素，生活中如此，企業 中更是如此。
優秀企業與一般企業的區別也許就在于它是不是 有監督過程的機制，優秀領導與一般領導的區別 也許就在于他是不是有能力并且有耐心來看過 程。
行為經濟學的三個重要特點
第一，行為經濟學的出發點是研究一個國家中某個時期的消費者和企業經理人員的行為，以實際調查為依據，對在不同環境中觀察到的行為進行比較， 然后加以概括并得出結論。
2、行為經濟學的研究集中在人們的消費、儲蓄、投 資等行為的決策過程，而不是這些行為所完成的實績。
3、行為經濟學更重視人的因素，因此也可以認為它 是管理方面的經濟學。它研究分析經濟活動的心 理過程，如：人們在做經濟決策時的動機、態度 和期望等。
現狀偏見
現狀偏見指的是人們對于任何自己認為是屬于現狀的東西都比那些被認為是不屬于現狀的東西有更高的評價。主要反映的是失去某件東西能夠增加人的痛苦。1984年肯尼斯基和辛登做了這樣一個實驗。他們任意發給學生一些糖果棒或是裝飾過的杯子。然后，每個人都有機會將手中的禮物換成另一種——杯子可以換糖果棒，反之亦然。盡管物品是被隨意分配的并且交換成本也極小，結果無論是擁有糖果棒還是擁有杯子的學生，90%的人沒有選擇交換。
“錨定心理”的存在使得人們產生了心理賬戶或心理間隔，即相同的人對于等量的貨幣，在不同情況下可能會區別對待。對于彩票中獎得來的錢花起來可能會大手大腳，而對辛苦掙來的血汗錢用起來則可能小心翼翼，能省則省。
心理賬戶應用啟示：理性消費，錢無貴賤之分，不要把一些錢看得太重，舍不得拿出來投資。養成存錢的好習慣，學會算賬與記賬，時刻記住“當斷不斷，反受其亂”。
在得到的時候，大多數人都是風險規避的。在失去的時候，大多數人都是風險偏好的。人們對得失的判斷往往根據參照點決定。改 變參照點，就可以改變對風險的態度。人們通常都是損失規避的。
對于同一樣東西，往往在得到時覺得 不怎么值錢，而一旦擁有后再要放棄時就會感到 這樣東西的重要性，索取的價格要高于不擁有時 購買它愿意支付的價格。
購買時，人的心理處于一個“得”的狀態中；而出售的時候，心理處于一個“失”的狀態中。人因此對“失”更加敏感，所以索價更高。
3.前景理論
前景理論三個基本原理；一、大多數人在面臨獲得的時候是風險規避的.二、大多數人在面臨損失的時候是風險偏愛的.三、人們對損失更敏感(比對獲得).
比如：一個人工資漲了100元, 他可能覺得沒什么; 但如減薪100元, 那他肯定要問個明白, 且感覺不舒服.
確定效應
所謂確定效應，就是在確定的好處（收益）和“賭一把”之間，做一個抉擇，多數人會選擇確定的好處。用一個詞形容就是“見好就收”，用一句話打比方就是“二鳥在林，不如一鳥在手”，正所謂落袋為安。
讓我們來做這樣一個實驗。
A.你一定能賺30000元。
B.你有80%可能賺40000元，20%可能性什么也得不到。
你會選擇哪一個呢？
實驗結果是，大部分人都選擇A。
傳統經濟學中的“理性人”這時會跳出來批判：選擇A是錯的，因為40000×80%=32000，期望值要大于30000。定效應”表現在投資上就是投資者有強烈的獲利了結傾向，喜歡將正在賺錢的股票賣出。
投資時，多數人的表現是“賠則拖，贏必走”。在股市中，普遍有一種“賣出效應”，也就是投資者賣出獲利的股票的意向，要遠遠大于賣出虧損股票的意向。這與“對則持，錯即改”的投資核心理念背道而馳。
生活中，我們應該學會
【篇三】經濟學開題報告
MBA管理經濟學
課程作業
（結合自身工作，寫一篇調查報告）
遼寧工程技術大學
工商管理學院MBA10-1班
鄭威
二〇一一年八月三十一日
“十五”以來我市價格改革的實踐與思考
