英語寫作19篇
英語寫作(1)
100條英語寫作高頻短語
1. 經濟的快速發展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的顯著提高/ 穩步增長
The remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先進的科學技術advanced science and technology
4.面臨新的機遇和挑戰 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
6.社會發展的必然結果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了廣泛的公眾關注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否認 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.熱烈的討論/爭論 a heated discussion/ debate
10.有爭議性的問題 a controversial issue
11.完全不同的觀點 a totally different argument
12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就個人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…達到絕對的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.雙方的論點 argument on both sides
17.發揮著日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18.對…必不可少 be in dispensable to …
19.正如諺語所說 As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外 …be no exception
21.對…產生有利/不利的影響 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利遠遠大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.導致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.復雜的社會現象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.責任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 競爭與合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 開闊眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.學習知識和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.經濟/心理負擔 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考慮到諸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 從另一個角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 對…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34.為社會做貢獻 make contributions to the society
35.打下堅實的基礎 lay a solid foundation for…
36.綜合素質 comprehensive quality
37.無可非議 blameless / beyond reproach
38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40. 應當承認 Admittedly
41.不可推卸的義務 unshakable duty
42. 滿足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.寶貴的自然資源 valuable natural resources
45.因特網 the Internet (一定要由冠詞)
46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人類生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.環保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社會進步的體現 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飛速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.對這一問題持有不同態度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后種觀點的人 people / those in favor of the former/latter opinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 證據 have/ provide the following reasons/evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理論和實踐相結合 integrate theory with practice
56. …必然趨勢 an irresistible trend of…
57.日益激烈的社會競爭 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.長遠利益. interest in the long run
60.…有其自身的優缺點 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.揚長避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。
63.對…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上…的最新發展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with
the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施來… take effective measures to do sth。
67.…的健康發展 the healthy development of …
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推薦用。。。)
69.對…觀點因人而異 Views on …vary from person to person。
70.重視 attach great importance to…
71.社會地位 social status
72.把時間和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73.擴大知識面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心兩方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/間接關系 be directly / indirectly related to…
76. 提出折中提議 set forth a compromise proposal
77. 可以取代 “think”的詞 believe, claim, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.緩解壓力/ 減輕負擔 relieve stress/ burden
79.優先考慮/發展… give (top) priority to sth。
80.與…比較 compared with…/ in comparison with
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大寫)
83.經不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就業機會 offer job opportunities
85. 社會進步的反映 mirror of social progress
86.毫無疑問 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87.增進相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89.承受更大的工作壓力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90.保障社會的穩定和繁榮 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91.更多地強調 put more emphasis on…
92.適應社會發展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93.實現夢想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true
94. 主要理由列舉如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with
96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore
98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,
99. 總而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,
100.我們還有很長的路要走 We still have a long way to go
英語寫作(2)
Lecture 6
1. Teaching task: Personal Letter writing
2. Teaching target and object:
(1) Enable the students to know the differences between notes and letters
(3) Enable the students to write different kinds of personal letters mainly letters of invitation and reply; letters of thanks; letters of congratulations; letters of apologies and explanations; letters of condolence and sympathy.
(4) Enable students to know the correct format , content and the language used in personal letters
3. Teaching focus:
(1) The differences between notes and personal letters
(2) How to write a letter of invitation and reply
(3) How to write a letter of thanks
(4) How to write a letter of apologies and explanation
(5) How to write a letter of condolence and sympathy
4. Teaching method: free writing--–commentary --–discussion---guided writing---commentary –-comparison with the samples---summery
5. Teaching procedures:
(1) Greeting
(2) Let students know the teaching tasks, target and teaching focus..
(4) The idioms of the day: look forward; getting to know; make it; at your disposal; drop by; in the neighborhood
(3) Explain the idioms of the day and ask the students to use them in their own sentences.
Look forward: expect : e.g. I am looking forward to your reply.
Getting to know: starting to know: e.g. We are getting to know each other.
Make it: to come : e.g. I am sorry but Joe and I won’t be able to make it to your barbeque this weekend. Thank you for the invitation and I hope we’ll be able to make it for the next gathering.
At your disposal: be available (formal but a good idiom): e.g. If there is anything at all that I can do to help, please don’t hesitate to give me a call. I am at your disposal.
Drop by : visit but not according to an appointment: e.g. Yesterday I dropped by to see a friend .
In the neighborhood: e.g. Sometimes we can meet our acquaintances in our neighborhood.
(4) The quotation of the day: “ The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible”. ( Napoleon Bonaparte)
(5) Discuss with the class the personal letters
Do you often write letters?
For what purposes do you often write letters?
Do you often write letters to promote friendship? (say, to invite someone; to thank someone; to congratulate someone; to make apologies and explanation; to express condolence and sympathy)
(6) Ask the students to write a personal letter of about 70-80 words to anyone they want to in any way think appropriate. within 10 minutes.
(7) Broadcast two or three students’ personal letters to the class so that we can make detailed comments.
( 8) Show the students a sample letter of thanks:
The Metallurgy Dept.
University of Liverpool
Liverpool LR5 6 KI
England
15 November, 2004
Dear Mr. Rallinen,
I must write and thank you for your kindness to you on my visit to the Tampella factory earlier this month. I am very grateful for the time you spent answering my questions, and the trouble you went to, to make my stay in Tampella as interesting as possible. I can assure you those two days were the highlight of my trip to Finland.
Yours very sincerely,
George R. Finlay
(9) Discuss the format, the semantic elements, the language used in a personal letters:
The format of a personal letter is a bit similar with notes.
Every well-constructed personal letter is made up of five essential parts:
A. The heading: your address and the date ( where and when)
B. The salutation: your complimentary greetings (to whom)
C. The body : your purpose, information about yourself (what and why)
D. The complimentary close: your complimentary good bye
E. The signature (who)
So the semantic structure of personal letter should be as follows:
Heading ^salutation ^body (purpose and information)^ complimentary close ^ signature
Heading: The heading is the sender’s address and the date of writing the letter. It always goes in the top right-hand corner. Start writing about in the center so that the longest line reaches your right margin.
Notes:
a. The order of the address is as follows: number of house, name of street, town of city, area, country. Never write your name above your address.
b. Pay special attention to the punctuation of the address. Notice that there is a comma after each line and a full stop after the last one. This style is called closed punctuation and is favored by many British people. However, modern practice tends to omit the punctuation at the end of each entry. This style is called open punctuation and is favored by many American people.
c. The names of cities should be written out completely except those abbreviated forms are accepted such as N.Y (New York) N.J.(New Jersey).
d. The name of the country can be left out of the address when you are writing to someone in your own country. And among very close friends, the whole address can be left out.
e. The date should never be omitted. It goes immediately below the address and never above it. There is no need in a letter to a friend to include the year in the date.
Salutation: salutation of a letter is the complimentary greeting to the person to whom the letter is written. It’s like saying Hello. (Refer to the rules we mentioned when we talked about note writing)
The Body: A letter can be long or very short. It just depends. You can begin your letter by referring to either to a letter you have recently received or an event which has caused you to write. Then get to the point and tell the receiver your purpose of writing this letter and information about yourself. Content is important. To end with a letter, we usually express our polite wishes in order to leave a favorable impression in the reader’s mind.
The Complimentary close: The complimentary close of a personal letter should be written below the body of the letter, beginning about in the center of the page. Only the first letter of the first word should be capitalized, and there should be a comma at the end. (Refer to the note writing)
The wording varies according to the type of letter and according to the degree of friendship and intimacy with the receiver, but it must agree with that of the salutation. The most usual complimentary close for friends and acquaintances is “Yours sincerely or Sincerely yours.”
Unless on special occasion, avoid using such a close as “Yours hurriedly; Yours hastily; Yours in a haste; Yours in sympathy ; Yours in sorrow.”
The signature: the signature of a letter is written below the complimentary close and somewhat to the right so that it ends just about in line with the right-hand margin of the letter. There is no need for a full stop after your signature. Always sign by hand, in ink (not a pencil), write clearly. Sign your name without any title such as Student
Note :The language of personal letter has the following features：
a. write with clarity : try to avoid long involved paragraphs. A letter composed of short sentences and short paragraphs is not only more inviting to the eye, but reads more easily and conveys your ideas with greater speed
b. keep your language simple : plain ,familiar words are the best.
Do is better more than accomplish
Write is a better word than correspond
Find is a better word than locate
Please is better than will you be good enough
Now is better than at the present time
c. Use lots of verbs. And keep your verbs short ! Make them say what you have to say. Verbs like “come , go , run , walk, send, meet , buy , give” give force and action to your sentences.
d. Make your letter sound conversational. Contractions can make your letter sound conversational in a personal letter.
(10) Ask the students to revise their letters in class and select two or three students to read their letters to the class so that we can comment based on the following aspects : the purpose; the relationship between the reader and the writer; the mode; the information; the format; the l use of the language)
Commenting on the writing by asking the students the following questions:
1. What is the purpose of this writing task?
2. What is the relationship between the writer and the reader?
3. What is the mode of the writing? Is it to be read or to be spoken?
4. What is the necessary information and what is the optional information?
5. How are these elements expressed grammatically and idiomatically?
(After the discussion the students should know that in writing we have to be clear: to write for what a particular purpose, for what a particular reader, and in what form
(11) Compare the semantic structures of note and those of personal letters
The necessary elements of notes are as follows:
Date^ salutation^ purpose^ closing form^ signature
The necessary elements of personal letters are as follows:
Heading^ salutation^ body( purpose and information) ^ complimentary close ^ signature
(12) Assignment: Write personal letters based on each of the subjects given below.
A. Your friend Mike has been seriously injured in a traffic accident, but you don’t have the time to go and see him for the time being. Now write to him to express your concern and tell him about the likely time of your visit.
B.A friend’s child has just died. Write a letter of condolence to him or her.
C. A friend has just got a job or promotion in a certain company. Write to congratulate him or her.
D .Write a letter to an old person of 81 years old, congratulating him on his birthday.
E. You have just returned home after a pleasant visit to a relative in the country. Write a letter thanking him for his hospitality and telling him what you enjoyed most while you were there.
F. A friend is due to arrive in a few days with his family for a visit. Write a letter telling him not to come because one of your children has caught a bad cold.
G. Write a letter to a friend of yours asking for a loan of some money which you urgently need.
英語寫作(3)
General consideration in designing vegetative biofilters
ⅠIntroduction
Historically vegetative biofilters, such as grass swales, were used primarily for stormwater conveyance (Ree12). However, with passage of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the focus on water quality management of urban runoff, the potential for application of these techniques has begun to be reconsidered and many additional benefits have been identified. Today biofilters are being applied to address all of the design objectives of urban SWM. These include: reduction of urban runoff impacts, groundwater recharge, water quality control, stream channel protection and peak discharge control.
Three different types of vegetative biofilter BMP types have been identified and are described in this manual. These include: grass swales, vegetated filter strips and bioretention cells. In addition, grass swales contain three variations: traditional grass swales, grass swale with a media filter and 3) wet swales. Thus a total of five BMP types are available for use and are described in this paper.
ⅡVegetated Biofilter Types
A.Grass Swales
Grass swales have traditionally been used as a low cost stormwater conveyance practice, called grassed waterways, in low-to-medium density residential developments. Most public works agencies throughout the U.S. have a typical rural road section standard that allows the use of grass swales within the public right of way. During the early years of SWM technology the focus was on peak discharge control and grass swales were not given much consideration (Ree23). As the focus of SWM programs expanded to include water quality considerations and pollutant reduction, the grassed swale has been perceived to represent a potentially important element of the treatment train approach to total SWM (Yousef et al. 231).
It is now generally recognized that vegetated grass swales have a number of desirable attributes with respect to total SWM (MDE 201). These attributes include:
● slower flow velocities than pipe systems that result in longer times of concentration and corresponding reduction of peak discharges
● ability to disconnect directly connected impervious surfaces, such as driveways and roadways, thus reducing the computed runoff curve number and peak discharge
● filtering of pollutants by grass media
● infiltration of runoff into the soil profile, thus reducing peak discharges and providing additional pollutant removal
● uptake of pollutants by plant roots (phytoremediation)
Figure 2-1 Grass Swale(MDE209)
B.Dry Swale with Filter Media
The dry swale consists of an open channel that has been modified to enhance its water quality treatment capability by adding a filtering medium consisting of a soil bed with an underdrain system (CRC 196). The dry swale is designed to temporarily store the design water quality volume (VWQ) and allow it to percolate through the treatment medium. The system is designed to drain down between storm events within approximately one day. The water quality treatment mechanisms are similar to bioretention practices except that the pollutant uptake is likely to be more limited since only a grass cover crop is available for nutrient uptake.
Figure 2-2 Dry Swale with Filter Media(MDE209)
C.Wet Swales
The wet swale also consists of a broad open channel capable of temporarily storing the VWQ but does not have an underlying filtering bed. The wet swale is constructed directly within existing soils and may or may not intercept the water table. Like the dry swale, the VWQ within the wet swale should be stored for approximately 24 hours. The wet swale has water quality treatment mechanisms similar to stormwater wetlands, which rely primarily on settling of suspended solids (SS), adsorption and uptake of pollutants by vegetative root systems. Figure 2-3 illustrates the design components of the wet swale (MDE33).
Figure 2-3 Wet Swale (MDE 211)
D.Vegetative Filter Strips
VFS and buffers are areas of land with vegetative cover that are designed to accept runoff as overland sheet flow from upstream development. They can be constructed, or existing vegetated buffer areas can be used. Dense vegetative cover facilitates sediment attenuation and pollutant removal. Unlike grass swales, VFS are effective only for overland sheet flow and provide little treatment for concentrated flows. Grading and level spreaders can be used to create a uniformly sloping area that distributes the runoff evenly across the filter strip (Haan et al.21).
Filter strips have been used to treat runoff from roads and highways, roof downspouts, very small parking lots, and pervious surfaces. They can also be used as the “outer zone” of a stream buffer or as pretreatment to a structural practice. VFS are often used as pretreatment for other structural practices, such as infiltration basins and infiltration trenches. This recommendation is consistent with recommendations in the agricultural setting that filter strips are most effective when combined with another practice (Magette et al.12). Figure 2-4 illustrates the primary design components of the filter strip (CRC232).
Figure 2-4 Vegetative Filter Strip (CRC 19)
D.Bioretention
The bioretention concept was originally developed by the Prince George"s County(PGC), Maryland,Department of Environmental Resources in the early 1990"s as an alternative to traditional BMP structures. Bioretention is a practice that manages and treats stormwater runoff using a conditioned planting soil bed and planting materials to filter runoff stored within a shallow depression. The method combines physical filtering and adsorption with biological processes. The system consists of a flow regulation structure, pretreatment filter strip or grass channel, sand bed, pea gravel overflow curtain drain, shallow ponding area, surface organic layer of mulch, a planting soil bed, plant material, a gravel underdrain system, and an overflow system. Figure 2-5 illustrates these primary design components of the bioretention cell (MDE, 210).
Figure 2-5 Bioretention Cell (MDE, 210)
ⅡGeneral Design Considerations
A.Design Flow Volumes and Rates
The design flow volumes and rates are typically determined by the design objectives for the site or project. Design objectives can include: 1) traditional use flow conveyance, 2) water quality control on small sites or in a treatment system approach, 3) reducing the impact of development on the hydrologic regime alterations of a site, 4) addressing groundwater recharge concerns, 5) reducing impacts to stream channel erosion and 6) controlling peak discharge for the 2-, 10- and 100-yr storms.
These various design objectives can have individual or overlapping design volume requirements that affect the design process. A brief description of these design considerations is provided below.
a.Design to Reduce Hydrologic Regime Alterations
The use of biofilters to reduce hydrologic regime modifications is not new. The hydrologic regime changes associated with land use change, especially land development activities, have been well documented. The creation of impervious areas, in particular hydraulically connected impervious areas, can greatly alter the pre-development rainfall runoff relationships and produce larger volumes of runoff and higher peak discharge rates.
Vegetative biofilters such as grass swales incorporated into a rural road design can be used to replace a traditional curb and gutter road section approach. Grassed swales can be used in some development conditions to reduce the amount of impervious surfaces, as well as to disconnect directly connected impervious surfaces.
The publication “Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds: TR-55” published by the Natural Resources ConservationService (NRCS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA, 106), provides convenient procedures that allow the design engineer to readily calculate the potential reduction in runoff volume achieved by reducing the total volume of impervious area. This procedure uses the well known runoff curve number (CN) method. A number of recent publications (PGC, 107) that describe the Low Impact Development (LID) design approach to stormwater management have documented the use of this approach.
In addition to reducing the total impervious area and the CN value, vegetative biofilters can also be used to effectively disconnect directly connected impervious areas. An impervious area is considered connected if runoff from it flows directly into the drainage system. It is also considered connected if runoff from it occurs as concentrated shallow flow that runs over a pervious area and then into the drainage system (USDA, 111). The disconnection of impervious areas by means of pervious areas such as grass swales, filter strips and bioretention systems can further reduce the CN value and the corresponding runoff volume.
While the NRCS computational procedures have been available for some time, few design engineers are familiar with application of the methods or make frequent use of the techniques. However, as documented in the previously cited publications as well as the recently published Maryland Stormwater Design Manual (MDE, 220), these techniques can be used on many sites to produce better site design and reduce both the design runoff volume and the peak discharge rates.
The NRCS CN computational procedure is described in greater detail in the TR-55 publications and is not reproduced here. The method also relies on graphs and credits designs that limit impervious area to 30% with a lower CN value. The computational example presented below is derived from EPA and takes into account credits for impervious area below 30% and disconnected impervious area.
b. Design to Provide Water Quality Management
Currently the great majority of local jurisdictions simply require that BMPs be sized to provide peak discharge control of the 2-, 10- and 100-yr storms, and assume that this approach provides an adequate level of water quality management.
Maryland"s Unified Sizing Criteria (MDE, 212) uses SWM credits. These credits emphasize better site planning techniques, to preclude, reduce and/or minimize the hydrologic and water quality impacts associated with new development activities. Measures may include conserving natural areas, reducing directly connected impervious areas (as defined above), and use of buffer strips and swales. These credits allow engineers to incorporate the broader concepts of Low impact Development (LID) and groundwater recharge within a site design and reduce BMP size, i.e., more traditional pond and swales.
Vegetative biofilters can be sized based on the volume of runoff to be treated. many local jurisdictions are designing BMPs to capture and treat the runoff volume from small storms, ranging from the first ? to 1 in. of runoff (measured in watershed inches). Typically these small storm events are related to some percentage of the total annual rainfall/runoff volume. These estimates range from 70% of the total annual runoff volume for the ? in. storm event to 90% of the total annual runoff volume for the 1-in. storm event.
A number of States in the Mid-Atlantic region, including Maryland (MDE, 212), have adopted a target rainfall event for estimating the design Water Quality Volume (VWQ) for sizing vegetative biofilters. This event targets capturing 90% of the annual runoff volume (90% rule) and is based on the data reported in the literature (Driscoll, 11). For the Mid-Atlantic region and much of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, this corresponds to a rainfall value of 1.0 in. This value will vary for different climatic conditions.
Some jurisdictions are currently using other sizing guidelines, such as the capture and treatment of the first ? in. of runoff. This criteria may be acceptable for lower impervious areas but will have decreased pollutant capture efficiencies for a higher impervious areas and a lower capture percentage of the annual runoff volume. In addition, several biofilter BMPs are ideally suited to retrofitting applications where full storage is often constrained. Designers and regulators should recognize that the 90% rule is targeted mainly at new construction and is based on maximizing pollutant load capture. Practices sized for smaller treatment volumes can be acceptable in many situations.
Several water quality volume procedures are described. Two simple methods, the Short Cut Method and Small Storm Hydrology, can be utilized to estimate VWQ. Both rely on computing a volumetric runoff coefficient (Rv) and multiplying this by the rainfall volume to obtain a runoff volume in watershed inches.
B. Protection of Biofilter System
This section presents guidance for selecting the most appropriate vegetative biofilter for a particular development site. This information has been condensed in a series of tables that help designers and municipal officials select the most effective stormwater filter for their situation. In addition, vegetative biofilters are compared against other stormwater practices that also could be applied at the site (e.g., ponds, wetlands, infiltration and filter systems). The comparative pollutant removal, feasibility criteria and environmental benefits of the vegetative biofilters are compared to the other BMP practice groups.
Experience indicates that three factors should be considered in selecting the appropriate biofilter. First is the compatibility of the biofilter with the land use type. Second is the compatibility of the biofilter with site conditions such as space consumption, available head, cost or maintenance consideration. Third is the effectiveness of the biofilter design in removing the key pollutants of concern. Usually, by the time all three factors are considered, the filtering options are narrowed down to one or two design options. The engineer can then compare the design criteria for the remaining options and select one based on cost and effectiveness.
C. Suitability and Selection Considerations
This section presents guidance for selecting the most appropriate vegetative biofilter for a particular development site. This information has been condensed in a series of tables that help designers and municipal officials select the most effective stormwater filter for their situation. In addition, vegetative biofilters are compared against other stormwater practices that also could be applied at the site (e.g., ponds, wetlands, infiltration and filter systems). The comparative pollutant removal, feasibility criteria and environmental benefits of the vegetative biofilters are compared to the other BMP practice groups.
Experience indicates that three factors should be considered in selecting the appropriate biofilter. First is the compatibility of the biofilter with the land use type. Second is the compatibility of the biofilter with site conditions such as space consumption, available head, cost or maintenance consideration. Third is the effectiveness of the biofilter design in removing the key pollutants of concern. Usually, by the time all three factors are considered, the filtering options are narrowed down to one or two design options. The engineer can then compare the design criteria for the remaining options and select one based on cost and effectiveness.
a.Land Use Factors
As a group, vegetative biofilters can be applied to a diverse range of development conditions. However, individual designs are limited to a much narrower range. These common development situations include urban retrofit sites, parking lots, roads and streets, small residential subdivisions and backyard/rooftop drainage.
For example, in urban retrofit settings where space is at a premium, the bioretention cell hasproven to be one of the most versatile. In most cases, the space requirements of grass channels, swales and filter strips are so great that they can be eliminated from consideration.
b. Site Conditions
A third key feasibility factor is the cost of constructing the filtering system, and again, the designs exhibit a wide range. The most expensive designs, based on the cost per impervious acre treated, are the underground sand, organic sand, perimeter sand and gravel filters (design criteria not provided). The dry swale are in the mid-cost range, whereas bioretention, wet swales, filter strips and grass channels are very attractive options from a cost standpoint. It should be noted that the construction cost does not include the price of land. If land costs are significant, the rank-order changes dramatically.