今年是遼寧解放60周年暨改革開放30周年, 我市的價格改革也歷經了三十年的風風雨雨，特別是“十五”以來(2001-2008) 價格工作取得了明顯成就。回顧“十五”以來的價格改革，總結其做法和經驗，對于正確認識當前的價格形勢，明確今后價格工作思路，具有重要的意義。在此，筆者談幾點認識和體會。
一、“十五”以來我市價格改革的成就和特點
八年來，全市各級物價部門堅持以“三個代表”思想和科學發展觀為指導，繼續深化價格改革，整頓價格秩序，加強市場價格監測與調控，積極拓展價格服務領域，基本建立起以市場形成價格為主的機制，增強了市場配置資源的基礎性作用，保持了價格總水平基本穩定，促進了國民經濟平穩增長，為振興鞍山老工業基地、構建和諧社會做出了積極貢獻。八年來，全地區共查處各類價格違法案件1407件，查處價格違法所得8237萬元，退還不合理收費7371萬元。市本級投入價調基金7260萬元，平抑市場物價。深入開展價格服務進萬家活動，建立了237個社區價格監督站和80個涉農收費監督站。取消和減免各種收費82項，減輕群眾負擔5.35億元；調整價格和收費22項，為企業增收2.42億元。先后平抑了因“非典”、禽流感疫情引發的價格異常波動。特別是2007年5月以來，以副食品價格結構性上漲為顯著特征的價格總水平出現較大幅度上漲。
（一）思想觀念發生了根本轉變，社會公眾應對價格波動的心理承受能力不斷增強
八年來的價格改革，使我們樹立了六種新觀念。即沖破了“生產資料不是商品”的舊觀念，樹立了大力發展社會主義市場經濟的觀念；沖破了不重視價值規律這只“看不見的手”對經濟調節作用的觀念，樹立了充分發揮價值規律和供求規律調節作用的觀念；沖破了單一計劃價格的觀念，樹立了市場形成價格機制和多種價格形式并存的觀念；沖破了計劃經濟條件下高度集權和直接管理價格的觀念，樹立了市場經濟條件下直接管理和間接調控相結合的觀念；沖破了穩定物價就是價格“一定終身制”的觀念，確立了在經濟發展、市場有效供應不斷豐富中力求價格穩定的觀念；沖破了價格工作就是單純調定價管理的觀念，樹立了價格管理和價格服務相結合，以價格服務為主的觀念。價格改革不僅促進了鞍山經濟的飛速發展，使社會公眾分享了改革開放的成果，同樣也錘煉和提高了他們對在市場經濟條件下，價值規律調節作用的認識。另外，社會公眾因改革開放增加了收入，經濟上的承受能力也有所增強。社會公眾心理承受能力的增強，對價格波動的心理反映平穩，是對改革開放的認可，是對市場經濟條件下價格改革的認可，也為我們將來進一步積極穩妥地推進價格改革奠定了堅實的社會基礎。
（二）價格管理體制發生了根本轉變，多種價格形式并存的格局已經形成
八年來，價格改革的主要特點就是放權。國家和省從下放價格管理權限入手，改革高度集中的價格管理體制。我市、縣也逐級下放價格管理權限，相當一部分制定和調整價格的權限直接下放給生產經營單位和經營者，實行市場調節。截至2004年底，在社會消費品零售總額中，實行政府指導價和政府定價商品和服務的比重合計為4.7%，其余95.3%的商品和服務價格都已經實行市場調節價。極少數實行政府指導價和政府定價的商品和服務，各級政府價格主管部門在制定時，也充分考慮了市場供求狀況和國民經濟發展要求。高度集中僵化的價格決策體系發生了根本性變化。放權使企業有了一定的定、調價格的權力，也為促進生產的發展，搞活企業經營創造了條件。價格管理體制的改革和價格管理權限的下放，打破了原來單一計劃價格形式的格局，形成了與多層次價格決策體系相適應的，多種價格形式并存的價格管理格局。即：對關系國計民生的重要生產資料、人民生活必需品，仍然實行政府定價；對比較重要的商品實行政府指導價；大部分商品實行市場調節價。已形成了多種價格形式并存的價格管理體系，社會主義市場價格管理體制已初步建立。
（三）不合理的價格結構已初步理順