IVConclusion
Small changes in site planning by incorporating disconnected impervious area and retaining pervious area may have a profound impact on the potential runoff. Calculation of lower CN values based on 30% area or less unconnected impervious area should be used judiciously. The intent of this exercise should not be to increase lot sizes to achieve the 30% threshold but to achieve the 30% threshold by promoting disconnection and by reducing impervious areas.
Also, cleared and graded sites erode, are often severely compacted, and can no longer prevent rainfall from being rapidly converted into stormwater runoff. Disturbance of a soil profile can significantly change its infiltration characteristics and with urbanization, native soil profiles may be mixed or removed, or fill material from other areas may be introduced (USDA 126). Infiltration values of published soil maps and most available models for typical urban soils ignore compaction (Pitt et al.20) and therefore pervious effects may be overstated.
References
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1985.Final Report of the Task Committee on Stormwater Detention Outlet Structures, ASCE, New York, NY.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and Water Environment Federation (WEF), 1992. Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems, ASCE, Manuals and Reports of Engineering Practice, No. 77, New York, NY and Water Environment Federation, Manual of PracticeNo. FD-20, Alexandria, VA.
Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE), 2000. 2000 Maryland Stormwater Design Manual, Volumes I & II, prepared by the Center for Watershed Protection and the Maryland Department of the Environment, Water Management Administration, Baltimore, MD.
Ree, W. O., 1949. Hydraulic Characteristics of Vegetation for Vegetated Waterways.Agricultural Engineer. 30:184-189.
Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1972, 1973.Hydrology, Sect. 4, Soil Conservation National Engineering Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1973.A Method for Estimating Volume and Rate of Runoff in Small Watersheds.SCS-TP-149, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Pitt, R., 1994. Small Storm Hydrology.University of Alabama-Birmingham.Unpublished manuscript.Presented at design of stormwater quality management practices, Madison, WI.
Driscoll, E. D., D. DiToro, D. Gaboury and P. Shelly, 1986.Methodology for Analysis of Detention Basins for Control of Urban Runoff Quality. Report No. EPA 440/5-87=01 (NTIS No. PB87-116562),EPA, Washington, DC.
英語寫作(4)
【斜杠“/”表示“或者”，前后內容可替換；波浪線“ ”連接的部分是一個完整的詞組或短語，為避免前后混淆特此注明】
不同題材作文模板示例
花開兩朵類型作文
第一段：
1、①When it comes to 話題 ，people"s ②points ③vary from one to another. Some people believe it is blessing while others claim it is curse .
當談到 話題 ，人們從一個到另一個不同的觀點。一些人認為它是祝福而另一些人聲稱它是詛咒。
①的替換： talked about / asked about / referred to
②的替換： views / opinions / arguments
③的替換： differ
2、①In modern society，it is generally accepted that 話題 plays an essential part in people"s life .But there is an ongoing heated discussion as to wether it has advantages or disadvantages
在現代社會，人們普遍認為 話題 在人們的生活中扮演一個重要組成部分。但是關于它是好是壞，一直都在很激烈的討論。
①的替換： Now / Nowadays / Recently / At present / In today"s / Society
3、At present，with the ①rapid development of 話題，話題 is becoming ②more and more popular with many people. To this issue（problem），different people may come up with various points .
現在，隨著 話題 的快速發展，話題 在人群中越來越流行。對于這個問題，不同的人有不同的觀點。
①的替換： dramatic戲劇性的 / amazing
②的替換： increasingly
第二段
一層：
1、Some people emphasis that…… ＋觀點/句子.
2、It is widely believed that…… ＋觀點/句子.
3、It is generally accepted that…… ＋觀點/句子.
4、It is universally acknowledge that…… ＋觀點/句子.
人們普遍認為…… 。
二層 邏輯連接詞：
First of all，原因.
In addition，原因.
Eventually，原因.
三層 小結（可有可無）：
Thus/Therefore they may get the conclusion that…… ＋觀點/句子.
因此他們可能得出的結論…… 。
第三段
一層 過渡句：
1、However（But），others may not agree .
然而(但)，別人可能不同意。
2、Since everything/every coins has into sides，others may not agree with the above point .
因為事物都有兩面性，別人可能不同意上述觀點。
3、In the case of this issue，the advantages co-exist with a number of disadvantages .
對于這個問題，有優點也有缺點。
二層：
1、They argue…… ＋觀點/句子.
他們認為……
2、They claim that…… ＋觀點/句子.
他們聲稱……
三層 邏輯連接詞：
1、For one thing， .
2、For another， .
四層：
Thus/Therefore，they may get the conclusion…… ＋觀點/句子.
因此，他們可能會得出結論……
第四段
一層 平衡兩種觀點：
1、There is a lot to be said for both sides of the arguments .
現在有很多各執一詞的觀點。
2、Who"s right？ / Consider both of them have something right.
誰是正確的? / 考慮他們正確的內容。
二層 明確自己的觀點：
1、If I were forced to agree one of them ,I would have a preference for the former/latter one .
如果我必須認同其中一個，我更偏愛前者/后者。
2、As far as I am concerned / From my point of view ,the advantage of 話題 outweigh its disadvantage .
就我而言/從我的角度來看， 話題 的優勢大于它的劣勢。
3、Weighing up these two arguments ,I am side with the former/latter one .
權衡這兩種觀點，我支持前者/后者。
中立：
We should make full use of positive aspects and avoid negative one"s .
我們應該充分利用積極方面，避免消極的。
社會熱點類型作文
第一段：
1、With the rapid development of modern society/information and technology，話題 is becoming more and more popular/significant/serious in our society. They have heard the official report that (好60-90%；壞30-40%）% of people had the experience of 話題 .
隨著現代社會技術/信息的快速發展， 話題 在我們的社會變得越來越流行/重要/嚴峻。據官方報道，百分之(好60—90%；壞30—40%)的人有 話題 的經驗。
2、Recently，話題 has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young. It is officially reported that (好60-90%；壞30-40%）% of people had the experience of 話題 .
最近， 話題 在人群中變得越來越流行，尤其是在年輕人中。據官方報道，百分之(好60—90%；壞30—40%)的人有 話題 的經驗。
3、At present，it is ①generally ②accepted that 話題 plays a positive/negative part in people"s life.
當下，人們普遍認為 話題 在人們的生活中扮演著積極/消極的角色。
①的替換：widely廣泛的
②的替換：believed
4、Nowadays，an increasing number of problems/phenomenons are appearing in our modern society，one of which is 話題 .
如今，越來越多的問題/現象出現在我們的現代社會中，其中一個是 話題 。
第二段
一層 總領句：
1、Why does this phenomenon take place？People tend to focus on several fundamented/basic reasons .
為什么會有這種現象發生?人們傾向于關注幾個基礎/基本原因。
2、Why does this phenomenon take place？Several factors could account for this problem/phenomenon .
為什么會有這種現象發生?有幾個因素可以解釋這一問題/現象。
3、Many remarkable factors contribute to this problem/phenomenon .
許多顯著的因素導致了這個問題/現象。
二層 邏輯連接詞：
三層 小引子：
1、It is clear/obvious that …….
很明顯，……
2、There is no denying that …….
毋庸置疑，……
3、It is no exaggeration to say that …….
毫不夸張的說，……
4、It is no doubt that …….
毫無疑問，……
5、It goes without saying that …….
不用說，……
that …… 后面加原因句。
第三段
預測未來（好）：
1、①To sum up，I firmly believe if everyone were to do so，our society would become more and more harmonious，our country would increasingly prosperous，we individuals would improve ourself well . Only in this way can we have a promising/bright future .
總之，我堅信如果每個人都這樣做，我們的社會會變得越來越和諧，我們的國家會越來越繁榮，我們個人都將得到提升。只有用這種方法我們才能有一個有前途的/光明的未來。
①的替換：All in all / In a word / In short
2、On the basic of the above analysis predict the future tendency. There is no denying that the future of 話題 will be promising .
在上述分析的基礎上預測未來趨勢。不可否認，未來 話題 會很有前途。
（壞）
In view of seriousness of this issue/problem，it is an essential/key that laws and regulations be worked out to solve 話題/it/this problem. Meanwhile，people should be educated to improve themselves. I believe 話題/bad phenomenon will become a thing of the past .
針對這一問題的嚴重性,制定法律法規是解決 話題/它/這個問題 的關鍵。與此同時,人們應該接受教育來提高自己。我相信 話題/不好的現象 將會過去。
問題解決類型作文
第一段：
With the amazing development of modern society. People are attaching importance to 話題 . We must spare no efforts to solve this problem .
隨著現代社會的驚人發展。人們開始重視 話題 。我們必須不遺余力來解決這個問題。
第二段：
There are several steps to deal with this problem. In the first place，方案1 . In the second place，方案2 . In the last place，方案3 .
有幾個步驟來解決這個問題，首先……，其次……，最后……。
第三段：
All in all，more and more ways to deal with this problem. ①From the best of my knowledge，I would like to solve the problem in this way，其中一種方案 . I am quite sure if everyone were to do so，a bright future is waiting for us .
總的來說,越來越多的方法可以處理這個問題。據我所知，我想以這種方式解決問題,（其中一種方案） 。我很確定，如果每個人都這樣做，一個光明的未來等待我們。
①的替換：As far as I am concerned / From my point of view
圖表圖畫類型作文
第一段：
From the {……} / According to the {……} / As if shown in the {……} , the data has reflected great changes in 話題 from 開始時間 to 終止時間 . It is clear/obvious that 趨勢 。
從{……}顯示 / 根據{……} / 如{……}所示 ，這些數據反映了 話題 發生了巨大的變化。從 開始時間 到 終止時間 。趨勢 很明顯。
{……}里填寫內容
線狀圖 line graph 柱狀圖 bar graph 餅狀圖 pie graph 表格 table
或者統稱圖片 picture
表趨勢（變化）的詞
增加：increase / rise / go up
減少：decrease / fall / grow down
穩定：remain / stable
波動：wave
二、三段：同社會熱點類型作文
圖畫（卡通、漫畫）類型作文
第一段：
From the picture/cartoon , we can notice/observe/discover that 圖畫內容. That is why it is safe to come to the conclusion that 圖畫寓意 .
從這幅圖/卡通中,我們可以注意到/觀察/發現 圖畫內容 。這就是確切地得出 圖畫寓意 的原因。
2、三段：既可同花開兩朵類型作文，又可同社會熱點類型作文
應用文（書信）類型作文
Date
Dear XXX :
My name is XXX, I am a college student from the XX department. I am writing this letter to {………………}.
My complaint/inquiry/advice/suggestions/application is(are) as the following. In the first place……, In the second place……, In the last place…… .
To sum up, thank you for your kind consideration of my letter. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. I am looking forward to your prompt reply/answer .
Yours,
XXX
我叫XXX,是XX專業的大學生。我寫這封信是為了{………………}。
我的投訴/調查/咨詢/建議/申請是以下內容。首先……,其次……,最后……。
總之,感謝您的考慮我的信。如果您有任何問題,請隨時聯系我。我期待您的及時回復/回答。
{………………}內容
抱怨：complain about ……
詢問：inquire some information on ……
建議：offer some advice on ……
申請：apply for the position degree ……
1、日期
月：January、February、March、April、May、June、July、August、September、October、November、December
日：first、second、third；1st、2nd、3rd、4-20th、21st、22nd、23rd、24-30th
Eg： Jun. 7th，2015
2、稱呼
Dear headmaster/president/manager/mayor/Sir/Madam
親愛的校長/總統/經理/市長/先生/女士
（不知男女，統一用Sir）
3、落款
Sincerely yours,
XXX
Sincerely,
XXX
Yours,
XXX
附：
寫作高頻詞“important”可替換為：
necessary、essential、vital、crucial、key、significanct
內容擴充方法——闡明利弊（大部分話題均可套入）：
1、 好： 話題 can make us make a large number of /a great many friends，which is helpful to us in future .
壞： 話題 may waste/consume/take up our time/money（time and money）.
好：話題 可以使我們結交到很多朋友，這對我們未來的發展很有幫助。
壞： 話題 可能會浪費/消耗/占用我們的時間/金錢（時間和金錢）。
2、好： 話題 let（s）us know/get/learn/aquire a large amount of/a large sum of knowledge .
壞： 話題 be bad for one "s health .
好： 話題 讓我們學到很多知識。
壞： 話題 對我們的健康有害。
3、好： 話題 release/reduse（s）one "s pressure .
壞： 話題 make us develop/form bad habits .
好： 話題 可以緩解壓力。
壞： 話題 使我們養成不良習慣。
補充： 話題 have/has an effect on our environment .
話題 影響了我們的生活環境。
常用邏輯連接詞：
『⒈First of all；⒉What is more；⒊Eventually（At last）』
『⒈To begin with；⒉In addition；⒊In the end』
『⒈First and foremost；⒉Furthermore；⒊Last but not least』
『⒈In the first place；⒉In the second place；⒊In the last place』
『⒈On the one hand；⒉On the other hand』
『⒈For one thing；⒉For another』
【通常英語作文考試中，默認將寫作內容分為三段。
以上模板里所提及的“第X段“”第X層“全部都需要依照次序添加到自己的作文當中。
小標題”1、2、3、4“后面分別為1—4種示例，可任選其一。
如有不理解的地方請結合模板下藍色字體標注的中文翻譯整理思路，具體應用到自己的寫作當中。】
以上內容僅供參考，謝謝。
英語寫作(5)
英語寫作高級句型
I. 用于文章主題句
1. 不用說，…
It goes without saying that子句
= (It is) needless to say (that)子句
= It is obvious that子句
= Obviously, S. + V.
例：不用說早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.
2. …是不可能的; 無法…
There is no Ving
= There is no way of Ving.
= There is no possibility of Ving.
= It is impossible to V.
= It is out of the question to V.
= No one can V.
= We cannot V.
例：不可否認的，成功的事業關鍵在于健康的身心。
There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.
3. 我深信…
I am greatly convinced (that)子句
= I am greatly assured (that)子句
例：我深信預防是于治療。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.
4. 在各種…之中，…
Among various kinds of …, …
= Of all the …, …
例：在各種運動中，我尤其喜歡慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.
5. …是很容易證明的。
It can be easily proved (that)子句
例：時間最珍貴是很容易證明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.
6. …無論如何強調都不為過
… cannot be overemphasized
例：交通安全的重要性無論如何強調都不為過。
The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.
7. 就我的看法，…；我認為…
In my opinion, …
= To my mind, ….
= As far as I am concerned, …
= I am of the opinion that子句
例：就我的看法，打電動玩具既花費時間也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.
8. (A) 每個人都知道…
Everyone knows (that)子句
(B) 就我所知，…
As far as my knowledge is concerned, …
例：就我所知，下列方法對我幫助很大。
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.
9. 毫無疑問地，…
There is no doubt (that)子句
例：毫無疑問地，近視在我國的年輕人中是一個嚴重的問題。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.
10. 根據我個人經驗，…
According to my personal experience, …
= Based on my personal experience, …
11. 在我認識的人當中，也許沒有一個人比…更值得我尊敬。
Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例：在我認識的人當中，也許沒有一個人比我的英文老師張老師更值得我尊敬。
Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my Englishteacher.
12. 在我的求學過程中，我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling. I will never forget …
例：在我的求學過程中，我忘不了學習英文所遭到的大困難。
In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learningEnglish.
13. (A) 隨著人口的增加，… With the increase/growth of the population , …
(B) 隨著科技的進步, … With the of science and technology, …
例：隨著臺灣經濟的快速發展，許多社會問題產生了。
With the rapid development of Taiwan"s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.
14. (A) 在這信息的年代，…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication , … plays an important role.
(B) 在今日工業社會中，…是生命不可或缺的。
In today"s industrial society, … is indispensable to life.
例：在這信息的年代，計算機扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely importantrole.
15. 在討論…，一個人不得不承認…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句
例：在討論未來的職業，一個人不得不承認盡早決定未來的職業很重要。
In dealing with one"s future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decideone"s future career as early as possible.
16. 世上沒有什么比…更令我高興。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as …
例：世上沒有什么比到快餐店吃漢堡更令我高興。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.
17. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V
… 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V
… 是適當的 It is proper that S (should) V
… 是緊急的 It is urgent that S (should) V
例：我們當保持公共場所清潔是應當的。
It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.
18. 每當我聽到…，我就忍不住感到興奮。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited .
每當我做…， 我就忍不住感到悲傷。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.
每當我想到…，我就忍不住感到緊張。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous .
每當我遭遇…，我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened .
每當我看到… 我就忍不住感到驚訝。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.
例：每當我想到我家附近那一條清澈的小溪，我就忍不住感到悲傷。
Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.
= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.
19. 據說… It is said (that)子句
一般認為… It is thought (that)子句
大家都知道… It is known (that)子句
據報導… It is reported (that)子句
一般預料… It is expected (that)子句
一般估計… It is estimated (that)子句
一般相信… It is believed (that)子句
例：一般相信閱讀增加我們的知識、擴大我們的心胸。
It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.
20. …的主要理由是…
The main reason why ….. is (that)子句
例：青少年犯罪的主要理由是社會環境日一敗壞。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becomingworse.
21. 俗語說得好：「…」。
Well goes an old saying, "…"
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), "…"
= An old saying goes, "…"
= It"s an old saying (that)子句
例：俗話說得好：「誠實為上策」。
As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy."
22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways.
(B) …有三個主要理由。 … for three major reasons.
(C) 要…，至少我們可做三件事。 To …, there are at least three things we can do.
例：(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.
(B) 人們學外語有三個理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.
(C) 為了維護健康，我們每天至少可做三件事。
To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.
II. 用于文章承轉句
23. 那就是(說)…；亦即…
That is to say, …
= That is, …
= Namely, …
例：我們生活需有規律。也就是說，早睡早起，戒除煙酒。
We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking anddrinking in the daily activities.
24. (A) 基于這個理由，… For this reason, …
(B) 為了這個目的，… For this purpose , …
例：基于這個理由，我已決定把行醫作為未來的職業。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.
25. 我們有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe (that)子句
例：我們有理由相信體罰應該嚴格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.
26. 事實上，…
As a matter of fact, …
= In fact, …
例：事實上，健康才是最重要。
As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.
27. (A) 例如，… For example, …
(B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example.
例：例如，我們盲目地提高生活水準，卻降低生活品質。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.
28. 此外，我們不應忽視…
Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …
例：此外，我們不應忽視每個人都想要一個溫馨祥和的社會。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.
29. 相反地，…
on the contrary , …
= by , …
例：相反地，少數學生似乎還在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.
30. 另一方面，…
on the other hand, …
例：政府應嚴格執法，另一方面，大眾也應該培養減少污染的好習慣。
The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also shoulddevelop the good habit of reducing pollution.
31. 然而，很可惜的是…
However, it is a pity that子句
例：然而，很可惜的是他總是臨時抱佛腳。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.
32. 換言之，…
in other words, …
= to put it differently
例：換言之，我會盡最大的努力達成我的目標。
In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.
33. 別人可能認為這是事實，但我不是。我認為…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don"t. I believe that子句
例：別人可能認為這是事實，但我不是。我認為…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don"t. I believe that if you have strongdetermination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.
34. 從此之后，我已發現…
Ever since then, I have found that子句
例：從此之后，我已發現…
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our dailylives.
35. 這樣說來，假如...，當然毫無疑問地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句
例：這樣說來，假如我們能善用時間，當然毫無疑問地我們會成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will getsomewhere.
36. 更嚴重的是，…。
What is more serious is (that)子句
例：更嚴重的是，我們不珍惜野生動物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.
37. 鑒于社會的實際需要，…。
In view of the practical need of society, ….
例：鑒于社會的實際需要，愈來愈多人對學英語有興趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learningEnglish.
III. 用于文章結論句
38. 如果能實踐這三點，…。
If one can really put the three points into action (practice), …
例：如果能實踐這三點，…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthyand happy life.
39. 做這些簡單之事，我們一定可以…。
By doing these simple things, we surely can ….
例：做這些簡單之事，我們一定可以快樂出門平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back homesafe every day.
40. 如此，我相信…。
In this way, I believe (that)子句
例：如此，我相信大家能夠像我一樣，享受乘坐公車的樂趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.
41. 實踐這些，…。
By putting them (the above) into practice, ….
例：實踐這些，在智育方面我一直能不斷進步。
By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress inintellectual education.
42. (A) 唯有符合此三項要求，我們才能…。
Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….
(B) 唯有通力合作，我們才能…。
Only with combined efforts, can we ….
例：唯有通力合作，我們才能期望臺灣不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.
43. 最后，但并非最不重要，…。
Last but no least, ….
例：最后，但并非最不重要，教育上的缺失是助長青少年犯罪的原因。
Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juveniledelinquency.
44. 這證據顯示～的重要性在怎么強調都不為過。
This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.
例：這證據顯示交通安全的重要性在怎么強調都不為過。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.
45. 由于這些理由，我…。
For these reasons, I ….
例：由于這些理由，我認為在臺灣接受大學教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.
46. 總而言之，….
In conclusion, …
= To sum up, …
例：總而言之，好國民應該遵守交通規則。
In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.
47. 因此，我們能下個結論，那就是…。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句
例：因此，我們能下個結論，那就是世上自由罪珍貴。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in theworld.
48. 如果我們能做到如上所述，毫無疑問地，…。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句
例：如果我們能做到如上所述，毫無疑問地，我們就能精通英語。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English
49. 因此，這就是…的原因。
Thus, this is the reason why ….
例：因此，這就是我重感冒的原因。
Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.
50. 所以，我們應該了解…。
Therefore, we should realize (that)子句
例：所以，我們應該了解學英文不能沒有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.
英語寫作(6)
一、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
The Sports Activities I Like Best
1.你最喜歡的體育運動；2.喜歡這項體育運動的理由。
二、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
1.你業余時間的娛樂活動有哪些；
2.描述其中一項活動。In my spare time, I can do many things, such as playing computer games, reading comics, going shopping. I also like playing pingpong very much. I have a friend. His name is Nick. He is crazy about playing pingpong, too. If we have free time, we often play pingpong together. One summer holiday, he took me to a sports centre. Then we played pingpong together, but he always lost. He was very angry. He said to me, "I will beat you in a month.""OK. We will have a match at that time."After a month, when I talked to him about it, he answered,"I forgot the thing! I don"t want to have a match with you." I was very surprised and angry and said,"Oh, you"re a forgetful boy!”
My Activities in Leisure Time
三、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Why I Like Learning English
1.學習英語的主要原因；
2.學習英語的主要方法。Now ，with the development of science and technology，it"s a trend that the world is becoming smaller and smaller.The international trade has become an important part in the business field,so it"s vital for us to learn English well. To learn English well,you need a lot of patience and stamina.well，I do come across some difficulties.It"s all right for me to write in English.However,the spoken English isn"s so easy for me.There"s few opportunity for me to listen and speak to native speakers,so I have problem in speaking .But it doesn"t matter.Since then ,I always listen to the BBC learning English as well as VOA ,I learn their voice by heart and try to imitate it .Before long ,my spoken English get improved.Hence,there"s no difficulty as long as you have a willing heart.To learning English well,you must believe in yourself and try your best every time you meet an obstacle.One day ,you"ll succeed.?
四、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
The One I Love Most
1.介紹你最喜歡的一個人；
2.說明喜歡他（她）的理由。My favorite book is Hamlet, the most famous play by Shakespeare. Others may say that it is hard to read, even to native speakers. It is true that English has changed a lot since Shakespeare’s time, but human nature, which Shakespeare’s play tries to explore, remains the same. To read it carefully is to deepen our understanding of life and death, of love and hate, even of the entire world. And always remember the play was originally written for performance, in other words, for fun. Once you overcome the language barrier, you will feel the beauty of those poetic lines, which you have never experienced before.
五、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Which is more important, Health or Wealth?
1.介紹你對健康與財富之間關系的看法；
2.簡述你持有以上看法的理由。Which is more important,wealth or health? This is a difficult question which is often argued by people.Everybody has his own answer. In my view,I prefer the former than the latter. Why? The following points can well suport my statement. Firstly, wealth include not only money but also knowledge, experience, intelligence, etc. one who has no money would has neither food for eating nor clothes for dressing, how can he do anything else. Secondly, if one only has health and he has no knowledge, we think he is a ignorant man. He can eat, sleep, walk, but he can"t make any contribution to the society. Finally, if you have wealth, you can do anything you want to do, such as travel, buying anything you eager for a long time, you can also do something good for the poor and for anyone who wants help. In short, wealth can bring you anything which involve health. I think this is a practical answer
六、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
An Unforgettable Experience
1.介紹你的一次經歷；Yesterday our class had an exciting excursion in Xishan .We set out from the gate of school at 9:00. After half an hour, we arrived the destination. Some students had a great picnic, and others went fishing by the river.We left there at 5:00pm, and we were all very happy for this excursion.
2.為什么那次經歷令你難忘。an unforgettable experiene when i am at home ,i"d like to listen to the radio alone, waiting for my favorite songs. i am a quiet girl（boy）,i don not like to go out .or play with friends. but last summer ,I went to Yantai Shandong for a visit with my friends,there I saw the beautiful sea ,.It was extremely amazing . The sea water was as bule as the sky , and it was very clean as well . Also ,the beach in Yantai was very nice .I built a small sand palace .When I was swimming in the sea, as if I was a little fish , I like that feeling very much . we all enjoy ourselves very much.That"s my trip to Yantai ,it"s really unforgettable experience .But now the new term is in the way,I have to put my heart in the study.Anyway next year I hope to go there again. you know i am a shy girl (boy),i never get out without my parents,but this time,i change a lot, i try my best to do myself .i have learned a lot,i have to get rid of my parents. i have to make a first step live alone。at last ,i feel i am growing up.
七、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
My Favorite Means of Getting Information
1．現代社會獲取信息的方式很多；
2．我最喜歡的獲取信息的方式。My favourite way to gain information We all live in a modern society, where there are many ways to know about what’s happening in the world. For example, you can watch TV to know what’s new about the world. You can buy a piece of paper to know what’s happening around you. My favourite way to gain information is to surf the Internet. Surfing the Internet can not only save you a lot of time but aslo tell you a lot more about what’s going on with the world. It’s very convenient if you look for news online. There are many different websites online, you can choose your favourite part, one click of mouse can get you there. What’s more, news from online websites is also movable, you can no only read it, but also watch it. It’s very updated. I think surfing the Internet is lots of fun, how about you?
八、Instructions:根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Happy Things in My Childhood
1.介紹主要童年趣事；
2.描述一件主要趣事。In my childhood, filled with a lot of interesting young Fun, will not help laughing sometimes question that all of us should ask. One thing that made me worry a new memory. I remember that during the last one year when Sunday morning, I was sitting comfortably on the sofa and watch television with relish. Inadvertently, I saw on television a chicken farm in the chicken, all kinds, colors, yellow, white, a very lovely. Small brain, the eyes turn round Liuliu stop, coupled with the hairy body, especially elicit people like. I felt I needed to have an idea of buying a handful of chick-let. Mom in the kitchen cooking, I went to my mother around grinning, and said : "Mother, father to father, I have bought a few chicks! Overtime, it will give you time to buy, ah? "I have a lot of pouting and said :" I really hate! "You know they collapsed on the sofa again, a second time to have passed. Suddenly, I scare up, the refrigerator is not the egg? I think about while talking to himself on, do it! Won two eggs through the refrigerator. "Hen hatching chicks depending on the temperature of the eggs were hatched to, if I were to the hatching, eggs are being squeezed easily broken. Of the usually like my mother always said that his father"s body stove, the father"s quilt is definitely hot. "I think that the father was an egg carefully into the yard, and patiently wait for the birth of her chicks. Dad back, the storm will soon have to open their eyes, into a bedroom, opened quilts, sleeping only heard the father was not named soon, I immediately went past, and my father was out of paper shining his pants. I Wuzhuozui secretly smiled, and her mother came running over and down the back of the skull. Dad angry and said : "Dzodzo, is not a good thing you do? "I will detail in the dark to tell the parents. We all laughed, and her mother rubbed my small brain : "dumb children, no eggs were hatched chicks! "My eyes what we sway. How interesting to me! It made me understand a profound truth : that people should not blindly do, but after careful thought, and action.
15、寫作 Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。 1.介紹你的主要愛好； 2.喜歡其中一項愛好的理由。 My Hobbies 16、寫作 Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。 1.介紹你的一位老師； 2.喜歡這位老師的理由。 My Teacher 17、寫作 Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。 1.簡單介紹中國新年即春節； 2.你最喜歡的新年慶祝活動。 The Chinese New Year 18、寫作 Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。 1.電視的優點； 2.電視的缺點。 Television 19、寫作 Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。 The Sports Activities I Like Best 1.你最喜歡的體育運動； 2.喜歡這項體育運動的理由。 20、寫作 Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。 The One I Love Most 1.介紹你最喜歡的一個人； 2.說明喜歡他（她）的理由。
15.My Hobby There are a great many hobbies to choose from. Some people enjoy collecting coins or stamps, others choose to spend their time on sports or music. I have many hobbies, but raising flowers and cycling are my favourite.I benefit from them .raising flowers can edification my sentiment and make a cultivated for me. cycling maintain a mental and physical balance. In my spare time . I often cycling to play. It is especially good for health. It is good exercise. If you go to work by riding a bicycle instead of driving or taking a bus, you can have a better chance of getting enough exercise you need everyday. Bicycling is also good for our environment. I like raising flowers and cycling and I will remain. 16.My English teacher Mr. 濮 is our English teacher. He is 30 years old .He looks very young .He is fond of playing basketball . He is not only my teacher but also my best friend .He is strict with me in my English .He often tells us jokes .He asks us to play basketball with him. And he also encourages us to work hard .When we make rapid progress .He is pleased with us. He teaches us how to solve the problems and he makes his lessons active and interesting. We are all interested in English .We likes him very much. 英語老師 Mr.濮是我們的英語老師。 他是30歲。他看非常年輕。他喜歡打籃球。 他是不僅我的老師，而且我的最好的朋友。他是嚴格的要求在我的英語上。他經常講我們笑話。他要求我們打與他的籃球。 并且他也鼓勵我們努力工作。當我們使迅速進步。他對我們滿意。他教我們如何解決問題和他使他的課活躍和有趣。 我們都對英語感興趣，我們喜歡他非常。 17.The Chinese New Year The Chinese New Year is an important festival for Chinese people all over the word. It is also called The Spring Festival or The Lunar New Year. The exat date of the festival on the western calender changes from year to year. However The Chinese New Year take place from Janurary 1st to Febrary 19th. On the Chinese calender every year has an animal"s name. These animals are rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog and pig. A Chinese legend says these twelve anmials had a race, the first year was named after the rat, the winner. The other eleven years were named according to the order the animals arrived in the race. The clever rat jumped on the ox"s back, and then ate the end jumped over the ox"s head to arrive first. The Chinese believe that the people born on the particular year has some of the anmial"s characteristics of that anmial. 18.Television plays an important part in our daily life. on the one hand, it provides us news both at home and abroad. we can get to know many things happening around the world. it can also bring us much pleasure. programs of television make us relaxed and forget unhappy things. on the other hand, television can have bad effects on us. it does great to our eyesight and study. so we should spend less time on television. besides, we students should not watch programs that are not suitable for students. otherwise, we will be badly affected by television. in a word, we should make good use of television and use it properly. 19.Of all the sports,I like table-tennis best. I think it is not only a sport but also an art, because it is a game that needs strength and skill. Some people think that playing table-tennis needs little strength, but I don"t think so. In playing table-tennis, we should judge the direction of the ball, and hit it back with great strength so that we can win the game. At the same time we need to pick up the ball which falls to the ground. So after one game you will be very tired if you have tried your best. Though I can"t play it very well, I still show great interest in it. I think playing table-tennis can build our bodies, keep us healthy and train our brains. What"s more, it an help us to learn to co-operate with each other. So I like it very much. 20.The one I love most My father is the one I love most, which is a definite answer for me. I have thought he is the best man in the world since I was a little girl. I am proud of him. He loves me all the time whatever is happening. When I grew up and even now I have a boyfriend, his love is never changed. I enjoy my boy friend"s love as well, but if somebody asks me who is the one I love most, I will still answer him straight out: it"s my father.
1. Instructions. 建議你在30分鐘內,根據下面所給的提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文?
內容提示. 假如你叫張琳,你昨天(4月7日)在放學回家的路上發生了交通事故,你從自行車上摔了下來,被好心人及時送到了醫院,醫生叫你臥床休息三天,特此請假(ask for a sick leave)
要求： 1.請根據以上內容,向班主任張老師寫一張請假條;
2.以第一人稱寫,不能逐字翻譯;
3.詞數80左右?
2. Instructions. 建議你在30分鐘內,根據下面所給的題綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的英文通知?
明天(星期五)全班同學將去參觀科學博物館(the Science Museum),由你(班長)通知全體同學?(通知的開頭和結尾已給出)?具體內容如下.
1.早上8點鐘在校門口集合,步行前往;
2.參觀時要認真聽,仔細看,并記下有趣的東西;
3.不可在博物館內大聲喧嘩及拍照;
4.攜帶鋼筆和筆記本;
5.下星期一交一份有關參觀的報告?
要求. 1. 不要逐句翻譯;2. 詞數80個左右?
Fellow students,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thank you!
3. Instructions. 建議你在30分鐘內,根據下面所給的題綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文? My Last Sunday
上星期天你打電話叫Jack和你去公園?在公園你們看見……,你們玩得很高興? get up late; call; get to; many people; do exercise; read; lake; fly ?
4. City Life and Suburban Life
5. About TV Ads
6. About Doing Physical Exercise
7. My Activities in Leisure Time
8. My Ideal Job
9. Difficulties in Studying English
10. My Favorite Hobby
11. My Favorite Means of Getting Information
1)現代社會獲取信息的方式很多
2)我最喜歡的獲取信息的方式
12. About Health & Wealth
13. My Hobby
14. The One I Love Most
15. My Dream
16. How to Overcome Difficulties in My English Studies
17. How to Keep Healthy
18. My Travel Plan
選擇一個你想旅游的地點，并安排旅行計劃。你應包括下列內容：
1.說明你想旅游的地點；
2.說明你為什么選擇這個地點；
3.描述你的旅行計劃。
19. My Hometown
20. My English Study
21. My Favorite Sport
22. The Job I Like
23. My Favourite Food
24. The Book I Like Best
25. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
1.手機的好處；
2.手機帶來的問題。
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mobile Phone
26. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
1.介紹你的春節計劃；
2.說明其中一項活動。
My Plan for the Spring Festival
27. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
1.介紹你最喜歡的電視節目；
2.為什么喜歡這個電視節目。
My Favorite TV program
28. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
The Sports Activities I Like Best
1.你最喜歡的體育運動；
2.喜歡這項體育運動的理由。
29. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
1.你學習英語的主要理由；
2.說明學習英語給你帶來的益處。
30. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Where to Live
1.有人喜歡住在城市；
2.有人喜歡住在農村；
3.你的看法。
31. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Plant More Trees
1. 樹是一種重要的自然資源；
2. 樹有利于環境的改善；
3. 讓我們多種樹。
32. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
My Favorite Form of Entertainment
1.現代人越來越重視娛樂；
2.娛樂方式豐富多彩， 而我最喜歡的是……
3.我選擇的原因。
33. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
1.簡述你的家鄉；
2.你對家鄉的印象。
34. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Which is more important, Health or Wealth?
1.介紹你對健康與財富之間關系的看法；
2.簡述你持有以上看法的理由。
35. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
My Favorite Means of Getting Information
1．現代社會獲取信息的方式很多；
2．我最喜歡的獲取信息的方式。
36. Instructions: 建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Why I Like Learning English
1.學習英語的主要原因；
2.學習英語的主要方法。
37. Instructions:建議你在30分鐘內，根據下面所給的題目和提綱用英語寫出一篇不少于80詞的短文。
Happy Things in My Childhood
1.介紹主要童年趣事；
2.描述一件主要趣事。
1．范文：
1、Leave of Absence
April 8th
Dear Mr. Zhang:
I am sorry to tell you that I cannot go to school today because I had an accident yesterday.
Yesterday afternoon, a motorcycle crashed into my bicycle when I was on my way home. It happened when I was going to make a turn and the motorist didn’t expect my turning. Fortunately, I jumped down from the bike before it ran into me.
ButIgothurtinmylegaftera；Yoursrespectfully,；ZhangLin；2．范文：；Dearclassmates,；I’mverygladtoannouncetha；Intheprocessofparticipat；Ihopeeachparticipantcoul；PleasebeontimeandI’mlook；Monit
But I got hurt in my leg after all. People on the spot sent me to the hospital immediately. The doctor told me that I should stay in bed for three days. Now I am writing to you to ask for three days’ sick leave. Thank you very much.
Yours respectfully,
Zhang Lin
2．范文：
Dear classmates,
I’m very glad to announce that tomorrow we will pay a visit to the Science Museum. Let’s get together at the gate of school at 8 o’clock and head for the destination on feet.
In the process of participating, please remember to listen carefully, watch seriously and write down something interesting. Because noise and photos can bring great threat to the environment, they are forbidden in the Science Museum. We are expected to adhere to the rules and be polite and qualified visitors.
I hope each participant could hand in their visiting report next Monday.
Please be on time and I’m looking forward to seeing you then. At last, wish you have a good time!
Monitor
3．范文：
I burned the mid-night oil last Saturday evening, so I got up very late Sunday morning. Jack and I had arranged to go to the park today and I called him the moment I rose up from the bed. We would meet at the gate of the entrance to the park.
When we got there, there were so many people that we elbowed our way to the park entrance. There was a spacious square where some people were doing exercise. Some were playing shadow-boxing while some were dancing. Also there were some people reading books in front of a lake. We had brought kite with us and we flew it for a while. After having lunch there, we went home at noon. We really enjoyed this splendid Sunday.
4．范文：
Where do you like to live? That is an interesting question. Usually people like to live in big city. But recently, more and more people chose to live outside the city, to live in suburb.
It is true that living in big city is convenient and entertaining. Your work place is not far away, and after work, it is easy for you to call your friends to go to a bar or cinema. There are supermarkets, shopping malls. You can easily buy any stuff you need. Want to have a dinner? No problem, there are plenty kinds of restaurants for you to choose.
In contract, living in suburb is quite different. It serves fresh air and beautiful
scenery and, for someone that is the most important thing, quiet. Though living in suburb has some inconvenient aspects, some people seem to prefer to sacrifice some convenience to live in quiet places. And as cars and internet are becoming more and more common, living in suburb is not so boring like before.
5．范文：
Nowadays, ads plays an important role in our modern society. More and more advertisements are seen on our TV screen, especially the commercial ads. It’s difficult to find a program without insertion of ads on TV. Food, clothes, cars, everything you can think of, are presented on TV.
Of course, TV ads have positive aspects. For one thing, they can provide viewers with valuable information. For another, the wide spread of TV ads can also stimulate the economy. However, TV ads have negative aspects, too. For example, these ads often interrupt interesting programs we are watching.
So I think the government should control and manage the TV ads well to give us a clean and beautiful TV screen.
6．范文：
Doing physical exercises helps everyone to keep health. A person who take exercises spends more energy .The more energy he spends, the more blood he uses, so physical exercise can increase the flow of the blood ,Which does good to our health, Sports can also make our minds sound .While playing we take our minds off work or study. As a result, our minds are relaxed.
Since sports can result in good health, we should take part in for a while every day no matter how busy we are.
7．范文：
During my leisure time, I have quite a lot of activities to do.
The two activities I love most are reading and shopping. I usually spend the whole morning of Sunday reading novels or magazines at home and then go shopping with my friends in the afternoon. I feel very relaxed when I am walking around with them because we can enjoy the beautiful goods displaced in the shop widows and we can talk about whatever we like. When I see a bookstore, I will ask my friends to go inside with me, too, because I want to buy the latest best-sellers.
I do enjoy these activities in my leisure time because they make me feel happy.
8．范文：
My ideal job is to be a teacher. I choose to do so mainly for three reasons. First, I want to teach because I like the pace of academic calendar. Two long vacations offer me an opportunity for reflection, research and writing. Secondly, I want to teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lesson, to
stimulate myself and my students. And I can have the opportunity to keep on learning.
Finally, I want to teach because, being around the students who are beginning to grow and change in front of me, I will grow and change with them too.
But teaching is not an easy job at all. I must study cleverly to obtain more knowledge. And, at the same time, I will make every effort to purify my soul so that I can become an architect of man"s soul.
9．范文：
Ever since I have learned English, I feel that English is not that easy. For most Chinese people, grammar is one of the most difficult parts in English learning. If people do not have a good grasp of grammar, it is difficult for them to speak well. As for vocabulary, there are so many words that it is often an arduous work to memorize them. Although many people memorize a lot of English words and know well about English grammar, they still cannot speak English very fluently. Many Chinese learners still speak awkward English, even though they may be proficient at other skills. One reason for this is their lack of practice. Just as the saying goes, “Practice makes perfect”. So if people want to handle these difficulties in English learning, they should grasp every opportunity to practice.
10．范文：
My favorite hobby is swimming.
Many people like to swim in summer. So do I. Just imagine! What fun it is to jump into the water in hot summer! In hot weather, I often go to swim in the swimming pool with my family. Swimming can not only make us strong and healthy, but also helps us to keep in good shape. But few people like to swim in winter because it is too cold. Swimming in winter needs much courage. I hope one day I can be strong enough to swim in winter.
11．范文：
Nowadays we have a great number of means of getting information. Libraries provide us with books, while Internet offers us information resources.
My favorite means of getting information is surfing the Internet. It enables me to search what I want within just a few seconds. We can also visit foreign website without paying. In addition, when we confront some problems, we can go to Baidu Knowledge or Yahoo Clever to ask for help, and we can often become satisfying answers.
Internet helps me really a lot. I enjoy searching information through Internet.
12．范文：
Both health and wealth are the two things that everybody wants. However, it is difficult for most of us to own both at the same time. So which one would you choose first?
For me, I will put health in the first place. There are two main reasons for it. On the one hand, we need to have a strong body so as to make a living. If we are weak or
sick, we will not be able to work hard. What’s more, we have to pay for the expensive treatment and medicine in the hospital. On the other hand, even if we are rich enough, there are so many diseases that are not possible to be cured. Money is nothing when we are hopelessly ill.
In a word, health is always more important than wealth.
13．范文：
My hobby is watching movies at home. I have developed this interest ever since I was a high school student.
I love this hobby for mainly two reasons. First, movies are very attractive and interesting. I can learn a lot of stories and knowledge by watching them. Second, I can kill time when I am too bored. A movie usually lasts for about two hours. So if I feel bored, I can spend the time watching movies and enjoy myself at the same time. Watching movies is indeed a very interesting hobby for me.
14．范文：
The one I love most is my mother, who gave me my life and all her love.
My mother is in her fifties and she has retired. She is a very kind-hearted women and everybody likes making friends with her. Before she retired, she had to keep working hard to make money and take good care of me. She never complains about life although life is tough for her. And when I have any difficulties in my life, she always encourages me to overcome those problems.
I love my mother most!
15．范文：
Everybody has his own dream. My dream is to travel all over the world.
I have had this dream ever since my childhood. I love traveling and I wish to see different parts of the world. I wish to make friends with people from different countries. If my dream comes true, I will go traveling by myself. I won’t join any package tour. I know there is a man who travels the whole world with 3000 thousand dollars. He made money by doing part-time jobs while traveling. I think I can learn from him.
How I wish my dream to come true!
16．范文：
I am interested in learning English and I have been learning English for more than ten years. Unfortunately, I am not very good at it.
I find speaking and listening the most difficult in my English study. Because I have no partners to talk with in my spare time, I don’t have the chance to speak much. Listening is hard because there are so many different accents and the speakers usually speak very fast. I can’t follow them.
There are many new words to learn everyday. I am not good at remembering them well. Writing and reading are not easy for me, either. I think it is also because of the words.
I know English is very important. I will try my best to overcome all the difficulties in my study.
17．范文：
Health is very important for everyone. People use every possible method to keep healthy. How to stay in good health state?
I have three pieces of advice. First, we should have a healthy diet. By this I mean we should eat regularly, and we should avoid the junk food such as the fried food and the food with too much sugar. Second, we should keep doing sports. It is said that the easiest way to keep fit is to walk fast for at least half an hour a day. Third, be relaxed. We are under a lot of stress from work and family, and we should release the stress by doing something we enjoy. For example, we can do shopping, watch movies and listen to music.
It is not difficult to keep healthy if we know the methods and follow them.
18．范文：
I am planning to travel to Beijing in the winter holiday.
I choose this city because it is one of the most popular places of interest in our country. As it is the capital, there are many famous spots in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace and so on. Besides, there are many well-known universities like Peking University and Qinghua University.