改革以前，價格結構不合理，主要表現在：一是農產品價格嚴重偏低，工業品價格偏高；二是工業品中，基礎工業品價格偏低，加工工業品價格偏高；三是第三產業價格偏低；四是各種差、比價關系不合理等。八年來，隨著價格的不斷調整和逐步放開，使鞍山的價格結構趨于合理，各種比價關系已初步理順。其主要表現：農產品價格有了大幅度地提高，農民的收入有了較大的增加；基礎工業品價格大幅度提高，工業產品內部不合理的比價關系初步理順；第三產業價格偏低的狀況大為改觀，價格的大幅度提高和放開，促進了城市基礎設施和公用事業的快速發展，完善了城市總體功能，方便了群眾生活，緩解了就業矛盾。
（四）政府宏觀調控價格的力度不斷加大
為加大政府宏觀調控力度，在放開大部分商品價格由市場調節，不斷改善政府價格調控的同時，我們適應社會主義市場經濟條件下價格管理的需要，探索試行了一些新的價格間接調控辦法，逐步建立和完善了價格間接調控體系。如在全市建立起了包括農副產品、日用工業品和工農業生產資料價格以及服務價格、藥品價格、房地產價格、涉農收費在內的價格監測報告制度，定期分析價格形勢，及時預測價格走勢，為市委、市政府調控價格總水平提供決策依據；建立了副食品和其他重要生產資料價格調節基金制度和價格風險基金制度；建立了政府制定價格成本監審制度，為科學合理制定價格提供決策依據；建立了應對各種價格異動情況的價格應急機制，適時依法采取臨時價格干預措施，確保市場價格的穩定；實行了商品和收費的明碼標價制度，建立了遍及城鄉的“12358”價格舉報監督網絡，保護生產者和消費者的合法權益等等。價格管理從主要依靠行政手段管理為主逐步過渡到以經濟手段為主并輔之以必要的行政干預相結合的管理模式，政府調控價格的手段和能力得到了加強。
二、當前價格改革面臨新的環境
經過三十年的艱苦奮斗，特別是八年來的不懈努力，我市價格改革取得了顯著成就，但價格改革任務依然任重道遠。主要表現為：價格形成機制不夠完善，價格監管體系不夠健全，價格法制建設有待加強。特別是隨著經濟社會的發展，各方面對價格工作的要求越來越高，價格改革面臨的環境越來越復雜，改革的任務更加艱巨。
（一）價格改革進入攻堅階段。從價格改革看，目前絕大多數商品和服務價格已經放開，實行市場調節，但一些重要領域如資源和環境領域的價格改革、公用事業、公益性服務領域和壟斷行業的價格改革還明顯滯后，有的改革才剛剛破題。而這些領域的價格改革對國計民生影響重大，而且涉及到行政管理體制等方面的改革，可以說“牽一發而動全身”。從2005年開始，我市先后調整了自來水價格、出租車價格、供暖價格。而我市煤氣價格、工業蒸汽價格由于累計虧損太多、原料成本的增加、管網老化、企業轉制等等一系列原因，已經成為政府關心、群眾關注的社會焦點問題， 必須統籌安排，精心設計，找好坐標，穩步推進。
（二）價格形勢仍然十分復雜。隨著我國經濟發展和對外開放的擴大，國內國際市場的聯系更加緊密，影響價格變動的因素更加錯綜復雜。特別是今年以來，我國經濟社會發展面臨著十分嚴峻復雜的局面。從國際上看，當前世界經濟“滯脹”風險明顯增加。一方面，世界整體需求能力下降，對于外貿依存度較高的我國而言，將會產生明顯的不利影響。受出口增速下降影響，7月份我國外貿出口增幅出現加入世貿7年來首次下滑，出口大省廣東省的經濟增長率僅位居全國倒數第六位，部分出口導向型、勞動密集型行業和企業生產經營困難，已直接影響就業。并且未來這種不利影響可能會進一步顯現。另一方面，通貨膨脹已成為世界經濟的嚴重威脅，國際石油、糧食等初級產品價格的大幅上漲也使得我國輸入型通貨膨脹壓力明顯加大。從國內來看，一方面，GDP增速在高位上開始適度回落，緩解了由偏熱轉為過熱的風險，有利于抑制物價過快上漲。另一方面，成本上升、能源資源供求矛盾突出、部分行業和企業生產經營困難、各方面漲價預期增強等因素，使價格上漲壓力仍在不斷增大，因此控制物價上漲、抑制通貨膨脹的任務十分艱巨。上述國內外因素的相互作用、相互推動，使得實現經濟平穩較快發展和保持價格總水平基本穩定成為當前經濟運行中最重要的問題。因此，將宏觀調控的首要任務從“雙防”調整為“一保一控”，是必要的，也是及時的。今年7月份中央政治局會議上，胡錦濤總書記指出，下半年經濟工作的目標，是要繼續保持經濟平穩較快增長、努力推動經濟社會又好又快發展，繼續把抑制物價過快上漲擺在突出位置、努力把物價漲幅控制在合理的區間內。