I will go to Beijing with my best friend Lily. We will go by air. We plan to spend a week there, visiting all the famous spots and universities.
19．范文：
My hometown Guangzhou is a very beautiful and modern city in the south of China. It is the capital of Guangdong Province with a long history of more than 2,000 years. Guangzhou is the center of economy, politics and education of the province. Everybody can have a good time here. You can visit a lot of museums, parks and universities here. You can do shopping like crazy in this city. People here are very friendly. For example, they are always ready to offer their seats to others who need them in buses and subway.
I hope my hometown Guangzhou will attract more and more visitors each year.
20．范文：
I am interested in learning English and I have been learning English for more than ten years. Unfortunately, I am not very good at it.
I find speaking and listening the most difficult in my English study. Because I have no partners to talk with in my spare time, I don’t have the chance to speak much. Listening is hard because there are so many different accents and the speakers usually speak very fast. I can’t follow them.
There are many new words to learn everyday. I am not good at memorizing them well. Writing and reading are not easy for me, either. I think it is also because of the words. I know English is very important. I will try my best to overcome all the difficulties in
mystudy.；21．范文：；Justaslotsofteenagerstak；Ilovethissportbecauseitb；22．范文：；Therearesomanydifferentj；TobeateacherisadreamIhav；Teachingismeaningfulandr；23．范文：；Myfavoritefoodischocolat；
my study.
21．范文：
Just as lots of teenagers take to pop music, I love basketball. It"s part of my life. I began to play basketball in my childhood. I still remember the good old days when I played with my classmates after school. Later on, as I grew up, almost everything changed, but this sport—playing basketball remained and my love of it grew even stronger.
I love this sport because it brings joys and health to my life. When I got tired from office work, I went to the sports ground and felt refreshed. If there were worries and cares from daily life, I went to the sports ground. There everything went away except basketball. It is basketball that keeps me in good shape and mood.
22．范文：
There are so many different jobs in the job market, and the job I like most is teaching.
To be a teacher is a dream I have had ever since my childhood. As a teacher in a school, he can pass knowledge down to many children. As a result, people respect teachers very much. What’s more, teaching has become a better-paid job than ever before. The government has made it a policy that teachers should be as well paid as the civil servants.
Teaching is meaningful and rewarding. That is why I like the job.
23．范文：
My favorite food is chocolate. It is a very popular food all over the world.
I love chocolate for two reasons. On the one hand, it is the most tasty snack I have ever tasted. There are several flavors, and I like the black chocolate most. On the other hand, it is well-known that chocolate can refresh us when we feel hungry or sleepy. That’s why I always keep a box of chocolate in my office. When I feel tired, a piece of chocolate is the best thing in the world.
I love chocolate!
24．范文：
My favorite book is titled Three Hundred Poems of Tang Dynasty. My grandfather bought it to me when I was a little girl. I still keep this book in my bookshelf now. I love this book most among all because it is one of the best collections of the literatures throughout the history of China. I can learn the poets by the most famous poets during the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Bai Juyi and Du Fu. Their well-known works have been passed down from generation to generation. I will show the book to my children in the future.
Three Hundred Poems of Tang Dynasty is the best book I have had.
25. 范文一
We can see around us that more and more students are going to own a mobile
phone .From NOKIA to SIEMENS, from national to imported, from low price to high price……
As a communication device, the mobile phone benefits us a lot. We can use it to keep in touch with our families, our friends and our classmates wherever we are. In festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we known. It brings us a lot of convenience.
As a coin has two sides, the mobile phone also has disadvantages. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can"t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers" calls one after another. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn"t spend too much time on it and don"t let it disturb us from our studies. And we should not easily tell people our phone numbers who we don"t recognize.
范文二
With the rapid economic development, the mobile phone has found its way into campuses and a host of students take advantage of this wonderful gadget to communicate with each other. This phenomenon gives rise to this question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the mobile phone?
It is widely believed that it greatly facilitates students" campus life. Many instances could be found to support this type of opinion. A graduating student in our university bought a mobile phone in the course of hunting for his job. He told me that through the mobile phone he could easily keep in touch with the employer of the company he intends to work with and would not miss any opportunities.
However, everything has both positive and negative facets. The mobile phone also has many disadvantages. For instance, the ringing of the mobile phone often disturbs the teacher"s teaching and other students" learning.
Personally, the advantages of the mobile phone outweigh the disadvantages of it as long as we don"t interfere with others while using it.
范文三
Wherever you are, you can see many people use mobile phones. It seems that the world becomes smaller nowadays. You can be reached wherever you are if you take a mobile phone with you.
Some people think that the mobile phone is necessary and useful to them. With a mobile phone at hand, it is convenient for them to keep in touch with others. The young like to send text messages, surf on the Internet, listen to music and even take photos with the mobile phone. In some dangerous moments, it even can save people’s lives.
However, many people don’t like the mobile phone. Some hate receiving harassing messages and telephones. Some think the cost of the mobile phone is high for them. Others think that its radiation is harmful to people and it brings some diseases to people.
Whether we like the mobile phone or not, it affects our life and plays an important role in our daily life. What is more important is that we should use it in a proper way.
26. 范文一
Spring festival is coming. It"s a traditional day for the Chinese people to get together besides the Mid-Autumn Day. For this reason, many people rush home wherever they are. However far they are and however busy they are, they try to go home. I am one of those who hate it because after one festival, I become one year older. Another reason is that there are many more ceremonies before or after the festival.
However, this spring festive is a bit special for me. I had a wonderful time. We didn"t stay at home but had a travel and order a rich feast /dinner in a restaurant. Though it was very much expensive, we could spare much effort preparing the dinner which we couldn"t have eaten and also we could have a lot of time to enjoy ourselves. You see, nowadays, the living standard has been greatly improved and eating is not so much a problem as before, so we have to find other kind of ways to enjoy ourselves.Traveling is a good way of spending the traditional festivals. We went to Xishuangbaina, Dali, and the Stone Forest. My family, especial my children are all excited, learning a lot about the Minorities" tradition. I wish one day I could go abroad to spend the festival if we could make enough money!
范文二
Spring festival is a Chinese traditional festival and it’s very important for Chinese people. During the spring festival period, workers will have a 7 days vacation. Everybody has his/her plan for the vacation. As far as I am concerned, I’d like to do such things as learning, relaxing myself and staying with my family. The vacation will usually last a long time, more than 20 days for the students. So, it’s a good time for me to adapt myself to learn something new and review the knowledge I’ve learned. Meanwhile, after the past intense learning period, I think it’s a nice relaxation time for me. Finally, I think the spring festival is the time during which I should accompany my families and cherish the warm and fragrant time with them.
I think it’s a good time for me.
范文三
Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is to celebrate the New Year in Chinese lunar calendar. In the evening before the Spring Festival, families get together and have a big meal. In many places, people like to set off firecrackers.
Dumplings are the most traditional food. Children like the festival very much, because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes. They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to children for good luck. People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune.
The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days. People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes”. People enjoy the Spring Festival and during this time they can have a good rest.
27. 范文：
My favorite TV program is Animal World. It is a program about animals. I watch it at 7:00 every evening. It tells us a lot about animals" life and it also tells something about their living habits, eating habits and living environment. I think it is the most interesting TV program in China, because I love animals so much. It can help me increase my knowledge and I can learn a lot of knowledge that I can"t learn from books. It also helps me broden my horizon and know the natural surroundings. Animal World is a good TV program and I hope that everybody likes it.
28. 范文：
My favorite hobby is swimming. Many people like to swim in summer. So do I. Just imagine! What fun it is to jump into the water in hot summer! In hot weather, I often go to swim in the swimming pool with my family. Swimming can not only make us strong and healthy, but also help us to keep in good shape.
But few people like to swim in winter because it is too cold. Swimming in winter needs much courage. I hope one day I can be strong enough to swim in winter.
29. 范文：
I am interested in learning English and I have been learning English for more than ten years. Unfortunately, I am not very good at it. I find speaking and listening the most difficult in my English study. Because I have no partners to talk with in my spare time, I don’t have the chance to speak much. Listening is hard because there are so many different accents and the speakers usually speak very fast. I can’t follow them.
There are many new words to learn everyday. I am not good at memorizing them well. Writing and reading are not easy for me, either. I think it is also because of the words. I know English is very important. I will try my best to overcome all the difficulties in my study.
30. 范文：
Where do you like to live? That is an interesting question. Usually people like to live in a big city. But recently, more and more people choose to live outside the city, to live in suburb. It is true that living in big city is convenient and entertaining. Your work place is not far away, and after work, it is easy for you to call your friends to go to a bar or cinema. There are supermarkets and shopping malls. You can easily buy any stuff you need. Do you want to have a dinner? No problem. Tthere are plenty kinds of restaurants for you to choose.
In contract, living in suburb is quite different. It serves fresh air and beautiful scenery and for someone quietness is the most important thing. Though living in suburb has some inconvenient aspects, some people seem to prefer to sacrifice some convenience to live in quiet places. And as cars and internet are becoming more and more common, living in suburb is not so boring as before.
31. 范文：
Nowadays, environment problem is becoming a common concern to people all over the world. Frequent natural disasters which caused by environment problems such as earthquakes and sandstorms, make people think about the solution. Many people come to the idea of planting more trees.
In my opinion, planting more trees is a wonderful choice. Since trees are deeply rooted under the earth and can protect water and soil. This helps to lessen the loss when disasters come. Take a sandstorm for example, the forest which is made of thousand of trees may slow down the speed of the wind to some extent. When it blows up the sand, the sand can not form a big storm. Obviously, this is one aspect of the advantages of planting trees.
All in all, let us plant more trees to protect our living environment
32. 范文：
In modem society, pelple pay more and more attention to entertainment than before. There are many forms of entertainment, but my favorite form of entertainment is watching TV in my spare time. After a day of hard work, I look forward to a good relaxation and watching TV is a good means of relaxation. The pleasant music on TV can keep me away from tension and fatigue. The exciting movies and TV series can make me enjoy different kinds of life as if I were the actor in them and the Education TV service offers teaching programs on all subjects to me. In a word, watching TV really entertains me a lot.
33. 范文：
My hometown Guangzhou is a very beautiful and modern city in the south of China. It is the capital of Guangdong Province with a long history of more than 2,000 years.
Guangzhou is the center of economy, politics and education of the province. Everybody can have a good time here. You can visit a lot of museums, parks and universities here. You can do shopping like crazy in this city. People here are very friendly. For example, they are always ready to offer their seats to others who need them in buses and subway.
I hope my hometown Guangzhou will attract more and more visitors each year.
34. 范文一
Which is more important, health or wealth? When given this question, different people have varied answers. Some insist that health plays a more important role in our life, while others see more advantages arising from wealth.
The first group of people argues that, on the one hand, a strong person can do almost anything as long as he/she tries hard. On the other hand, however, rich people will not be able to enjoy the wealth if their days are numbered. In contrast, the wealth has such arguments as follows. For one thing, wealthy people will be able to buy more healthy foods. For another, they can enjoy better facilities to improve their
health.AsfarasIamconcern；范文二；Somepeopleinthisworldbel；Asforme,Iwouldchooseheal；Sothetruevalueoflifedoes；35.范文：；Nowadayswehaveagreatnumb；Myfavoritemeansofgetting；Internetreallyhelps
health. As far as I am concerned, both health and wealth are important to our life. We should try to strike a balance between them and gain wealth with a healthy body.
范文二
Some people in this world believe that wealth weighs much more important that health. In their points of view, they take wealth as their vital pursuit.While others think that health is a fundamental part of man"s life.
As for me, I would choose health rather than wealth as an aim for which I would like to put my whole life to chase. The reasons why I am leaning health are that firstly, a healthy body is invaluable and nothing in this world could purchase it even you have stocked tons of golden bars in your yard; secondly, you can create a better life by working hard with your body to live in a bigger house, drive an expensive car or go to many other places, but what if your body is in very serious condition? Will you still have that strength and mood to enjoy all of those?
So the true value of life doesn"t rely on the amount of wealth you have, but the healthy body, with which you are holding a ticket to the promising future.
35. 范文：
Nowadays we have a great number of means of getting information. Libraries provide us with books, while Internet offers us information resources.
My favorite means of getting information is surfing the Internet. It enables me to search what I want within just a few seconds. We can also visit foreign website without paying. In addition, when we confront some problems, we can go to Baiduknowledge or Yahooclever to ask for help, and we can often get satisfying answers.
Internet really helps me a lot. I enjoy searching information throgh Internet.
36. 范文一：
Whether we like to learn a new object or not largely depends on whether we could find out the interest of it. English, one of the most charming languages in the world , attract me deeply all the time. If you ask me why I like to learn English, three reasons will be referred to in a response.
First, I enjoy English songs and movies as well as English tragedy. In my childhood, English songs became my best partner. With their beautiful and smoothing music I could sleep sound every night . Then I grow up, I find another charm of this language, Hollywood movies, which, full of fantasy and humor, brings me to another world of joy and happiness. Furthermore, when I began to read English stories, the tragedies written by Shakespeare expose the human nature and help me gain an insight into human being and the world.
Second, as a freshman of GDUT, I could hardly fail to notice the significance of technology. However, most of valuable academic books of technology are written in English. Driven by my ambitions in my field, I was ,am ,and will be determined to learn English with a concentrated effort.
Finally, I am eager to understand the culture of the U.S. ,for instance, to
experience the way how an ordinary American boy achieves his American Dream and attain successful accomplishment. In spite of all the efforts we have made, we cannot shake the status of the United States, the only superpower in the world. I want to hunt for the answer why and how this power rises, which also serves as another motivation for my interest in English. As we all known, language is an aspect of culture which could help me find the answer.
In all, I like to learn English, and I believe my interest could motivate me to learn more and attain more.
范文二：
When it comes to which subject I like more, there’s no doubt that it’s English. Some people assumed surely that it’s hard for us to speak English. To some extent, they hate it. For my part, I will make greater achievement, if I can conquer it. As time goes by, the more I practiced it, the more I get. It was the great achievement that let me like it.
Because it’s necessary for us to learn foreign language, especially English, with the world becoming a country. And then we can cope with the problems when talking to foreigners. Furthermore, having a good command with English provides us with an advantage over others to get a highly-paid job. It also can bring a lot of friends. All in all, you will lose yourself in it and like it, as soon as you concentrate yourselfves to learning it. For English is such interesting that will increase our career opportunities, broaden our horizons and enrich our life.
37. 范文一：
Childhood is some time that everyone will keep as the most valube thing in his life. All of us want to go back to childhood to enjoy it once more. When it comes to childhood , we always can’t control our emotions .
I was growing up in a small village. Aroud my hometown are many green hills and trees. Though it is not beautiful enough to attract visitors, it gives me a lot of joy. The most interesting thing I think, is wandering on hills, looking for wild fruit. The fruit made my childhood sweety. Acctually, I grew up with the wild fruit.
Another pleasure is catching fish in pool or river in my spare time. To be honest, I am not good at fishing. What I liked is catching fish just by hands. It was very exciting when fingers touched the fish under the water.
Though at that time, lacking of money made it little chance for me to have toys; I got big entertainment from nature. There were many other interesting things in my childhood that I can’t get all out here. When thinking of them, I always can’t help feeling deeply moved.
范文二：
I am already 18 years old, but the memory of my childhood is still like an unforgettable sweet dream. One day, all my family went to climb a mountain. There father told my elder sister and me that the first one to get to the top of the mountain would be given a toy. Hearing this, we began to run up. At first I kept ahead, but a few minutes later my sister was ahead of me. However, I didn"t give up. That toy attracted me to run forward. In the end, I reached the top first. On the top we enjoyed the
beautiful scenery and had a picnic. At dusk, we went down the mountain happily. I was the happiest one, because I not only got a toy train but also knew that one shouldn"t give up readily.
1.你業余時間的娛樂活動有哪些；
2.描述其中一項活動。
英語寫作(7)
1解決：Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle
2損害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize
3給與：Give, offer, render, impart, provide,supply, afford
4培養：：Develop, cultivate, foster
5優勢：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
6缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness
7使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle
8重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative
9認為：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced
10保護：Protect, conserve, preserve
11確保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge
12有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental
13要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition
14消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away
15導致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate
16因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this
17增長至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to
18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to
19保持穩定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out
20急劇地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably
21平穩地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly
22宣稱：Allege, assert, declare, claim
23發生：Happen, occur, take place
24原因：Reason, factor, cause
25發展：Development, advance, progress
26有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous
27影響：Influence, impact, effect
28明顯的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear
29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose
30與…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to
31對比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely
32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe
33大約：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly
34波動：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation
35事實上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that
36換言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle
英語寫作(8)
BUSINESS REPORT
INCREASING THE DEPARTMENT STORE’S PROFITS
FOR
INCREASING THE DEPARTMENT STORE’S PROFITS
Prepared for
John Smith
General Manager
HARRODS department store
Prepared by
Peter Albert
Chief advisor
TWCB
July 15, 2013
MEMO
DATE: 07/15/2013
TO: John Smith
FROM: Peter Albert
SUBJECT: INCREASING PROFITS
Here is the report you requested on Jul.12, 2013 on the department store’s profits.
Your uneasiness was right. As we only focused on some high-quality products, we can’t expand market share in other aspects, then the profits fell sharply.
The solutions to the problem are clear. We need to take some cares in other marketing.
? Set up some convenience stores, discount stores and speciality stores as competition did.
? Expand foreign retail chains in some economically potent states like China and Japan.
? Make transition of service mode to follow the consumer demands.
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to work on this assignment. If you have any questions about the report, please call me.
Executive Summary
In the past six months, the profits of Harrods department store’s fell sharply. As a result, several similar famous store groups are now heavily in debt. The report studies the cause of the fell and recommends solutions to the problems.
Causes of the fell
We have found three causes relating to the fell:
? Market Positioning is inflexible.
? The Foreign market didn’t develop well.
? Service concept was out of date.
Some positions and service concepts are out of date, it’s lower customer satisfaction. We also found that a large number of staff numbers and managers lack awareness to follow with customer’s consumption concept. Harrods department store may start training their staff to keep up with modern customer’s idea.
Measures to Increase the Profits
? Set up some convenience stores, discount stores and speciality stores as competition did.
? Expand foreign retail chains in some economically potent states like China and Japan.
? Training staff. Make transition of service mode to follow the consumer demands.
Estimates for Implementing the Proposal
Most of the expenses of implementing the measures will be on set up new stores and expand foreign retail chains. They are estimated to be 25, 0000 pounds.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ⅲ
Introduction 1
Purpose, Scope, and Challenges 1
Methods 2
The Decreasing Profits in Harrods Department Store 2
25% Decreasing compared with 2011 2
Competition’s Average Profits in 2011&2013 2
Major Causes of the Decreasing 3
Impact on Harrods Department store 4
More Funds Needed to Increasing Profits 4
Jeopardizing the Harrods’ Brand Reputation 4
Methods for Increasing the Profits 5
Three Ways to Increasing the Profits 5
The Fund Needed to Carry Out the Measures 6
Conclusions and Recommendations 6
Supplementary Parts 7
Appendix 7
Bibliography 8
Part One
Introduction
In last several months, there’s sharply profits fell showed on the financial reporting form Harrods department store. Our company, TWCB, as requested the solution by Harrods department store’s manager, we immediately looked into the matter and found three problems which may have caused the decreasing. The fiscal third quarter of this fiscal year will end in two months. We will do everything to solve the problems before customers switch and never to return.
In this report, I will describe the problems we found in the department store and propose three possible measures to solve them and the estimated cost.
1. Purpose, Scope, and Challenges
· Purpose: the purpose of this report is to analyze what caused the problem and how can we solve it as soon as possible. The report gives the result of the investigation.
· Scope: we immediately formed two teams, one of which checked the department store regularly and the other conducted a survey on customer. The first team hangs around the store for 7 days in a row and constantly does some shopping to see how the service feels like. The second team designed questionnaires collecting customer’s comments on the store. The result was not as bad as we had expected. But the store should do something before it becomes a real problem.
· Challenges: the department store has been facing tremendous challenges and pressure as the number of competitions grows at high speed each year. For instance, some customers select one store visit regularly out of ten. Our store is facing increasing competitive pressure.
2. Methods
We conducted the investigation through two methods: interviews and questionnaires. We sent out 1000 questionnaires and 800 customers responded to them. 300 customers chosen randomly from customer questionnaire’s numbers were interviewed.
Part Two
The Decreasing Profits in Harrods Department Store
In last six months, there’s sharply profits fell showed on the financial reporting form Harrods department store. We did research on the decreasing problem.
1. 25% Decreasing compared with 2011
After the research, we found that under the strategy of Harrods, to offer a wide choice of products and personalized service, the department store has worked well until recently. Last year, however, profits fell sharply and results for the first six months of this year have been disappointing. Then we did a comparing with this store’s profits from January to June in 2011 and 2013, there is the chart:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
Jun.
Total
2011
21%
23%
18%
20%
25%
17%
-25%
2013
17%
19%
14%
16%
20%
13%
2. Competition’s Average Profits in 2011&2013
After compared with our own store’s profits in 2011, one of our team did research on our competition’s average profits in 2011&2013. Here is the table (on next page):
From the table, we can see that, when Harrods department store’s profits decreasing sharply in this two year, the competition has grown a lot; it gives us a great competitive pressure at now and future. We need to do something to change the bad situation.
3. Major Causes of the Decreasing
From the research, we can see the major problems which caused the decreasing, and we summarized them as follows:
? As we only focused on some high-quality products, we can’t expand market share in other aspects, our market positioning is inflexible.
? As economic globalization becomes strong, our foreign market should develop more deep and widely.
? Our strategy is good, but it didn’t pay attention to nowadays shopping fashion. Service concept was out of date.
We must take concrete measures to solve all the problems.
Part Three
Impact on Harrods Department store
The decreasing of the profits not only made damage to the economic interests of Harrods department store, it wills also jeopardizing the Harrods’ brand reputation and then when we need more funds to increase the profits will be very hard.
1. More Funds Needed to Increasing Profits
Indeed to increasing the department store’s profits, we should do a lot of research and work. To make a perfect solution, all the projects will spend a lot of money to get the most accurate answer. During the whole things, we will cooperate with many famous companies on investigation or doing business expanding. To make sure everything is moving on schedule and is within the budget, we will make an accurate expense, and expect to complete the project without exceeding the budget.
2. Jeopardizing the Harrods’ Brand Reputation
With the result of our questionnaire, we can see that: among the 800 customers, 650 are employees and rests of them are teenagers and senior citizens. In the employees group, 25% of them with an annual income of 100, 0000￡or more, and others annual income is about 30, 000 to 80,000￡. The high income group didn’t show any unsatisfactory to the service and product. But in the middle income group, many of them want value for money and to feel they have got a bargain and services which make life easier or save time, which they think Harrods can’t serve well.
Part Four
Methods for Increasing the Profits
The working team has worked out methods to increase the profits of the department store. We will depend on marketing positioning, foreign market, and training new service concept as our main approaches to our customers.
Three Ways to Increasing the Profits
? To attract customers we will rebuild our department store to make a place for some discount goods. And in other city area, like communities and shopping mall, we will set up some convenience stores, discount stores and speciality stores as competition did. But as the long history and special brand charm we has, our stores will be very different from others. We will develop a new message to our potential customers, that “Luxury culture also can be an Approachable culture.” The message together with pictures showing features of our new stores will be advertised in the local papers, magazines, and our new catalogs.
? Although HARODDS is a successful department store in London and has many chain stores in New York and Italian, we can’t ignore the mega consumer market in some Asian countries, like China and Japan. These countries own a large consumer population, which makes them consumer markets with great potentials. So we should try to connect with those local business men to expand our foreign retail chains and develop foreign markets.
? With a survey shows that: as the English population ages, older groups will provide opportunities for sales growth. And nowadays the English consumers want value for money and to feel they have got a bargain. Britain is moving from a luxury culture to a convenience culture. People want services which make life easier or save time. So the old service concept was out of date, we should do a series of trainings to improve staff’s awareness of the shopping fashion and their competence in competing in the market. The training mainly focuses on how to serve customer in a pleasant way. Then most of potential customers will switch to our stores.
Part Five
The Fund Needed to Carry Out the Measures
The estimated costs for the measures are summarized below:
Training staff 5, 0000￡
Rebuild department store& 12,0000￡
Set up new stores
Expanding foreign retail chains 8,0000￡
Part Six
Conclusions and Recommendations
Although problems exist, great business potential is waiting to be exploited. We have calculated that all the measures should bring an increase in profits by 23% in three months. Under a improved service concept and create a more comfortable shopping environment, Harrods can remain high in profitability and offset the threats.
The Office has worked out three recommendations:
· Set up a committee (composed of store’s managers, customer representatives and government staff) to monitor the service.
· Carry out training for the store’s staff and managers.
· Advertise the feature changes of the store on the local news papers.
Part Seven
Supplementary Parts
Appendix
QUESTIONNAIRE OF THE HARRODS’GOODS AND SERVICES
This questionnaire is designed for Harrods department store’s problems and future improvement on its goods and services. And we’d like to collect your feedback. You do not have to write your name on them. You are asked to fill in scales and write constructive suggestions to improve it. We appreciate your time and efforts very much!
Select your answers as follows: 5 is a highly positive response to a particular question. 1 is a highly negative response.
Use a blue/black pen or HB pencil to mark your answers.
1. Do you often shop at Harrods department store? 5 4 3 2
2. Was the shopping environment comfortable? 5 4 3 2 1
3. Was the staff’s attitude approachable? 5 4 3 2 1
4. Can you always found favorite product at there? 5 4 3 2 1
5. How good were the goods and service? 5 4 3 2 1
6. Overall, how did the store compare with the others? 5 4 3 2 1
7. Which do you have more desire to buy?
a. Luxury goods b. Convenience goods
c. Luxury goods with discount d. Convenience goods with discount
8. In which store would you like to buy?
a. Department stores b. Discount stores
c. Specialty stores d. Convenience stores
9. If you may choose freely, would you like to shop at Harrods?
a. Yes b. No
For question 10-11, please write any other comments and suggestions that might be helpful and constructive. WE appreciate your time and efforts very much.
10. What kind of activity you would like to join?
11. Any comments to Harrods?
Thanks again for your participation!
Bibliography
Levitt,?S.?D.,?&?Dubner,?S.?J.?(2005).?Freakonomics:?A?rogue?economist?explores?the?hidden?side?of?everything.?New?York:?William?Morrow.?
Lucas, Stephen E. "Public Speaking." Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47.
英語寫作(9)
描述性寫作
一. 教學內容：
描述性寫作
?
二. 重點、難點：
I. 特點及常用結構
1. 描述性文章是把人物、事件、景觀、地點、環境等用生動的語言，形象地描繪出來。
2. 描述性文章的結構
（1）人物：
開頭應有簡明的介紹
文章的主體部分可按時間或事件的主次進行描述
結尾進行評論或談感受
（2）地點：
要學會準確地表示方位的詞或短語
描述地點的位置通常由上至下，從里到外，從左至右，從遠到近。
總之，無論是描述人物，還是地點、環境，都要詳略得當，重點突出。
3. 學習并牢記下面的短語和句型
表空間順序
in front of, in the front of, at the back of,
on the right （left）side
close to , next to, opposite, across,
inside, outside
in （to）the south / east / west / north
on one side …, on the other side（of）
常用短語和句型：
方位
1. There is a tall shelf on the left of my room. （on the right of, in the front of, near the window, ）
2. Above the bed, there is a large painting of the blue sea. （On the right of the room,）
3. Next to it is a bed. （In front of it, At the back of, In the middle of, To the right of ）
4. They are opposite the door. （on the left / right of the room.）
5. The office building is in the east of the campus. （in the south of, to the west of, in front of, behind, at the back of, ）
6. The monument, which was built in 1894, stands in the center of the square.
描述國家，城市等
7. China is located in Asia. （be situated…be surrounded by, lie to the east of ）
8. It covers a huge area of 9,600 000 square kilometers.
9. The population of this city is 100,000.
路線
10. When you come out of …（get to …reach…）
11. Cross the street（river）（keep walking along… walk down…）
12. Turn right at the end of Bridge Street into Riverside Road. （the second traffic lights, the first crossing, ）
13. Take the first turning on your left. （take the path which crosses the river.））
14. Go straight on to the traffic light and then turn right.
15. You’ll see （find）it
人物
16. My grandpa, kind and patient, enjoys talking with kids.
17. He is about 5 feet and 7inches tall.
18. She has a round face with two big eyes.
描述物品
19. This rope is 100 meters long. = The length of this rope is 100 meters. = This rope is 100 meters in length. （in weight, in width, in height, in size, in color, in shape）
20. It is a round yellow hat with pink flowers on it. It’s made of straw.
21. There are three books in the her drawer.
?
II. 范文講解
1. 1999年NMET書面表達
假設你是李華，在一所中學讀書。最近收到美國朋友Smith先生的來信。他三年前參觀過你校，聽說現在變化很大，希望了解有關情況。參照下圖，給他寫一封回信，介紹你校的變化。
注意：
（1）回信須包括圖畫的主要內容，可適當增減細節，使內容連貫。
（2）詞數100字左右。
A. 審題：
（1）一封信（體裁）
（2）談學校的變化（三年前圖1，三年后圖2）
（3）重點在三年后的描述
B. 題綱及常用結構
（1）開頭語：收到來信hear from sb. / get （receive）your letter …
（2）學校的變化：
新教學樓：a new school building
圖書館：our new library
新操場：the new playground
樹木環繞：lots of trees
（3）表述方位的詞：
on one side （on the other side）
on the right （left）
There be …,
in front of, in and around
C. 將以上要點擴展成句并連文，注意句與句之間的過渡。
Dear Mr. Smith,
I was so pleased to hear from you and I am writing to tell you something about my school. You are right, Quite a few changes have taken place. On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building our library. In it there are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of the school. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school. I hope you come and see for yourself some day.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Hua
?
2. 假如你叫Alice，你本應去機場接Danial，但你不得不去醫院接你的母親回家，你的朋友Mary主動提出替你去機場接Danial，你給Danial寫信說明上述情況，并描述Mary的外表。
Something About Miss Mary
Age
in her twenties
Looks
slim, of medium height, wavy hair, with glasses
Clothes
a T-shirt
Shoes
high-heeled shoes
Personality
kind and cheerful
?
A. 審題：
（1）描述性文字的信。
（2）重點描述人物的特點和外貌
B. 題綱：
（1）開頭：表明不能去的原因及解決辦法。
（2）中間：描述Mary的外貌及特點。
利用表中的key-word
（3）信的結尾：I’m looking forward to seeing you.
1.
Dear Danial,
I’m very sorry I can’t come to meet you at the airport since I have to take my mother home from hospital. My friend Mary has kindly offered to meet you and bring you home. As you have never met her before. I’ll describe her to you.
Miss Mary is a young lady in her twenties with glasses. She is of medium height. She has a round face with wavy hair. She likes wearing high－heeled shoes. It is easy to recognize her because she is usually dressed in T－shirt and a skirt. She is always cheerful.
I do hope you manage to recognize my friend Mary without any difficulty. I’m looking forward to seeing you.
Your sincerely,
Alice
【模擬試題】
1. 假設你是李華，你的美國朋友Mike將于6月底到北京作短暫停留，請你幫他安排一天的活動。要求用所給的示意圖寫一封信向他提出建議并對各地點加以簡單的介紹。
?
2. 假如你昨天參觀了一所高中示范校。請按照圖中規定的順序（從主樓出發），根據以下圖表和中文提示，向你班里的其他同學用英文講述你參觀該校時的所見所聞。
注意：
（1）詞數100左右；
（2）開頭與結尾已為你寫好。
生詞：噴泉fountain
參觀地點
學生活動
實驗樓
做實驗
藝術中心
練樂器
報告廳
聽報告
操場
足球賽
【試題答案】
1. Dear Mike,
I’m glad to hear you are coming soon. I’ve planned a one-day trip for you in Beijing.
In the morning you can first go to the Summer Palace, which is one of the most beautiful parks in Beijing. There you can go boating and climbing. It’s also a nice place for taking pictures. Then in the middle of the day you can enjoy a Chinese lunch in a restaurant.
In the afternoon, I suggest you visit Beijing University. As you know, it is famous both in China and in the world. Before you go back to your hotel, you can drop in the Book Town. There are not only different kinds books but also many Chinese paintings. I hope you’ll have a good time.
Best wishes,
Yours,
Li Hua
?
2. Yesterday I paid a visit to a model high school, together with my friend. It’s very big with a beautiful fountain in the center of the schoolyard.
We started our visit from the main building. First we went to the lab building where some students were doing experiments. Then we entered the lecture hall behind the lab building and saw many students listening to a lecture given by a professor. Opposite to the lecture hall was the art center. There we watched groups of students playing musical instruments. Finally we arrived at the playground at the far back of the school. Some boys were having a football game, which was so exciting that we couldn’t help cheering for them.
It was really an impressive visit.
?
英語寫作(10)
英語寫作利器之定語從句
要想寫出定語從句，首先要保證兩個簡單句中有重復詞匯，再將含有重復詞匯的兩個簡單句合成定語從句。
一． 合并法
【使用條件】寫作要點中要有重復詞匯。（該重復詞匯一般是名詞或代詞，第二次出現可能會用代詞代替）
【步驟】
第一步：把兩個句子翻譯成英語簡單句，并標出重復詞匯。（如出現代詞，則把代詞換成它替代的名詞）
E.g.我校將舉辦一場演講比賽，它的主題是人與自然
__________________________________ ________________________________________.
第二步：確定主句和從句，將從句的重復詞匯用對應的關系詞替換并提至從句句首。
注意：1. 在確定主句和從句時，需根據中文構思判斷合成后的句子主要想表達哪個要點，含有該要點的就是主句。
2.用關系詞替換時，如重復詞匯前有介詞時，用關系副詞替換；沒有介詞時，用關系代詞替換。
按照這個步驟，上面的句子哪句是主句？哪句是從句？
__________________________________ _________________________________________
從句的重復詞匯為：___________________。 用哪個關系詞提到它？______________. 且把關系詞提到哪里？____________
第三步：將替換后的從句作為整體置于主句重復詞后面。按照該步驟，上面的句子最終可合并為：_________________________________________________________________________.
這樣，一個完整的定語從句就出來了。
二．拆分法
【使用條件】修飾成分中有主謂短語
【步驟】
第一步：在中文語境下，把被修飾語拆分到兩個完整的句子中去，然后再翻譯成英文。
例：這個行李箱（suitcase）是媽媽送個我的生日禮物。
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
第二步：確定主句和從句，將從句的重復詞匯用對應的關系詞替換并提至從句句首。(跟合并法的第二步一樣)。上面的句子中，從句可變為：
_______________________________________________________________________________
第三步：將替換后的從句作為整體置于主句重復詞后面。
按照該步驟，上面的句子最終可變為：
______________________________________________________________________________.
用定語從句合并下列的簡單句。
1. The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. The dress is new. She is wearing it.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. The student studied very hard, his father is a worker
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. The noodles were delicious. You cooked them.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The school is very nice. We are studying in this school.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. The girl has just come back. My sister visited the Great Wall with her.
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. He wanted to know the reason. I was late for the reason.
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. We will remember the days. We studied together in the days.
_______________________________________________________________________________
用拆分法翻譯下列句子
1. 我是來自于富源八中的李華。
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. 我是學生會主席李華。
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. 我是一名大學生，李華。
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. 我要做我能做的一切來提高我的英語。
______________________________________________________________________________.
5. 學校組織的運動會很成功。
______________________________________________________________________________.
6. 這是今天我要做的最重要的事。
______________________________________________________________________________.
7. 交通擁堵（traffic jam）是我遲到的原因。
______________________________________________________________________________.
8. 我們昨晚住的這家酒店很漂亮。
______________________________________________________________________________.
9. 她成功通過了考試，這使得她的媽媽很開心。
______________________________________________________________________________.
10. 這是我的好朋友，她的名字叫Lily.
______________________________________________________________________________.
定語從句練習
單句語法填空：
1. …like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health. [2017新課標]
2. But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. [2017新課標]
3. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius (孔子)， ___________ lived from roughly 551—479 B.C influenced the development of chopsticks. [2016新課標]
4. Sales director is position ___________ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
5. Anyway, that evening, ____________ I will tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
6. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine month, of ________ the sailing time was 226 days.
7. There was a time _________ I hated to go to school.
8. Mr. Jones, _________ English is perfect in our school, helps him a lot.
9. The places ___________ they were sent to live were the poorest parts of South Africa.
10. The place __________ used to be a factory is now a famous art centre.
11. The reason _________ he explained for his absence from the meeting sounds unreasonable.
12. I like those books ________ topics are about history.
13. He is the only one of the famous scientists who _________ (make) great achievement.
14. The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination. (全國卷I)
15. You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.(上海卷)
16. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other. （山東卷）
17. I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
18. I’m not sure whether this is the book _______my brother read the day before yesterday.
19. Tom is good at math，so I think he is the student ________can help you to work out this problem.
20. The reason ______he didn"t come was ______he was ill.
21. The most important thing ________we should pay attention to is the first thing________ I have said.
22. I want to use the same tools as _______ (be) used in your factory a few days ago.
23. Those ________want to see the film please write down your names here.
24. _________ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.
25. He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
26. All that _____ (be) needed is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
選擇題：
1. We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, _________ saves money, of course.
A. which B. as C. that D. in which
2. I’m sorry that I don’t know much about American films，because this is the first American film ________I have ever seen.
A．which B．that C．what D．as
3. Anything ________could be found has been used to repair the damaged bridge.
A．which B．that C．what D．how
4. ________is mentioned above，the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A．Which B. As C．That D．It
5. ________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
6. Do you still remember the day ________we first met?
A．that B．when C．what D．on that
7. I"ve never been to Beijing, but it"s the place___________.
A. where I"d like to visit B. I most want to visit
C. in which I"d like to visit D. that I want to visit it" most
8. The noise from the karaoke hall is coming to a point ________we can’t put up with it .
A．that B．where C．when D．why
9. We need a chairman __________.
A. for whom everyone has confidence B. in whom everyone has confidence
C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on
10. There are several research centers in China ________a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.
A．which B．where C．when D．what
11. It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________ which a price change will
affect supply and demand.
A. from B. with C. to D. for
12. The English play ________my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A．for which B．at which C．in which D．on which
13. This is the factory ________we visited the other day.
A．where B．in which C．there D．/
14. I’ll never forget the days ________I stayed in your beautiful country.
A．when B．where C．on which D．that
單句改錯：
1. In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. [2017新課標]
2. Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time. [2017新課標]
3. The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite. [2016四川卷]
4. The children, all of them had played the whole day long, were worn out.
5. The way in that he learns English is interesting.
6. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is a dictionary which he often uses it.
7. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those who lives were affected.
8. Which you can see, great changes have taken place in China.
Key: 1.which 2.who 3.who 4.where 5.which 6.which 7.when
8.whose 9.where 10.which或that 11.that或which 12.whose
13.makes 14. Whose 15.that或which或省略 16.that或which
17.where; that\ which. 18.that\ which 22.were
選擇：1-5 ABBBC 6-10 BBBBB
11-14 CCDA
改錯：1.that改為which 2. they改為that 或which 3.what改為which或that
4.them改為whom 5. that改為which 或去掉in 6. 去掉it 7.who改為whose
8.which改為as
1. The scientist who \ whom\ that we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
2. The dress which she is wearing is new.
3. He is the kind person who I have ever worked with.
4. This is the best film that I have ever seen.
5.
英語寫作(11)
Oliver Huang
Dr. Flanagan, Ryan P
Principles of English Gun Control : Need Should
24 October 2017
Marketing Catalog
Xiangxi Liu claims in his essay “Gun Control NO!” published on Zhihu website in 2016 that there is no need for government in America to achieve gun control thoroughly. He emphasizes that Americans need guns as protection in case because of inadequate police distributing over America. “If the nearest police station is 45-minutes-ride away your home, what can you do without guns when some bad guy is trying to break into your house” He said, “Call 911 Or just call for an ambulance.” He offers a story of his friend who was attacked at home without guns and his own experience as a gun-taking agent for federation as an illustration. It’s understandable to believe Xiangxi argued as above basing on his desire to make response to questioners in the website. Besides, considering his job as gun-taking agent for government, it can be assumed that he wanted to express his own ideas about gun control which he thinks are clear enough to help insight this issue.
In “The NRA thinks you"re stupid” (2017) published on CNN, Michael A. Nutter argues that National Rifle Association(NRA) has no sincerity to take action on gun control. He points out that the leaders in NRA chose political distraction instead of real gun safety reform because of the great benefits from guns. According to Michael, the attitude of NRA is not satisfactory because “It is an amazing display of disingenuous and cynical political sleight of hand that, the NRA grudgingly agrees that some regulation of these devices is OK.” To support his argument, the author quotes what NRA said to its supporters “it is OK to support ‘some regulation’ of bump stocks”, and also offers questions both straight and emotional to challenge NRA’s motivation and sincerity. As far as Michael’s profession is concerned, a reporter for CNN, it can be assumed that his argument is not only about his thoughts but to gain greater amount of readers as well.
In a 2015 article published in Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy, Wolfgang Stroebe insists that gun prevalence is positively related to homicide rates. The argument outlines that there is no evidence for a protective effect of gun ownership and contrarily for the unsafe aspect. As what Stroebe suggests in his article, although guns are not a primary determinant for homicide, their efficacy as murder instruments just makes it easier. The author shows a horrible mass-shooting event first following graph made of data about US household gun ownership rate and homicide rate, which are functioned as an illustration. Then a few other firearm-related deaths related gun-ownership are provided to further explain the similar influence gun prevalence has. Considering Stroebe’s identity as the emeritus professor of social psychology at Utrecht University and a senior researcher, who has gain reputations, it’s reliant to believe he writes this article to make contributions to the field Social Psychology which he devoted decades to studying.
In assay “Unpacking Heat: Dueling Identities and Complex Views on Gun Control among Rural Police” published in Rural Sociology, Rachael A. Woldoff, Robert C. Litchfield and Angela Sycafoose Matthews argue that officers’ view about gun control varies as their multiple identities change in the life, such as police trying to control dangerous situations with guns they encounter and citizens who desire guns as self-protection. “Officers symbolically rejected the concept of gun control and instead supported individuals’ gun rights while most of them distanced themselves from gun-related aspects of rural identity”, the authors say. However, authors also point out that when it comes to on-the-job experiences, most of them shows concern about bad influence gun-ownership has on everyday life and also desire to control it. This article is mostly basing on an opinion research about rural police’s attitude to gun control, which covered 200 towns in rural areas. Also, the testimonies of incumbent police make the argument convincing. Like what the authors write in the article, they want to make supplementary contributions about what views rural officers possess on gun control, which is understandable to believe on account of their professions including scholars and officer from FBI. And there is possibility that they want to gain reputations for higher positions in career.
Recommendation
For the first article: 1) Unlike most people in China, Liu contradicts gun control in America, which is likely to appeal to people who have similar opinions. They will certainly know more about gun control and may reaffirm their view. And the supporters of gun control may also read this to find mistakes it has. 2) However, basing on lots of experiences of him and his friends, I can feel a tone of subjectivity, though he offers some results of researches supporting the argument. Overall, it’s trustworthy to read this essay considering the profession of the author.
For the second article: 1) As we all know, NRA has a complicated reputation and influence around the America. Almost everyone interested in guns’ issue takes care of its movements. Therefore, an essay criticizing NRA will certainly attracts audiences mainly as above and people caring about politics. What they will gain includes backgrounds of gun control and the more specific relationship between NRA and guns. 2)There are many direct questions the author asks to NRA, which are consistent in logical and thus powerful. What worried me most is the lack of the data and results from rigorous researches and analysis.
For the third article: 1) Even if gun control has been a hit for years, academic articles related this issue are still hard for people who are little educated. Nevertheless, the language there is not much scholarly so that I suppose the readers will not only be experts well educated in associated fields but also people really interested in this issue. It’s really a good chance for them to understand deeply about gun control from a deeper and more intellectual view. 2)What impressed me most is that the author has shown a strongly logical collaboration among the events as example, graphs made of data collected, and the analysis from researches. However, a slightly subjective attitude can be felt reading the article.
For the forth article: 1) The language in this article is a little sophisticated and contains academic terms. But the topic about rural officers’ opinions towards gun control is unique compared to the former essay related to this issue. Therefore, people with an upper level of education and who care about rural areas or care about gun control and officers’ opinions to it can be the ideal audience. 2)As far as I’m concerned, this article has a pretty abounded evidence about quotations and references which seems like burdens hampering the proof of their argument. Maybe there should be more mathematical models to support it and make the conclusions more credible.