從目前看， 10月份，中國財政收入同比下降0.3個百分點，其中中央財政收入下行速度尤其明顯，同比下降達8.4%。這不僅延續了數月以來中國財政收入增速持續下行的態勢，也是年內第一次出現負增長。1-10月份累計，居民消費價格總水平(CPI)同比上漲6.7%，已經是4月以來我國CPI連續6個月出現漲幅下降。1-10月份累計,我市CPI同比上漲5.1 %，連續5個月出現漲幅下降。11月5日召開的國務院常務會議確定了當前進一步擴大內需、促進經濟增長的十項措施。11月10日，國家發展改革委召開緊急會議，貫徹落實黨中央、國務院決策部署，安排新增1000億元中央政府投資工作，進一步擴大內需，促進經濟平穩較快增長。為推進行政事業性收費改革，促進依法行政，切實減輕企業和社會負擔，保持經濟平穩較快發展，國家發展改革委、財政部對全國性及中央部門和單位行政事業性收費進行了全面清理，決定從2009年1月1日起，取消或停止城市房屋拆遷管理費、暫住證（卡）工本費、新資源食品申請審評費等100項行政事業性收費。目前，我們正協調省物價局做好相關工作的落實。這也預示著，在國際金融危機可能引來全球經濟衰退的風險下，我國在2009年的宏觀調控重點將從“一保一控”調整為“保增長，促轉型”。這也是我市各級價格部門不可回避的神圣使命。
（三）社會利益訴求多元化。價格改革能夠取得今天這樣的成就，一個重要原因就是得到了大多數群眾的理解和支持。但是，隨著改革的深化，利益格局發生了深刻變化，改革初期各方面普遍受益的局面已不復存在，一項改革措施的推出，往往只能使部分人受益，甚至可能導致另一部分人利益受損，很難滿足所有人的要求。經濟上，收入差距不斷擴大。據中國改革基金會國民經濟研究所副所長王小魯測算，目前全國10%的最高與最低收入家庭人均收入差距高達55倍。收入水平的差異不僅造成人們對價格改革承受能力的不同，而且使人們對價格改革的預期也存在明顯差異。在經濟社會發展進入“矛盾凸顯期”之后，如何通過深化價格改革，更好地發揮價格杠桿作用，平衡社會各方面的利益關系，維護廣大人民群眾的合法權益，促進社會公平正義，已成為價格改革必須面對的一個重大課題。
當然，我們也要看到，與改革面臨的困難相比，有利條件更多：一是有市委、市政府的正確領導和省物價局的指導，政治穩定，社會安定；二是有十七屆三中全會科學發展觀精神的指導，改革的方向十分明確；三是我市經濟實力進一步增強，回旋余地較大；四是有三十年價格改革的經驗可以參考和借鑒。因此，我們既要客觀估計到改革的艱巨性和復雜性，也要充分認識改革的有利條件，戒驕戒躁，沉著冷靜，勇于開拓，大膽創新，把價格改革事業不斷推向前進，讓改革的成果惠及廣大人民群眾。
三、對深化價格改革的幾點思考
總結過去是為了啟迪未來，立足現實可以更好開展工作。根據我市的基本情況和當前價格改革面臨的新環境，我們對進一步深化價格改革有以下幾點初步認識：