3)As a native Chinese, who grew up in a country that has an extremely ban on guns, I really don’t have think too much about gun control and gun violence until I happened to know a series of mass-shooting in America, which shocked me a lot. At first, I feel quite unbelievable that there is a country where people can buy guns freely, then I wonder why. Maybe after researching the papers above I can figure out many questions in my mind about gun control. Perhaps I can understand why America doesn’t or can’t ban guns thoroughly though there is gun violence happening almost every year. (In fact, I have already known some reasons and answers after reading these articles mentioned above).
4)·Why can American people have gun privately Is there any background in history and society
·What is the number on average of the people dying from guns including both murder and commit suicide every year in America
·Is there any groups of interest that are associated with guns
·What do you think about gun control if you are a citizen/an officer
·Do you want to have guns if you live in America Explain why.
Works Cited
Liu,Xiangxi. “Why It’s Impossible to Ban Guns in America”, Zhihu Website, Sep 3, 2016, A. “The NRA thinks you"re stupid”, CNN, Oct 6, 2017, Wolfgang. “Firearm Availability and Violent Death: The Need for a Culture Change in Attitudes toward Guns”, Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy, , , Dec. 2016, , Rachael A. Litchfield, Robert C. Sycafoose, Angela. “Unpacking Heat: Dueling Identities and Complex Views on Gun Control among Rural Police”, Rural Sociology, , , Sep. 2017, ,
英語寫作(12)
專業英語寫作考點總結
Part ? Academic English Writing （專業英語寫作）
Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing
1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation.
（學術寫作六要素：寫作對象，目的，組織結構，文體特征，表達連貫和宣講
或宣讀）。
2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 問題-解決方法包括四個部分
(1) description of a situation （描述情況）
(2) Identification of a problem （甄別問題）
(3) Description of a solution （描述解決方法）
(4) Evaluation of the solution （評估解決方法）
3、Formal Grammar Style：（正規的語法風格）
(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般來講避免使用略縮詞）
例：won’t改為will not
(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更為適宜的正規的否定
形式）
例：not...any改為no not...much改為little not...many改為few
(3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用
多個詞連用的表達法）
例：句子內不能出現and so forth和etc.出現時應將省略的部分擴展出來。
(4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a
textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向讀者說“你”）
例：You can see the results in Table 1.
改為：The results can be seen in Table 1.
(5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in
others they are not.（使用直接引語時需謹慎）
例：What can be done to lower costs?
改為： It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.
或者 We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.
(6) Place adverb within the verb. （將副詞放于動詞詞組內）
例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.
改為：This model was originally developed by Krugman.
(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考慮是否該使用割裂不定式）
例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.
(8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是為了有效地使用詞匯）
例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the
process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.
改為：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great
promise.
習題：
（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.
錯誤：使用了you。
改為：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.
（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of
possibilities.
錯誤：使用了口語OK；直接引語的使用；使用了縮略詞There’re。
改為：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.
（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing
underground subway stations clearly.
錯誤：使用了you；將副詞clearly放在了句尾。
改為：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground
subway station can clearly be seen.
（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection
during a fall to the ground.
錯誤：將副詞commonly放在了動詞之后。
改為：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection
during a fall to the ground.
（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of
smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.
錯誤：使用了So far；使用了there be 結構；使用了not...any結構；使用了非正式的looking into。
改為：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.
（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by
builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.
錯誤：使用了there be 結構；副詞widely 位置放錯。
改為：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used
than it is now as a construction material.
（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.
錯誤：使用了etc。
改為：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois,
Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.
（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate
in the production of concrete.
錯誤：使用了there be 結構；使用了not...very much。
改為：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.
Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing
（專業寫作的兩個基本結構）
1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（專業寫作的兩個基本結構）
(1) general-specific structure （泛論-特指(GS)結構）
(2) problem-process-solution structure （問題-過程-解決方法）
2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:
（GS文本通常以下列一種形式開始）
(1) A short or extended definition （簡短或拓展定義）
(2) A contrastive or comparative definition （對比或比較定義）
(3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目標性陳述）
(4) A statement of fact. （事實陳述）
3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system.
（超級坐標詞）
4、Deletions（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關系代詞
A. 定語從句僅有關系代詞、be動詞、一個或多個介詞短語
B. 定語從句由被動態動詞加上一些額外的信息
C. 定語從句含有關系代詞、以-ble結尾的形容詞和額外的信息
例題：p23
(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used
(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of
(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from
(5). This sentence cannot be reduced.
(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave
higher
(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a process
involving the selective transport
(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a
celestial body with approximately the same mass
5、考題類型：句子排序 例題：P27
6、Comparative Definitions（對比性定義）
（1）比較定義基本上有兩類：
1) 呈現一個概念是如何隨著時間的流逝而變化 的這樣一種史實陳述。
2) 呈現對當代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概 念所做的一個全面性的評述。
7、Participle（分詞）
例題：P39
（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.
（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.
（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any
imperfections. It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.
8、詞和詞型的變換 P23-P25
Chapter 3 Data Commentary（數據信息解讀）
1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other
kind of non-verbal illustration.（在許多學科中，數據信息都是以圖表、圖形、
數據統計圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來。）
2、Structure of Data Commentary（數據信息解讀的基本結構）
A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或總結陳述）
B、Highlighting statements.（強調陳述內容）
C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（對
內涵含義,問題,例外情況,推薦等的討論）
3、Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和總結）
A、Starting a Data Commentary.（開始數據解讀）
B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在開始數據解讀中的被動式）
C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陳述性和信息性總結
中的動詞）
D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（語言聚焦：連接詞As引出的從句）
Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（總結與摘要寫作）
1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任務總結具備四個主
要需求）
(1) It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present
a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（ 它應聚焦于來源文
本的相關方面并能呈現對全部原始要點的綜合性觀點）
(2) It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它應以
精確、客觀的形式呈現來源材料）
(3) It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s
own words and avoid terminology.（ 它應凝縮來源材料并以總結寫作者自己的
文字呈現出來,而且要避免用專業術語）
(4) Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提
供完全獨立的參閱性總結，并能控制其文章長度）
2、寫作總結的基本步驟
(1)快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標題。若無小標題，試將文本分成幾部分。
(2)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個文本。確定你在處理哪種類型的文本,即:來
源文本類型
(3)讀文本，標示重要的信息或者作筆記
(4)用你自己的詞匯寫下每一部分的要點。每一部分盡量寫出一個一句話
的總結。
(5)對每一個主要題目，寫下關鍵的佐證點，但必要時也要包括小的細節。
(6)再次仔細檢查這個過程，做些適當的變動。
3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要寫作的基本結構）
（1）Topic sentence（主題句）
（2）Supporting Sentences（佐證句）
（3）Concluding Sentence（結論句）
4、P70-P72的例句，寫作時會用得上。
5、Summary and Abstract 兩個詞要會寫，以及知道兩者的區別，其中summary
要分三段來寫，abstract不分段。
Part II Basal English Writing （基礎英語寫作）
Chapter 1 Punctuation（標點符號）
1、The comma（逗號）
2、The period（句號）
3、The semicolon（分號）
4、The colon（冒號）
5、The question mark（問號）
6、The quotation mark（引號）
7、The exclamation mark（感嘆號）
8、The dash（破折號）
9、Italics and underlining（斜體字和下劃線）
10、練習題：P96-97
11、本節所有的例句都要仔細看 ※
Chapter 2 Vocabulary（詞匯）
1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具體）, and
general（籠統） and specific（特指）. It also includes how to appreciate the
connotative（引申含義） as well as denotative（字面含義，本義） meanings of
words.
2、English words can be categorized as（分為） formal, informal and colloquial（口
語的）.
3、練習題：1/P102
4、練習題：P109-P113
Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英語句子寫作）
1、Types of sentences（句子的類型） P114
（1）According to structure （根據結構）
1 simple sentences（簡單句）
2 compound sentences（并列句：a、逗號加并列連詞 b、分號，沒有并列
連詞 c、分號，連接副詞及其后加逗號）
3 complex sentences（復合句：一個主句，一個或多個從句）
4 compound-complex sentences（并列復合句）
（2）According to use（根據功能）
1 declarative sentences （陳述句）
2 interrogative sentences （疑問句）
3 imperative sentences （祈使句）
4 exclamatory sentences （感嘆句）
（3）According to rhetoric （根據修辭）
1 loose sentences （松散句，主體部分放在前面）
2 periodic sentences （掉尾句，主體部分放在最后） ※
3 balanced sentences （平行句）
4 long and short sentences （長、短句）
2、練習題 （P121）
（1）He thought the painting was of little value. He let me have it for only ten
pounds. (Compound)
改為：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only
ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let
me have it for only ten pounds.）
（2）I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic)
改為：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.
（3）They were on holiday. Their house was broken into. Some valuable paintings
were stolen.(Compound-complex)
改為：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some
valuable paintings were stolen.
（4）The firemen fought for three hours. They finally managed to put out the
fire.(Complex)
改為：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out
the fire.
（5）Nobody in this world is quite perfect. We all have some faults.(Compound)
改為：Nobody in this world is quite perfect; we all have some faults.（或者
Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.）
（6）The train is going to Dalian. The train leaves at 20:15. (Simple)
改為：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.
（7）In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the
class was over. (Loose)
改為：He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spite
of the interruption.
（8）Many people choose travel by air. It is fast. It offers convenience. It is not very
expensive. (Parallel Structure)
改為：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not
very expensive.
3、練習題 P121
（1）履歷通常包括個人信息、教育背景、工作經歷和過去的成就。
譯：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational
background, employment history and past achievements.
（2）戴安娜在南京醫科大學主修中醫學。
譯：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical
University.
（3）請代我向你父母致以問候。
譯：Please send my best regards to your parents.
（4）現代高等教育應該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會需求。
譯：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the
immediate needs of the society.
（5）這種細菌是引起現在流行病的原因嗎？
譯：Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?
（6）經常回顧昨天，你就會珍惜今天，向往明天。
譯：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value
your today and look forward to your tomorrow.
（7）中國傳統知識分子認為：窮則獨善其身，達則兼濟天下。
譯：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal
virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.
（8）就算我追求愛情，我也肯定不會只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學業。
譯：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love
all the time, neglecting my studies.
（9）學校倡導大學生改變就業觀念，并鼓勵他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西
部大開發中去。
譯：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the
graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western
Exploration.
4、Sentence Expansion （句子拓展） （各個位置的例句都要看）※
句子拓展的三種方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），
subordination（從屬法）。 重點題型，要會判斷句子正誤
（1）增添法：常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、
代詞等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修
飾詞通常在句中作定語或狀語。
1 添加形容詞 （addiong adjectives）
單個形容詞做定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由any ,every, no
somebody, one 或thing構成的不定代詞時，放在其后。
2 添加副詞（adding adverbs）
如果句子里同時帶有幾個副詞做修飾語時，其位置應按一下順序排列：
程度副詞-----方式副詞------地點副詞--------時間副詞。
3 添加短語（Adding phrases）
短語有8種：名詞短語、動詞短語、介詞短語、非限定性短語（分詞短
語、動名詞短語、不定式短語）、同位短語、限定性短語。
（noun, verb, prepositional;
three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive),
appositive and absolute）
（2）并列法：包含三種方法
1 Coordinating pronouns （并列連詞）
2 Conjunctive adverbs （使用連接副詞）
3 Semicolon （運用分號連接）
（3）從屬法：
從句主要包括名詞性從句（noun clause），狀語從句（adverbial clause）和定語從句（attributive clause）。
名詞性從句又分為主語從句（subject clause）、表語從句（predicative clause）、賓語從句（object clause）和同位語從句（appositive clause）。
1 常見的狀語從句有時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、比較、讓步等。
5、幾種短語拓展法：
（1）介詞短語進行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）
介詞短語在句中可做表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。作定語時置于所修
飾詞之后，做狀語時位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，
有時用逗號將其與句子的主體部分隔開。
（2）不定式短語進行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）
不定式短語做名詞時，可做主語、表語、賓語；做形容詞時，在句中作定語；
做副詞時，可以表示目的、原因、結果、狀語等。
（3）動名詞短語進行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）
動名詞為動詞-ing形式，名詞性可做主語、表語、賓語、定語和補足語。動
詞性可以帶賓語和狀語。
（4）分詞短語進行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）
分詞短語有現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語兩種形式。
6、effective sentences（有效句）
（1） Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities :
unity（一致性）,
coherence（連貫性）,
conciseness（簡潔性）,
emphasis（強調性）,
variety（多樣性）.
（2）此節中的每個例子都要認真看。※
7、練習題： P142
（1）This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but
its content is poor.
改為：This composition is good in language but poor in content. （The language of
this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.）
（2）The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker.
改為：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young
worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）//平行意思多種表達形式不連貫
（3）Dufu was one of the best-known poets.
改為：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.
（4）A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.
改為：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is
judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）//同類意思同種表達方式
（5）We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.
改為：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.
（6）To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.
改為：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.
// 連貫性 主語不一致 懸垂修飾語導致 dangling modifiers
（7）Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet
of paper.
改為：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this
sheet of paper. //避免造成人和數目的不一致或改變
（8）When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything.
改為：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.//同上
（9）For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it.
改為：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.
（10）When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because
I studied very hard.
改為：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because
I had studied very hard.
（11）If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her.
改為：If I were rich and she were single, I would marry her.
（12）They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return.
此句正確。
8、練習題 P142
（1）Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October.
改為：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.//wordy
（2）In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.
改為：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.
（3）The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.
改為：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.
（4）There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the
expedition.
改為：A number of students are planning to join the expedition.
（5）What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.
改為：In my opinion he is a very honest man.
（6）I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I
want to be an interpreter.
改為：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.
（7）These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.
改為： These watermelons are large and sweet.
（8）At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a
course in Geography too.
改為：At present I am taking World History and Geography.
（9）We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.
改為：We planned to meet before sunrise.
（10）His attitude was of a puzzling nature.
改為：His attitude was puzzling.
9、練習題： P143
（1）He was selfless, hardworking and modest; that’s why he became a great
Scientist.
改為：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and
Hardworking.
（2）As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dressed.
改為：John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.
（3）Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.
改為：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.
（4）China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 14 years.
改為：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 1`4 years,
China has changed a great deal.
（5）Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.
改為：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.
（6）Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer
interesting to him after he went bankrupt.
改為： After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life
itself were no longer interesting to him.
10、常見的語法錯誤： P143 書中每個正確的句子都要看 ※
（1）Misused parts of speech（用錯詞性）；
（2）Sentence fragments（殘缺句）；
（3）Run-on sentences（流水句）；
（4）Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（誤置修飾與懸虛結構）；
（5）Problem in agreement and reference（一致與指代問題）。
11、練習題 P146 修改殘缺句
（1）After returning from the beach. The children were exhausted.
改為：After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.
（2）John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.
改為：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.
（3）Karen dropped calculus. Which she had dropped severall times before.
改為：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.
（4）Working together to save our environment. We can leave the world a better
place than wo found it.
改為：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a
better place than wo found it.
（5）Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. Proving that she is an honest person.
改為：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an
honest person.
（6）Some errors in writing are serious. For example, sentence fragments, and
Run-on sentences.
改為：Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and
Run-on sentences.
12、練習題 P147 修改流水句
（1）Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts
or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.
改為：Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette
buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.
（2）Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received
a full scholarship.
改為：Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has
just received a full scholarship.
（3）We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.
改為：We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went
home.
（4）At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take
my usual nap.
改為：At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door; I could not
take my usual nap.
13、練習題 P147 改正句子
（1）The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.
改為：The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache.
（2）He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.
改為：He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.
（3）Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.
改為：Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.
（4）Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was
saved by a passer-by.
改為：Unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowning
in the icy river.
（5）The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.
改為：The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his
owner.
（6）I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.
改為：I was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.
（7）She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier
hearts completely to her.
改為：She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open
his heart completely to her.
（8）One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet access.
改為：One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet
access.
（9）The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are
enthusiastic about my proposal.
改為：The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is
enthusiastic about my proposal.
（10）The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.
改為：The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.
Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing（英語段落寫作）
1、Paragraph Structure （段落結構）
（1）主題句（the topic sentence）具有三個重要功能： P149
1 通過明確陳述討論中的一個要點進一步證明全文中心思想。
2 顯示段落內容。
3 控制該段落內容。某一段中全部討論——舉例、細節列舉以及解釋都必
須與主題句直接相關并能進一步證明主題句。
（2）練習題： 1 / P151
2、Composing Effective Paragraphs（寫作精彩段落）
精彩的正文段落應該圍繞一個主題句展開：段落應該展開充分、前后統一而且銜接自然。具體地講，一個很有說服力的正文段落必須滿足四個要求。首先，該段落必須只討論一個主體，即段中陳述和說明只能表現一個主題或內容的統一，主題思想通常用一個主題句表達；第二，它必須詳細完整地寫出有關一個論題讀者需要了解的所有內容，即該段落語義必須完整；第三，段中句子排列必須表現出一定條理；第四，段中句子必須表現出連貫性：前后銜接自然，使讀者能夠輕易了解作者寫作思路，而不是感到文中所闡述的觀點相去甚遠互不相關。
3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（寫作連貫的段落有下列五種重要方法：） P160
（1）A natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息）
（2）Parallelism. （使用排比結構）
（3）Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重復重述關鍵
詞和詞組以及詞的同義及詞型轉換）
（4）Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代詞替換主要名詞）
（5）Transition words and phrases.（使用過渡詞和詞組）
4、合理排序 P161 （P161-P167例子全看）
（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order （從一般到具體——演繹法）
（2）Specific-to-general order---inductive order （從具體到一般——歸納法）
（3）Emphatic order---order of importance （按照重要性排序）
（4）Spatial order---order of space （空間順序）
（5）Chronological order---order of time （時間順序）
考點：五種排序法的英文要會；要會進行排序
5、練習題：1/P180 3/P182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5）
Chapter 5 English Essay Writing（文章寫作）
1、Structure of english essays （文章結構）
一篇文章是具有完美連貫性、聯系緊密的有機整體。文章中的所有內容都是為中心思想服務的。主題句出現在引言或開頭段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主體段（body paragraph）；最后是結尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主題和中心，首尾呼應，總結全文。
2、列提綱（outline） ※ 考點 P199
（1）There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.
提綱分為兩種形式：主題式提綱和句子式提綱。
（2）主題式提綱簡潔明了，通常由名詞及其修飾語組成，或由動名詞短語、動
詞不定式短語組成；句子式提綱提供的是對文章較為詳細的提要。
（3）下面以文章標題“騎自行車的樂趣”為例，列舉兩種不同的提綱：
1 Topic outline:
Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure
Introduction: The commonness of tiding a bicycle
I. Relatively inexpensive
A. To buy
B. To operate
II. Healthy
A. A lot of exercise
B. No pollution
III. Personally satisfying
A. To enjoy the scenery
B. To become part of nature
IV. Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful
2 Sentence outline:
Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure
Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle.
I. Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive
A. It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.
B. It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.
II. Riding a bicycle is healthy.
A. Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise
B. Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.
III. Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.
A. Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.
B. Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.
IV. Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.
3、There are four types of English essays:
narration（記敘文），description（描寫文），
expositon（說明文）and argumentation（議論文）。
當我被上帝造出來時，上帝問我想在人間當一個怎樣的人，我不假思索的說，我要做一個偉大的世人皆知的人。于是，我降臨在了人間。
我出生在一個官僚知識分子之家，父親在朝中做官，精讀詩書，母親知書答禮，溫柔體貼，父母給我去了一個好聽的名字：李清照。
小時侯，受父母影響的我飽讀詩書，聰明伶俐，在朝中享有“神童”的稱號。小時候的我天真活潑，才思敏捷，小河畔，花叢邊撒滿了我的詩我的笑，無可置疑，小時侯的我快樂無慮。
“興盡晚回舟，誤入藕花深處。爭渡，爭渡，驚起一灘鷗鷺。”青春的我如同一只小鳥，自由自在，沒有約束，少女純凈的心靈常在朝陽小，流水也被自然洗禮，纖細的手指拈一束花，輕拋入水，隨波蕩漾，發髻上沾著晶瑩的露水，雙腳任水流輕撫。身影輕飄而過，留下一陣清風。
可是晚年的我卻生活在一片黑暗之中，家庭的衰敗，社會的改變，消磨著我那柔弱的心。我幾乎對生活絕望，每天在痛苦中消磨時光，一切都好象是灰暗的。“尋尋覓覓冷冷清清凄凄慘慘戚戚”這千古疊詞句就是我當時心情的寫照。
最后，香消玉殞，我在痛苦和哀怨中凄涼的死去。
在天堂里，我又見到了上帝。上帝問我過的怎么樣，我搖搖頭又點點頭，我的一生有歡樂也有坎坷，有笑聲也有淚水，有鼎盛也有衰落。我始終無法客觀的評價我的一生。我原以為做一個著名的人，一生應該是被歡樂榮譽所包圍，可我發現我錯了。于是在下一輪回中，我選擇做一個平凡的人。
我來到人間，我是一個平凡的人，我既不著名也不出眾，但我擁有一切的幸福：我有溫馨的家，我有可親可愛的同學和老師，我每天平凡而快樂的活著，這就夠了。
天兒藍藍風兒輕輕，暖和的春風帶著春的氣息吹進明亮的教室，我坐在教室的窗前，望著我擁有的一切，我甜甜的笑了。我拿起手中的筆，不禁想起曾經作詩的李清照，我雖然沒有橫溢的才華，但我還是拿起手中的筆，用最樸實的語言，寫下了一時的感受：
人生并不總是完美的，每個人都會有不如意的地方。這就需要我們靜下心來閱讀自己的人生，體會其中無盡的快樂和與眾不同。
“富不讀書富不久，窮不讀書終究窮。”為什么從古到今都那么看重有學識之人？那是因為有學識之人可以為社會做出更大的貢獻。那時因為讀書能給人帶來快樂。
自從看了《丑小鴨》這篇童話之后，我變了，變得開朗起來，變得樂意同別人交往，變得自信了……因為我知道：即使現在我是只“丑小鴨”，但只要有自信，總有一天我會變成“白天鵝”的，而且會是一只世界上最美麗的“白天鵝”……
我讀完了這篇美麗的童話故事，深深被丑小鴨的自信和樂觀所折服，并把故事講給了外婆聽，外婆也對童話帶給我們的深刻道理而驚訝不已。還吵著鬧著多看幾本名著。于是我給外婆又買了幾本名著故事，她起先自己讀，讀到不認識的字我就告訴她，如果這一面生字較多，我就讀給她聽整個一面。漸漸的，自己的語文閱讀能力也提高了不少，與此同時我也發現一個人讀書的樂趣遠不及兩個人讀的樂趣大，而兩個人讀書的樂趣遠不及全家一起讀的樂趣大。于是，我便發展“業務”帶動全家一起讀書……現在，每每遇到好書大家也不分男女老少都一擁而上，爭先恐后“搶書”，當我說起我最小應該讓我的時候，卻沒有人搭理我。最后還把書給撕壞了，我生氣地哭了，媽媽一邊安慰我一邊對外婆說：“孩子小，應該讓著點。”外婆卻不服氣的說：“我這一把年紀的了，怎么沒人讓我呀？”大家人你一言我一語，誰也不肯相讓……讀書讓我明白了善惡美丑、悲歡離合，讀一本好書，猶如同智者談心、談理想，教你辨別善惡，教你弘揚正義。讀一本好書，如品一杯香茶，余香繚繞。讀一本好書，能使人心靈得到凈化。書是我的老師，把知識傳遞給了我；書是我的伙伴，跟我訴說心里話；書是一把鑰匙，給我敞開了知識的大門；書更是一艘不會沉的船，引領我航行在人生的長河中。其實讀書的真真樂趣也就在于此處，不是一個人悶頭苦讀書；也不是讀到好處不與他人分享，獨自品位；更不是一個人如癡如醉地沉浸在書的海洋中不能自拔。而是懂得與朋友，家人一起分享其中的樂趣。這才是讀書真正之樂趣呢！這所有的一切，不正是我從書中受到的教益嗎？
我閱讀，故我美麗；我思考，故我存在。我從內心深處真切地感到：我從讀書中受到了教益。當看見有些同學寧可買玩具亦不肯買書時，我便想到培根所說的話：“世界上最庸俗的人是不讀書的人，最吝嗇的人是不買書的人，最可憐的人是與書無緣的人。”許許多多的作家、偉人都十分喜歡看書，例如毛澤東主席，他半邊床上都是書，一讀起書來便進入忘我的境界。
書是我生活中的好朋友，是我人生道路上的航標，讀書，讀好書，是我無怨無悔的追求。
下午13：00—17：00
B．實行不定時工作制的員工，在保證完成甲方工作任務情況下，經公司同意,可自行安排工作和休息時間。
3．1．2打卡制度
3.1.2.1公司實行上、下班指紋錄入打卡制度。全體員工都必須自覺遵守工作時間，實行不定時工作制的員工不必打卡。
3.1.2.2打卡次數：一日兩次，即早上上班打卡一次，下午下班打卡一次。
3.1.2.3打卡時間：打卡時間為上班到崗時間和下班離崗時間；
3.1.2.4因公外出不能打卡：因公外出不能打卡應填寫《外勤登記表》,注明外出日期、事由、外勤起止時間。因公外出需事先申請，如因特殊情況不能事先申請，應在事畢到崗當日完成申請、審批手續，否則按曠工處理。因停電、卡鐘（工卡）故障未打卡的員工，上班前、下班后要及時到部門考勤員處填寫《未打卡補簽申請表》，由直接主管簽字證明當日的出勤狀況，報部門經理、人力資源部批準后，月底由部門考勤員據此上報考勤。上述情況考勤由各部門或分公司和項目文員協助人力資源部進行管理。
3.1.2.5手工考勤制度
3.1.2.6手工考勤制申請：由于工作性質，員工無法正常打卡（如外圍人員、出差），可由各部門提出人員名單，經主管副總批準后，報人力資源部審批備案。
3.1.2.7參與手工考勤的員工，需由其主管部門的部門考勤員(文員)或部門指定人員進行考勤管理，并于每月26日前向人力資源部遞交考勤報表。
3.1.2.8參與手工考勤的員工如有請假情況發生，應遵守相關請、休假制度，如實填報相關表單。
3.1.2.9 外派員工在外派工作期間的考勤,需在外派公司打卡記錄;如遇中途出差,持出差證明,出差期間的考勤在出差地所在公司打卡記錄;
3.2加班管理
3.2.1定義
加班是指員工在節假日或公司規定的休息日仍照常工作的情況。
A．現場管理人員和勞務人員的加班應嚴格控制，各部門應按月工時標準，合理安排工作班次。部門經理要嚴格審批員工排班表，保證員工有效工時達到要求。凡是達到月工時標準的，應扣減員工本人的存休或工資；對超出月工時標準的，應說明理由，報主管副總和人力資源部審批。
B．因員工月薪工資中的補貼已包括延時工作補貼，所以延時工作在4小時（不含）以下的，不再另計加班工資。因工作需要，一般員工延時工作4小時至8小時可申報加班半天，超過8小時可申報加班1天。對主管(含)以上管理人員，一般情況下延時工作不計加班，因特殊情況經總經理以上領導批準的延時工作，可按以上標準計加班。
3.2.2.2員工加班應提前申請，事先填寫《加班申請表》，因無法確定加班工時的，應在本次加班完成后3個工作日內補填《加班申請表》。《加班申請表》經部門經理同意，主管副總經理審核報總經理批準后有效。《加班申請表》必須事前當月內上報有效，如遇特殊情況，也必須在一周內上報至總經理批準。如未履行上述程序，視為乙方自愿加班。
3.2.2.3員工加班，也應按規定打卡，沒有打卡記錄的加班，公司不予承認；有打卡記錄但無公司總經理批準的加班，公司不予承認加班。
3.2.2.4原則上，參加公司組織的各種培訓、集體活動不計加班。
3.2.2.5加班工資的補償：員工在排班休息日的加班，可以以倒休形式安排補休。原則上，員工加班以倒休形式補休的，公司將根據工作需要統一安排在春節前后補休。加班可按1：1的比例沖抵病、事假。
3.2.3加班的申請、審批、確認流程
3.2.3.1《加班申請表》在各部門文員處領取，加班統計周期為上月26日至本月25日。
3.2.3.2員工加班也要按規定打卡，沒有打卡記錄的加班，公司不予承認。各部門的考勤員(文員)負責《加班申請表》的保管及加班申報。員工加班應提前申請，事先填寫《加班申請表》加班前到部門考勤員(文員)處領取《加班申請表》，《加班申請表》經項目管理中心或部門經理同意，主管副總審核，總經理簽字批準后有效。填寫并履行完審批手續后交由部門考勤員(文員)保管。
3.2.3.3部門考勤員（文員）負責檢查、復核確認考勤記錄的真實有效性并在每月27日匯總交人力資源部，逾期未交的加班記錄公司不予承認。
日常行走，常觀廢品回收浪跡于市，時暇與之交易若干，聽聞他們辛苦多多，掙錢菲薄，有感于此，特予賦詩于此。
一一題記
騎著三輪的腳仿如轱轆
在大街小巷村鎮游走
高亢嗓音吶喊悅耳
廢品回收擦亮每一村落
/
不啻每一春夏秋冬
匆促步履浪跡江湖
只要有廢品回收約我
第一時間到達場所
/
無論紙箱廢鐵電腦??
不用廢品都能回收
多多少少沒有關系
變廢為寶亮堂新簇
/
英語寫作(13)
英語寫作(14)
高考英語寫作技巧——陳黎
增加語法結構
一、句子開頭的技巧
??? 改變句子的開頭方式，不要一味地都是主語開頭，可以把狀語等置于句首。如以下各個原句顯得平淡乏味，而改動句子開頭后的句子則生動有趣，充滿活力，自然就能提高作文檔次。
??? （1） 以作狀語的介詞短語開頭。如：
??? 「原」We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.
??? 「改」Early in the morning， we met at the school gate and went there together.
??? （2） 以作狀語的不定式短語開頭。如：
??? 「原」If you want to pass the exam， you should work very hard.
??? 「改」In order to pass the exam， you should work very hard.
??? （3） 以作狀語的副詞開頭。如：
??? 「原」Students often stray into the habit of cheating on tests.
??? 「改」Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests.
??? （4） 以賓語開頭。如：
??? 「原」We are supposed to pay much attention to the importance of listening practice.
??? 「改」The importance of listening practice are supposed to be paid much attention to.
??? 二、巧用非謂語動詞
??? （1） 使用現在分詞。如：
??? 「原」We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.
??? 「改」After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing， telling jokes and playing chess.
??? （2） 使用過去分詞。如：
??? 「原」He was satisfied with the result. He decided to go on with a new experiment
??? 「改」 Satisfied with the result， he decided to go on with a new experiment.
??? 三、靈活使用不同句式
??? 靈活運用省略句、倒裝句、強調句、感嘆句、with的復合結構等多種句式。
??? （1） 省略句。如：
??? If so， victory will be ours.
??? （2） 倒裝句。如：
??? 「原」He didn"t finish his homework until the teacher came.
「改」Not until the teacher came did he finish his work.
??? （3） 強調句。如：
??? 「原」Ah Fu had saved my little sister bravely.
??? 「改」It was brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister.
??? （4） 分詞短語。如：
??? 「原」Many teenagers sit at their computers all day long and watch their favorite TV shows.
??? 「改」Many teenagers sit at their computers all day long， watching their favorite TV shows.
??? （5） 由with或without引導的短語。如：
He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.
??? （6） 對比。如：
??? When I play， I feel excited， and after it I feel relaxed.
??? （7） there be結構。如：
??? 「原」People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food.
??? 「改」There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.
??? 四、巧用各類從句
??? 使用定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句等各類從句
??? （1）名詞性從句。如：
??? 「原」We had to stand there to catch the offender.
??? 「改」What we had to do was （to） stand there， trying to catch the offender.
??? （2）定語從句。如：
??? 「原」My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about The USA.
??? 「改」My aunt bought me a book， whose title is All about The USA.
此外，還需要注意長短句交替使用，體現表達節奏美。
巧用連接成分
我們在寫作中，在把握文章的要點后，就要理清表達各要點的句子之間的邏輯聯系，使用恰當的連接成分，使不同的句子間建立有機的聯系，使文章使全文結構緊湊，通順自然。下面我們將常用的連接成分歸納為16類。
??? 1. 表起始的連接成分有：first of all， to begin with， in my opinion， according to， so /as far as ， as you know等。例如：
??? In my opinion， Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically. （江蘇卷）
??? As far as I know， everyone is happy about this new arrangement of thing. （全國卷）
2. 表遞進的連接成分有：besides，
what’s more， moreover， furthermore， what’s worse = to make things worse = worse still，， in addition， still， even，等。例如：
??? A botanical garden will be built for us to visit and practice in. Besides， we are to build a small garden in which we can do some reading and take a rest. What‘s more， some statues of famous people will be set up to encourage us to work harder. （福建卷）
??? 3. 表并列的連接成分有：also， as well （as）， or， either…or， neither…nor， not only…but also， and， and then， both…and等。例如：
??? This will do a lot of harm not only to their Chinese learning but also to their future English learning.（2004湖北卷）
??? 4. 表轉折或對比的連接成分有：but， yet， however， while（而、卻）， otherwise， on the other hand， on the contrary， in spite of， after all， in fact， as a mater of fact等。例如：
??? I covered my ears with hands， but it was no use. （廣東卷）
??? Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school. In fact， it‘s only one stop. （全國卷）
??? Some of us taught some drivers and conductors English， while others cleaned buses. （北京卷）
??? On the other hand， 40% think that fees should be charged because you need more money to pay gardeners and other workers. （全國卷）
??? 5. 表因果的連接成分有：so， thus， therefore， for， since， now that， because （of）， thanks to， as a result （of）， due to， owing to， so…that， such…that等。例如：
??? Internet Bars are popular today， especially among young people， for the net opens large windows to the outside world. （上海）
??? The noise was so loud that I couldn"t go on studying.
6. 表條件的連接成分有：if， as/so long as， on condition that， provided that， suppose， unless， in case， in this case等。
??? If you would like to try， you"ll have to go to the TV station to sign up before the end of June. （全國卷）
??? 7. 表強調的連接成分有：above all， indeed， surely， certainly， of course， at least， obviously等。
??? Above all， I can learn more about nature.（湖南卷）
??? 8. 表解釋的連接成分有：that is to say， in other words， believe it or not， to tell you the truth等。
??? 9. 表比較的連接成分有：just as， just like， in the same way， more or less， similarly， instead等。
??? 10. 表空間的連接成分有：on the left/right， to the left/right of， on one side of…on the other side of…， at the foot/top/end of， in the middle / centre of等。例如：
??? On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side， where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. （全國卷）
??? 11. 表時間的連接成分有：at first， in the beginning， next， then， later， now， then， about two months later， after a while， soon， afterwards， since then， meanwhile， in the end， at last， finally， for the first time， as soon as， after that， the next moment， up to now， before long， as， no sooner…than， hardly…when， when， from then on， sooner or later等。例如：
??? After that I went to No.6 Middle School of Dalian and graduated this summer. （全國卷）
??? Soon two policemen came in a police car and arrested him. （遼寧卷）
??? 12. 表列舉的連接成分有：for one thing…and for another （thing）， first（ly）， second（ly）， third（ly）， finally
??? 13. 表舉例的連接成分有：for example/instance， take…for example， such as， that is， as follows， and so on等。例如：
??? However， there are still some problems， such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours. （江蘇卷）
??? 14. 表讓步的連接成分有：as， even if / even though， although， though， while（雖然）， no matter， whether…or…等。
??? Although the city is modern and convenient， there are still some problems， such as air pollution， crowdedness and noise.（湖南卷）
??? 15. 表總結的連接成分有：in short， in a word， in conclusion， in general， in brief， generally speaking， on the whole， to sum up， in all等。例如：
??? In short， the students have not arrived at any agreement yet. （湖北卷）
16. 其它起聯接作用的副詞：hopefully， naturally， strangely， specifically， basically， apparently， in this way等等。
使用高級詞匯
運用詞匯的數量和運用較高級詞匯是高考書面表達評分的一條重要依據。要做好這一點，我們可以從以下3點入手：
??? 1. 盡量使用詞組、習語來代替一些單詞以增加文采。如：用make use of替代use，用catch sight of替代see，用pay a visit to替代visit，用go on替代happen，用of importance替代important，用be supposed to替代should，用I come up with a good idea替代I have a good idea等。
??? 2. 使用一些很有“洋味”的單詞。如：
??? Thank you for sharing the time with us. （用share而不用spend）
??? The way he views the world is very practical. （用view而不用look at）
??? The noise nearly drove me mad. （用drive而不用make）
??? Tom had his leg broken last week. （用have…done而不用broke his leg）
??? Our school is located in the suburb of the city. （用is located而不用lies）
??? 3. 避免重復使用同一單詞或短語。如果前文用了interesting，后文就可用a lot of fun；若前文用了clever，后文就可用smart；若前文說了a good idea后文就可說a lovely idea，等等。再如：用I like reading while my brother enjoys watching TV就比用I like reading while my brother likes watching TV好。這樣就可以做到“別開生面”，給評判者以清新感，以避免文章陷入“千人一面”的窘境。
英語寫作(15)
英語寫作常用高級詞匯
常見得分詞匯替換表
(冒號前面得就是我們習慣想到得詞,考試中盡量少用！一定要用后面得詞去替換前面)
We, eveｒyonｅ： ａｎｙ reasonａblｅ／sensitｉｖe soul/mｉnd, ｔaｌｅnted ｍinds, eｌite minｄs， vｅrsatilｅ ｍｉｎdｓ, pｅrsonalitｙ， fiｇuｒes， ｃelebrｉｔy， idiots, phｉlｏsophiｃ ｍｉnds, gｅｎius Morｅ aｎd more： ｉncｒeaｓｉngly,
Big: ｅnｏrmous, ｔremｅｎdous, gigａｎtic, tiｔanｉc, astｒonomical, vast, bｏundless,
Very: ｅｘtｒｅｍely, ｏvｅｒｗhｅlmingly， undeniably, rｅmarｋably， vｏｌuminously， excessｉvｅly, ｅxｃeｅｄingｌy, ｔａngｉbly, imprｅsｓively, ｓhoｃkingｌy,
Faｍous: reｎowned, celeｂrateｄ, acplished, dｉstinguiｓｈｅd, pｒomiｎenｔ， ｅminent, ｏutstandiｎg, pｒeｅmineｎt,
Good: spｅcｔacｕlar， amａzing, unbelieｖaｂｌｅ, ｉｎcredible, mａｇnificent， adorａｂle, fａnｔａｓtiｃ， fａｓｃinating， admirable, respecｔablｅ, ｃheriｓｈable, ａdoraｂｌe, aｗeｓome, ｔeｒｒiｆic, ｍａjestic,
Bad: nｉghｔmａrish, dｉsgｕｓｔing， deｓｐｉcaｂｌe, monstrouｓ， aｐpａllinｇ， abhorrｉng, repelling, rｅｐｕlsive, Ｉmportａnｔ: ｓiｇnifｉcaｎt, essｅｎtial， basic, fｕndamenｔａｌ, indispeｎsablｅ， crucｉal， crｉticaｌ, ｄｅｃisive, dｅｔeｒminanｔ, ｄoｍinaｎｔ, predominanｔ, inｆaｌliｂｌｅ,
Ｓａy, Belｉeve,ｔhink： ｓuppｏse, ｈold, claim, maintain, presuｍe, ａsｓume, contｅｎd， ａrgｕe, ｄeclarｅ, I am conｖincｅd, coｎcluｄｅ，
Ｉmpｒove, bｅtｔer： furtheｒ， proｍotｅ, enhance, reinforｃe, stｒenｇthｅn, coｎｓoliｄａte, ｃemｅnt, nurｔure, ｒｅｌieve， ｒecover,
Evｅryonｅ kｎows: it’s a truth uniｖersａlｌy acknowleｄged tｈaｔ, Ｉt cａn nｅveｒ be ｄeniｅd,
it is ｕndeniａble thａt,It goes without sａying thａt,Iｔ iｓ ｓeｌf evident tｈat,It is ｈighlｙ advisably, ｉmｐｅrａtｉve, rｅmarkaｂｌe that,It forts oｎe tｏ ｋｎow thａt…
常見替代詞匯解釋
1. aｃｃelerａte： 后面接名詞,表示“加速”,中性詞,好事壞事都能用。
2. adequate: “足夠得”,用來替代經常被使用得enough。
3. adｖanｃe: 名詞,“進步,發展”,用來替代文章開頭經常使用得devｅｌopｍent,proｇress。 4、 advisable ／ sensible / ｒａtiｏnaｌ: “合理得”,都可以替代ｒｅasｏnable。
5. cａnｎot afｆord ｔｏ： “不應當做”,不就是我們說得“負擔不起”。
6. ｂｅ aｌert to ｓomｅthｉng: “對…保持警惕”,后面接消極概念。
7. aｌｔeｒnativｅ: “其她得選擇或辦法”,比如ａn alternatiｖｅ is ｔhａt… 相當于in additｉon（除此之外）。
８、 apｐliｃable / feaｓible / ｗｏｒkａble: 都表示“可行得”,用在政策、法令、手段等詞前面做修飾語,既可增加字長,又可以提高詞匯水平。
9、 apｐｒoach / chａnnｅｌ： “方法，手段”，用來替代我們經常使用得一些簡單詞匯，如meｔhod 等。
10、 ａｐpｒovｅ of ｓomｅtｈｉnｇ: “批準,同意”,注意不要忘記介詞oｆ。
１1、 ａｔtach imｐortancｅ ｔo sometｈing: 表示“重視,強調”,替代pay attentioｎ ｔo。
1２、 baｎ / ｐrohibit ｓomething： “禁止，杜絕”,表達這個含義時盡量不要使用stop。
13、 bａrrier ／ oｂｓtacle / impedｉｍent: “障礙、阻礙”,名詞,在寫作考試中經常被用到。
14、 cａpitaｌ ／ fund: 解決社會問題時一般都會提到需要投資，可以用到這兩個單詞,替代mｏneｙ。 Fｉnａnce 金融 fｉnaｎcial
15、 challeｎｇｉng: “困難,有難度”,用來替代difficult。
16、 ｉn such ciｒcumstances: “在這類情況下”，寫作時用于總結某個內容。
17、 cｏnsiｄｅrable: “相當大，相當多得”，非常常用得修飾語,比如coｎｓiderａble chanｇｅs就就是相當大得變化。
18、 in ｃontraｓｔ: “相反”,用來替代我們經常使用得oｎ the ｃoｎtraｒｙ,on thｅ other hａnｄ。
1９、 ｃoｎvｅｒｓely: “相反地”，也可以用來替代on ｔhe contｒａｒy,on tｈe otｈeｒ hａnd。
20、 coｐｙ / reｐeaｔ one’s exｐerｉence / ｓuccess: “借鑒別人得經驗，成功經驗”。
２1、 ｃritiｃaｌ: “至關重要得”,用于替代已經被用濫得imｐｏrtaｎt。
２2、 cuｒｒｅntlｙ: “目前”,用來替代noｗ,nowaｄayｓ。
23、 dａmａｇe： 作為名詞，含義就是“損失、損失金額”,動詞“損壞”得搭配能力非常強,與表示物品或抽象概念得詞都可以放在一起使用，因此可以用來替代ｄestroy。
2４、 declｉｎe: “衰退”,表示數字下降得比較緩慢,在圖表作文中根據圖表曲線得實際情況使用,替代我們使用得普通單詞decreasｅ。
2５、 dｅfｅcｔ: “缺點,不足”，用來替代“ｓhｏrtｉng”。
26、 ｄeｍｏnsｔrate / iｌｌustｒａｔe: “說明,表明”,用在圖表作文中替代show,rｅｖeal等單詞。
27、 deｐict / portray: “描述，描繪”，在漫畫作文中替代descrｉbe。
28、 dｅtｅｒｉorａtｅ: “惡化”,用于替代geｔ bad或geｔ woｒse。
29、 ｄｅvise: “設計,指定”，后面可以接表示方法手段得內容。
３０、 disｃaｒd / abandon: “放棄，拋棄”,用于表達放棄消極想法或做法。
3１、 dispuｔe： “爭端,沖突”，用來替代ｐrｏblｅm,aｒｇｕmenｔ。