（一）改革的方向：市場調節與政府調控相結合，目標是構建與完善社會主義市場經濟體制相適應的價格管理體制。減少政府對經濟活動的直接干預，充分發揮市場配置資源的基礎性作用，是市場經濟的必然要求。即使是以美國為首的西方國家最近對動蕩的金融市場采取聯合救市行動，甚至對一些金融機構實行國有化，也不能說明市場機制配置資源的基礎性作用已經失靈。我們必須堅定不移地堅持市場化的價格改革方向，堅決放開那些能夠形成有效競爭的商品和服務價格，以充分發揮價格信號在引導資源流動、調節利益關系方面的積極作用。但是，對關系國計民生的重要領域加以必要的監管，對市場失靈的環節進行糾正，以保障國家經濟安全，維護正常秩序，也是市場經濟題中應有之義。我國實行社會主義市場經濟，更離不開政府的宏觀調控。要抓緊建立健全價格調控體系，堅持以經濟手段和法律手段為主，以必要的行政手段為輔，充分發揮相關職能部門、企業和其他社會成員的積極性，維護正常的價格秩序，促進價格平穩運行。既要注意防止和糾正“市場萬能論”，對市場價格放任自流，對價格波動無所作為，又要注意防止和糾正“政府萬能論”，對微觀價格過度干預，導致價格關系扭曲，誤導資源配置。
（二）改革的目的：提高效率與促進公平相結合，目標是實現科學發展、和諧發展。八年價格改革的經驗告訴我們，在經濟發展過程中，首先要解決商品和服務有和無的問題；其次要解決好和壞的問題；再次要解決如何分配問題。改革進行到今天，如何處理好效率與公平的關系問題，已經擺在了我們面前，無可回避，也不應回避。在注重發揮市場配置資源的基礎性作用，提高經濟效率，把“蛋糕”做大的同時，必須更加注意防止收入分配差距進一步擴大，促進社會公平正義，為構建和諧社會作出貢獻。從價格改革看，要加快推進壟斷行業價格改革，強化成本約束，嚴格限制壟斷行業的高福利、高成本、高價格；切實加強價格監管，嚴厲打擊各種亂漲價、亂收費行為，維護群眾合法價格權益；在公用事業和公益性服務行業探索建立差別價格制度，對低收入群體生活必需的消費給予適當的價格優惠，減輕其生活負擔。在宏觀政策方面，在建立能夠科學反映不同收入群體基本生活費用的價格指數體系的基礎上，實行城鄉居民最低生活保障、最低工資、失業保險金和基本養老金等社會保障和救濟標準與經濟增長和物價水平相適應的動態調整機制，減輕物價上漲對低收入群體生活的影響。
（三）改革的途徑：完善機制與健全法制相結合，目標是將價格活動建立在法治基礎之上。市場經濟是法治經濟，必須以法治為根基。離開了法治，現代市場經濟就無從談起。法治不僅具有值得追求的普世價值，而且是市場經濟所必需的制度支撐。深化價格改革，要以完善價格形成機制為重點，使價格既能客觀反映市場供求狀況、資源稀缺程度，體現國民經濟和社會發展的要求，補償對生態環境保護所需成本，以引導資源流動，實現優化配置。同時，必須加強價格法制建設，將那些成熟的經驗上升為法律制度。要繼續按照“定規則、當裁判”的要求，加強價格法制建設。一要加強價格立法，完善價格法律體系，使規則更完善，真正做到有法可依；二要嚴格執法，公正執法，依法行使價格權力，做到有法必依，執法必嚴，違法必究，使市場價格行為更加符合法律規范。
（四）改革的方式：統籌規劃與因地制宜相結合，目標是使價格改革措施更加符合客觀實際。價格改革是一個系統工程，涉及生產、流通、消費各個方面，關系到全國統一大市場的建立和完善，必須堅持統籌規劃，明確改革的方向、原則、重點和步驟，保持國家價格政策的統一性，增強改革措施的協調性，減少和避免改革的盲目性，降低改革的成本，提高改革的效率。同時，由于我國幅員遼闊，自然條件差異很大，各地經濟發展水平不同，價格改革不能搞“一刀切”，必須堅持因地制宜，因時制宜，區別對待，將政策的原則性與措施的靈活性有機結合起來，既能體現國家大政方針的要求，又符合各地實際情況，具有更強的可操作性。
（五）改革的手段：改進管理與轉變職能相結合，目標是鞏固改革成果，促進改革深化。不論是放松價格管制，還是轉換價格形成機制，都必須相應地改進價格管理方式。比如對政府指導價實行上限或下限管理，對政府定價實行價格聽證、集體審議、專家論證、公示公告等制度，對放開的價格加強監測，掌握動向，并依法對經營者定價行為加以規范，引導企業合理定價等。與此同時，要加快轉變政府職能，切實把政府經濟管理職能轉移到主要為市場主體服務和創造良好發展環境上來。隨著價格改革的深化，政府直接定價的任務將進一步減少，但完善價格法制、實施價格調控、提供價格公共服務的任務將大量增加。這就要求各級政府價格主管部門加快職能轉變，從以直接管理為主向以間接調控為主轉變，從以定價批費為主向“定規則、當裁判、搞服務”為主轉變，使價格工作更好地適應社會主義市場經濟的需要。
看似短暫的一生，其間的色彩，波折，卻是紛呈的，深不可測的，所以才有人拼盡一切阻隔，在路漫漫中，上下而求索。
不管平庸也好，風生水起也罷，其實誰的人生不是頂著風雨在前行，都在用平凡的身體支撐著一個看不見的靈魂？
有時候行到風不推身體也飄搖，雨不流淚水也濕過衣衫，而讓我們始終堅持的除了一份信念：風雨總會過去，晴朗總會伴著彩虹掛在天邊。
一定還有比信念還牢固的東西支撐著我們，那就是流動在心底的愛，一份拳拳之愛，或許卑微，卻是我們執著存在這個世界上，可以跨越任何險阻的勇氣、力量和最美麗的理由。
人生的途程積累了一定的距離，每個人都成了哲學家。因為生活會讓我們慢慢懂得：低頭是為了抬頭，行走是為了更好地休憩，不閱盡滄桑怎會大度，沒慣見成敗怎會寵辱不驚，不歷經糾結怎會活得舒展？
看清才會原諒，有時的無動于衷，不是不屑，不是麻木，而是不值得。有時痛苦，不是怕失去，不是沒得到，而是因為自私，不肯放手，不是自己的，也不想給。
人生到最后，有的人把自己活成了富翁，有的人卻一無所有。
梭羅說：一個人富裕程度如何，要看他能放下多少東西。大千世界，我們總是想要的太多，以為自己得到的太少。是啊，一個貧窮的人怎么會輕易舍得拋下自己的所有呢？到了一定年齡，才會明白一個人對物質生活的過多貪求，反而讓自己的心靈變得愈加貧窮。
人生到了最后，其實活出的只是一個靈魂的高度，清風明月，花香草色，便是一袖山水，滿目清澈。放下從前，放下過去，從容地走入當下，和自己的內心交流，和自己的靈魂對話，聽時光走過的聲音，嗅聞它御風而過的芳香……
如果兜兜轉轉了大半個人生的你，此刻依然覺得自己很貧窮，那么愿一無所有的你，
看似短暫的一生，其間的色彩，波折，卻是紛呈的，深不可測的，所以才有人拼盡一切阻隔，在路漫漫中，上下而求索。
不管平庸也好，風生水起也罷，其實誰的人生不是頂著風雨在前行，都在用平凡的身體支撐著一個看不見的靈魂？
有時候行到風不推身體也飄搖，雨不流淚水也濕過衣衫，而讓我們始終堅持的除了一份信念：風雨總會過去，晴朗總會伴著彩虹掛在天邊。
一定還有比信念還牢固的東西支撐著我們，那就是流動在心底的愛，一份拳拳之愛，或許卑微，卻是我們執著存在這個世界上，可以跨越任何險阻的勇氣、力量和最美麗的理由。
人生的途程積累了一定的距離，每個人都成了哲學家。因為生活會讓我們慢慢懂得：低頭是為了抬頭，行走是為了更好地休憩，不閱盡滄桑怎會大度，沒慣見成敗怎會寵辱不驚，不歷經糾結怎會活得舒展？
看清才會原諒，有時的無動于衷，不是不屑，不是麻木，而是不值得。有時痛苦，不是怕失去，不是沒得到，而是因為自私，不肯放手，不是自己的，也不想給。
人生到最后，有的人把自己活成了富翁，有的人卻一無所有。
梭羅說：一個人富裕程度如何，要看他能放下多少東西。大千世界，我們總是想要的太多，以為自己得到的太少。是啊，一個貧窮的人怎么會輕易舍得拋下自己的所有呢？到了一定年齡，才會明白一個人對物質生活的過多貪求，反而讓自己的心靈變得愈加貧窮。
人生到了最后，其實活出的只是一個靈魂的高度，清風明月，花香草色，便是一袖山水，滿目清澈。放下從前，放下過去，從容地走入當下，和自己的內心交流，和自己的靈魂對話，聽時光走過的聲音，嗅聞它御風而過的芳香……
如果兜兜轉轉了大半個人生的你，此刻依然覺得自己很貧窮，那么愿一無所有的你，