3２、 ｄｒop: “下降”,用來替代decｒease。這個詞表示下降比較快，如果再用修飾語,應當就是shａrｐｌｙ，dramatiｃalｌy,drastiｃalｌy。這三個單詞一般都用在消極得單詞上。 積極得用gｒeaｔly。
33、 ｅliminａｔe: “消除”,用于寫作與社會消極問題有關得文章。
３4、 eｍeｒｇe as: “逐漸崛起并成為”,這個詞組雖然很短,但就是含義非常復雜,可以用在文章得開頭，表達某種事物或社會現象從無到有,并迅速傳播。比如 Ｉｎternet has emergｅd aｓ an indispensable ｃｈannel for ｐｅople to excｈange inforｍaｔiｏn。
３5、 employ： “采納,采用”，與表示“觀點,方法,政策,法令”等英語單詞搭配使用，用來替代adopt。
3６、 enforｃe: “執行”法律法規,通常用于作文結束部分，對某個社會問題提出解決辦法時使用。
3７、 essｅnｔiａl: “至關重要,核心得”,形容詞，用來替代iｍpｏｒtaｎt。
3８、 It is genｅrally ｅstａblｉshed that: “眾所周知,公認”。
39、 wｈｅn thｅ situaｔion ｉs reveｒｓed: “相反”,用來替代ｏn thｅ contｒａry。
4０、 ｅxcessｉve: “過度得”,這個詞在表達消極概念時都可以做修飾語,副詞形式ｅxcｅsｓｉvelｙ,比如tap“開發”,就可以說taｐ ｓoｍｅtｈing exceｓsiｖｅlｙ。
41、 ｅxcｈange: 這個詞才就是文化,教育等方面得“交流”,而不就是munｉｃatｉoｎ。
42、 expand: “擴大”，后面接影響,范圍一類得詞匯。
４３、 ｆａcet / faｃtor: “方面,因素”，寫作時盡量避免使用ｅleｍent,這個詞中國人用得不就是很好,aspeｃt因為用得人較多,也可以避免。
44、 fail to do: “沒有能夠”,可以適當替換帶有cannot得句子。
４5、 fｒequently: “經常”，替代oｆtｅn,表示發生頻率很高。
46、 fｒesh / noｖeｌ: “新得”,比如freｓh ｉdea等,都可以用來替代我們經常使用得new。
4７、 fulfill: “完成，取得”,記住以下詞組,fulｆill the ｔask, fulfill tｈe dreａm, fｕlfilｌ thｅ rｏle。
48、 giｖe ｐriｏritｙ ｔo sｏmething： “重視，優先考慮”。
4９、 gｉve rise to sｏmethｉng: “引發,導致…得出現”,積極消極概念都可以使用。
５0、 giｖｅn tｈat: “由于…原因”,可以用在句子得開始位置,后面接完整得句子,相當于 becａuｓe。
51、 ｇreatｌy / remarｋably: “非常，相當”,作為褒義詞,可以用在表示上升、前進、發展等積極含義得單詞前面加強程度。
52、 ｇuard aｇａinst: “留心、警惕”,后面使用名詞型結構。
53、 hｏusehold: “家庭”，這個詞偏重得家庭生活中得設備，物質概念,因此,比如計算機,汽車等設備進入家庭,就應當用entｅr ｔｈe hoｕsｅｈold，而不就是我們用得home或famｉly。生活垃圾也可以表達為hｏuseｈｏlｄ waｓteｓ。
５4、 bｅ iｇnoｒant abｏut ｓomeｔhing: “對…沒有引起足夠重視”,表示沒有意識到。
55、 incｉdｅnce: “不良事件”,比如iｎｃｉdence of pollutｉon,incidencｅ of ｆａｋe moｄｉty等等,表示出現上述不良情況。
56、 incｒeａｓｉngｌy: “越來越”,副詞，可以用在動詞與形容詞前面,加深程度。
57、 indispeｎsａbｌｅ: “不可缺少得,必須得”,寫作時可以用來做很多名詞得修飾語。 58、 inｄividuａlistic / ｓelfish / self－ceｎteｒed: 都就是“自私得”含義,可以交替使用。 59、 inspｉre / sｔｉmulaｔｅ: “鼓勵”,替代eｎcouｒａge。
６0、 foｒ iｎｓtancｅ: “例如”,雖然這個詞組我們經常見到,但很少有人在寫作文時用它來替代for eｘａmplｅ。
６1、 instｒuct： “教育”,名詞形式為insｔｒuctioｎ,同eｄｕｃatｅ,edｕcatｉon交替使用。
62、 intenｄ tｏ do： “計劃,打算”，可以替代be gｏing to等詞組,表達做事得意愿。
63、 maｋe inveｓtmｅnt into: “投資,投入”,投資就是解決社會問題得一個核心方式,因此這個詞組在英語寫作中經常會用到。
64、 isｓｕe： “問題”,中性詞,我們平常使用得prｏblｅｍ就是貶義詞,因此比如網絡問題等詞組都應當用issuｅ來表達。
6５、 laｕnch a campaign to ｄo somethiｎg: “大力開展…活動”。
66、 maintａin: “一貫認為,堅持認為”，一般寫成somｅbodｙ mａiｎtainｓ that,后面使用完整得句子,用來替代tｈiｎk, bｅlieve。
67、 mａjor： “主要得”，用來替代ｍain。
68、 ｍaｊｏｒ / priｍaｒｙ conｃern： “主要關注點”,名詞, 要說ｓometｈing ｉs sｏｍeboｄy’s majｏr coｎｃern。
6９、 misleading： “誤導得,錯誤得”，替代ｗｒong。
70、 observｅ: “遵守”，后面接名詞，如法律法規等。
７1、 bｅ out of / be ｓｈort oｆ: “耗盡”/“短缺”，用來替代lack,同時提醒大家lａck這個詞得動詞形式在英語中使用得很少。
7２、 ouｔｌook: “前景,未來”，用來替代future。當然,如果用fｕtuｒe,就可以加個修飾語,比如foreseeable ｆuｔｕｒe等等。
73、 pluｍmet ／ sｌｕmp: “急劇下降”,圖表作文中使用較多。
７4、 popｕlarize: “推廣，普及”,很常用得單詞，后面接知識，道理，方法,法律法規等。 75、 pｏssess: “擁有”，用于替代havｅ,既可以表示擁有具體事物,也可以說擁有抽象品質、特征等。
76、 poverty-sｔrｉｃkeｎ: “貧困得,低收入得”，替代poor。
7７、 pｒaｃtice： “(廣泛,大范圍)得從事”,常與lａws and regulatioｎｓ, poliｃy或其她類似范疇得單詞連用,用來替代caｒｒy ouｔ。
78、 pｒofiｔ： “好處”,這個詞本來就是指經濟上得利潤，但現在可以用來替代beneｆit，表示廣義得好處。
7９、 ｐrｏgress: “發展，進步”,可以同ａdvａnce交替使用，以避免重復,并可以替代dｅvelopｍeｎt。
８0、 ａ rangｅ oｆ / a seｒiｅs oｆ ／ a string oｆ: “一系列”,特別就是后兩個單詞通常都可以用在消極概念前邊,可以用作修飾語,增加文章長度。
81、 relieｖe： “減輕,緩解”,用于消極概念前,
詞組為ｒｅliｅve somebody of sｏmeｔhing“消除某人得…。
82、 sｏａｒ: “迅速上升”,用于圖表作文。
英語寫作(16)
關于八年級作教學的反思（仁愛版）
寫作是一種語言輸出的過程，這種語言輸出的能力不是一天就練出來的，而是要經過長期不懈的訓練才能獲得。然而在實際寫作過程中，有的學生感到無從下筆，即使能寫，也僅僅是簡簡單單的句子；有的學生甚至對英語寫作望而生畏，消極應付；總體上學生存在嚴重的英語表述上的困難。寫作能力不高主要表現在：母語影響、詞匯量少；單詞造句、搭配不當；不懂句型、語法不通；信息不全、條理紊亂；語言連貫性差，缺少鍛煉；缺少整體的謀篇布局和前后呼應。因此，如何有效地改進英語寫作教學，結合自己的教學心得，我認為，培養學生的寫作能力可從以下三方面入手。
一．擴展語言輸入，奠定寫作基礎
英語作為一門語言，它具有一定的工具性和人文性，它的結構應是：詞—句—篇。“詞”是基礎，“句”是過渡，“篇”是則是目的。整個訓練遵循“詞不離句，句不離篇”的原則，由淺入深，循序漸進，不斷提高。為了提高學生的寫作能力，我在日常教學中，嘗試了“詞、句、篇”三步曲的寫作教學。在教學中做到 “教、學、用”三者的統一。
（一）巧記單詞
書面表達需要一定的詞匯量，學生書面表達時容易忘記單詞或把漢英詞匯等同起來。因此，要求學生堅持每天聽寫、默寫、循環記憶單詞，掌握鞏固詞匯。還要求學生給出與單詞有關的同義、近義、反義和詞形相似的詞，使詞匯量得到最大限度的復現。
（二）用詞造句、連詞成句
造句是英語寫作中極其重要的一環。可以說，會造句就會寫作。要學會造句，需要注意以下幾方面。
1、熟練記憶詞匯和短語
這個環節是最基本、最重要的。記憶單詞和短語時，可以從五個方面入手：詞性、拼寫讀音、意思、用法。抓住了這一點，就像打好了萬丈高樓的地基。否則，寫作就無從談起。
2、熟練記憶各種句型和結構
在牢記詞匯和短語的基礎上，還要記憶各種句型和結構，為造句進一步打下堅實的基礎。像There be / How many / How much / be+adj / be+V-ing / make sb. do sth /plan/wish/hope/want to do sth.等句型和結構。在表達某個意思時，注意讓學生盡量使用學過的結構造句，不可隨心所欲地造出漢語式的英語句子。
3、掌握各種時態及語態的含義和用法
要寫出一個英語句子，就要明白時態和語態。也就是說，謂語動詞使用什么形式。這就要求學生對八種常用時態和兩種語態非常清楚。因此，熟練地使用各種時態語態對于造句尤為重要。
4、掌握句子類型和成分
簡單句的五種基本句型是句子類型中最基本的型式，每個英語句子都是以它們為模型寫成的。掌握了它們，適時引導學生擴大句式，鼓勵學生利用課文中的句型造句。另外還要訓練學生“一句多譯”的能力。有時候，拿到一個中文句子，可能不會譯，這時，就要想辦法，換成其他的表達方法，迂回曲折，達到目的。通過這樣的訓練，可以增加學生的多渠道的語言思維，提高應變能力，從而避免“中國式”的英語。
（三）連句成篇
此項訓練的主要目的是培養學生把語法項目、教材內容和文章體裁有機結合起來的能力。
1.要求學生仿寫。掌握在英語學習中所學到的連詞。只有連詞才能把句子連成語篇。
八年級所學課文都有一定的篇幅，老師在引導學生理解課文的基礎上，可要求學生用所學過的短語和句型，用自己的話把課文的基本內容簡要的表達出來。如在教授八年級第二單元閱讀理解，說明籃球的發明者是誰？是在說明情況下發明的。在老師的幫助下，學生可以吧短文改編為對話的形式展現出來。這樣既吧學生的讀、說的能力和寫的能力同時訓練了。也大大的提高了學生的興趣
2.列出提綱，引導學生寫作。
引導學生書面表達有許多形式，教師要從學生“學”的角度來設計教學活動，使學生的學習活動具有明確目標，并構成一個有梯度的連續活動。我首先采用給出文中的關鍵詞或短語，整理素材和文章要用到的信息和關鍵詞。幫學生做好鋪墊和理清思路，讓學生的大腦里有東西，這樣學生才有可能寫出東西來，幫學生樹立信心，克服心理恐懼，從寫作中獲得了成功的快樂，樹立了寫作的信心。
3．注重平時的詞句積累
鼓勵學生收集好詞好句，以便于在寫作時能信手拈來。
二．進行有效指導，扎實寫作訓練
1.巧設課堂，限時作文
訓練時當場發題，促使學生瞬間接受信息，快速理解信息，迅速表達信息，提高實際應用和應試能力。這一步是關鍵，也是學生的難關。首先必須使學生明白書面表達題既不是漢譯英，也不是作文，不可任意發揮，要求的是將所規定的材料內容經整理后，展開思維，目的在于考查學生運用所學英語知識準確地表達意思的能力。必須要求學生在寫作過程中牢牢記住以下口訣：“先讀提示，弄清要點與格式；時態語態要當心，前后呼應要一致；句子結構和搭配，語言習慣莫違背；文章寫好細檢查，點滴小錯別忽視。”學生明確目的并掌握要領后，要嚴格在規定時間內完成作業。訓練的初級階段，每次時間可放寬一點。隨著學生寫作能力增強，時間相應縮短，逐步做到20分鐘內完成任務，決不能養成拖拉的壞習慣。
2．優化習作批改，及時講評
作文的批改與講評是寫作教學的最后一個環節，也是其重要的一個環節。由于班級人數多，批改的工作量很大。因此，教師可以讓學生動手參與，互相評改。由于學生之間的了解更深刻，他們之間的相互交流往往能收到很好的效果。而當學生意識到教師并不是他文章的唯一讀者時，他們會更認真地寫好作文。因此，讓學生相互傳閱和批改作文不僅增加了寫作時的真實感，更重要的是，能訓練學生的語言意識和語境。
英語寫作(17)
through－>in term of/via
operate－>manipulate
offspring－>descendant
inevitable－indispensable
detail－>specific
explain－>interpret
obvious－>conspicuous
hurt－>vulnerable
use－>employ/utilize
value－>merit
provide－>lend－>offer
true－>accurate
leading to－>contribute to/ conduce to/result in
more and more－>increasing/growing
hardly－>merely－>barely
well-known－>outstanding
large－>miraculous/marvelous
although－>albeit/notwithstanding
in fact－>actually/virtually
want－>intend to/tend to/be inclined to
because－>in that
may be－>probably
to sum－>to summarize/in conclusion
explain－>interpret/illustrate
change－>alter
chance－>alternative
custom－>convention/tradition
think－>contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect
arouse－>ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate
limit－>stress/hinder/hamper
key－>crucial/vital/consequential
old－>ancient
emphasis－>accentuate
devote to－>dedicate to
character－>trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personality
expect－>anticipate
join－>participate
delegate－>representative
bias－>prejudice/discriminate/tendency
thrive－>palmy/flourishing/prosperity
clash－>conflict/collision/rencounter
publicize－>propagandize
agree partly－>agree with reserve
proper－>apposite
want to－>desire
big city－>metropolis
lawmaking－>legislation
first－>primarily
but－>nonetheless/nevertheless
child－>juvenile
absorb－>assimilate
hand in－>render
undermine－>sap/enervate/debilitate
get into chaos－>with chaos ensuing
key－>pivot/crux
sway－>vacillate
fanatic patriotism－>jingoism/chauvinism
persusive－>thorough/sound/specific/convincing
consider－>take into account
vague－>gratuitous/unwarranted/oversimplified
affair?,business?,matter替換thing?
8.shared替換common?
9.reap?huge?fruits替換get?many?benefits?)?
10.for?my?part?,from?my?own?perspective替換in?my?opinion
?11.Increasing(ly),growing替換more?and?more(?注意沒有growingly這種形式。
12.little?if?anything,?或little?or?nothing替換hardly?
13.beneficial,?rewarding替換helpful,?
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,?替換customer?
15.exceedingly,extremely,?intensely替換very??
16.hardly?necessary,?hardly?inevitable?...?替換?unnecessary,?avoidable?
17.sth?appeals?to?sb,?sth?exerts?a?tremendous?fascination?on?sb
18.capture?one’s?attention替換attract?one’s?attention.?
19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect?
21.give?rise?to,?lead?to,?result?in,?trigger?考試大替換cause.?
23.desire替換want.?
24.pour?attention?into替換pay?attention?to?
25.bear?in?mind?that替換remember?
26.?enjoy,?possess?替換have(注意process是過程的意思)?
27.?interaction?替換communication?
28.frown?on?sth替換be?against?,?disagree?with?sth?
29.to?name?only?a?few,?as?an?example替換?for?example,?for?instance?
30.?next?to?/?virtually?impossible,替換nearly?/?almost?impossible?
英語寫作(18)
英語寫作諺語大全
1、為求一字精，耐得半宵寒。
In order to be precise, we can endure the midnight cold.
2、無所求則無所獲。
Nothing is sought, nothing is gained.
3、美名勝過美貌。
Beauty is better than beauty.
4、吃過的饃饃不香，嚼過的甘蔗不甜。
The steamed buns are not sweet, and the chewed sugarcane is not sweet.
5、吃人的嘴軟，論人的理短。
Eating people"s mouth is soft, but it"s short.
6、千錘百煉出好鋼，千修百改出精文。
A thousand hammers make a good steel, a thousand repairs and a hundred refinements.
7、有志者事竟成。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
8、偉大始于渺小。
Great begins with small.
9、沒有不帶刺的玫瑰。
There are no roses without thorns.
10、不要以貌取人。
Don"t judge people by their appearance.
11、不怕百事不利，就怕灰心喪氣。
If you are not afraid of pepsi"s disadvantage, you are afraid of frustration.
12、英雄所見略同。
Heroes see the same thing.
13、只可救人起，不可拖人倒。
It can only save people, not drag them down.
14、大黃醫好人無功，人參治死人無過。
Rhubarb is a good doctor, but ginseng is a good doctor.
15、口說無憑，事實為證。
There is no basis for oral statement, but facts prove it.
16、有車就有轍，有樹就有影。
Whenever there is a rut, there are trees and shadows.
17、逢人莫亂講，逢事莫亂闖。
Don"t talk at random, don"t rush at anything.
18、與其臨淵羨魚，不如退而結網。
Rather than envy the fish in Linyuan, it is better to withdraw and netting.
19、未晚先投宿，雞鳴早看天。
Bed before night, cock crows early to see the sky.
20、一回經蛇咬，三年怕草繩。
Once bitten by a snake, three years afraid of straw rope.
21、求人不如求己，使人不如使腿。
It is better to ask for oneself than to ask for one"s own, than to make one"s legs.
22、學習的敵人是自己的滿足。
The enemy of learning is self-satisfaction.
23、冷天莫遮火，熱天莫遮風。
Don"t hide fire in cold weather and wind in hot weather.
24、活著不是為了吃飯，吃飯為了活著。
Live not to eat, eat to live.
25、說謊者即使講真話也沒人相信。
A liar is not believed even when he tells the truth.
26、人往高處走，水往低處流。
People go up and water flows down.
27、只工作而無娛樂會使人愚鈍。
All work and no play makes one dull.
28、千里之行始于足下。
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
29、過去的就讓它過去吧。
Let bygones be bygones.
30、弱者選擇安逸，強者勇往直前。
The weak choose ease, the strong go forward bravely.
31、凡事有輕重緩急。
Everything has its priorities.
32、生命不止，奮斗不息。
Life goes on and struggles on.
33、天才在于勤奮，知識在于積累。
Genius lies in diligence, knowledge lies in accumulation.
34、冰凍三尺，非一日之寒。
Freezing three feet is not a day"s cold.
35、穩扎穩打無往而不勝。
Fighting steadily is invincible.
36、一個今天勝似兩個明天。
One today is better than two tomorrows.
37、物以類聚，人以群分。
Birds of a feather flock together and people flock together.
38、愛挑的擔子不嫌重。
The burden of picking is not too heavy.
39、失之毫厘，謬之千里。
Losing a millimeter is a thousand miles of fallacy.
40、強中自有強中手。
Strong in strength, strong in hand.
41、說來容易做來難。
Easier said than done.
42、不怕學不成，只怕心不誠。
Don"t be afraid to fail in learning, just be afraid of sincerity.
43、論旁人斤斤計較，說自己花好稻好。
On other people"s meticulous, said that he spent good rice.
44、一知半解，自欺欺人。
A half-baked man deceives himself.
45、王婆賣瓜，自賣自夸。
Wang Po sells melons and boasts of herself.
46、百遍錘煉成字，千遍推敲成句。
A hundred times to refine into words, a thousand times to refine into sentences.
47、從善如登，從惡如崩。
Good is like climbing, evil is like falling.
48、人人都有弱點。
Everyone has weaknesses.
49、吹牛與說謊本是同宗。
Boasting and lying are the same people.
50、一日之計在于晨。
A day"s plan lies in the morning.
51、眼不見，心不念。
Out of sight, out of mind.
52、實干能成事，虛心能添智。
Practice makes success, modesty makes wisdom.
53、小的不哄，老的不欺。
Small ones don"t cheat, old ones don"t cheat.
54、小洞不補，大洞吃苦。
Small holes do not fill, big holes bear hardship.
55、想象力比知識更重要。
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
56、君子在德不在衣。
A gentleman is not in clothes but in virtue.
57、要學蜜蜂采蜜，不學蜻蜓點水。
Learn to gather honey by bees, not by dragonflies.
英語寫作(19)
專業英語寫作考點總結
part ? academic english writing （專業英語寫作） chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing
1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.
（學術寫作六要素：寫作對象，目的，組織結構，文體特征，表達連貫和宣講 或宣讀）。
2、organization usually has the following four parts : 問題-解決方法包括四個部分
(1) description of a situation （描述情況）
(2) identification of a problem （甄別問題）
(3) description of a solution （描述解決方法）
(4) evaluation of the solution （評估解決方法）
3、formal grammar style：（正規的語法風格）
(1) generally avoid contractions （一般來講避免使用略縮詞）
例：won’t改為will not
(2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更為適宜的正規的否定 形式）
例：not...any改為nonot...much改為little not...many改為few
(3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多個詞連用的表達法）
例：句子內不能出現and so forth和etc.出現時應將省略的部分擴展出來。
(4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a
textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向讀者說“你”） 例：you can see the results in table 1.
改為：the results can be seen in table 1.
改為： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.
或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered.
(6) place adverb within the verb. （將副詞放于動詞詞組內） 例：this model was developed by krugman originally.
改為：this model was originally developed by krugman.
(7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考慮是否該使用割裂不定式） 例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.
(8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是為了有效地使用詞匯） 例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改為：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.
習題：
（1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 錯誤：使用了you。
改為：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.
（2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities.
錯誤：使用了口語ok；直接引語的使用；使用了縮略詞there’re。
改為：coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.
（3）you can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.
錯誤：使用了you；將副詞clearly放在了句尾。
改為：the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.
錯誤：使用了so far；使用了there be 結構；使用了not...any結構；使用了非正式的looking into。
（6）there are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.
錯誤：使用了there be 結構；副詞widely 位置放錯。
改為：some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely usedthan it is now as a construction material.
（7）these special tax laws have been enacted in six states: illinois, iowa,ohio,etc. 錯誤：使用了etc。
改為：these special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: illinois, iowa, indiana, ohio, michigan, and minnesota.
（8）there isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.
錯誤：使用了there be 結構；使用了not...very much。
改為：little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.chapter 2 two underlying structures in academic writing
（專業寫作的兩個基本結構）
1、two underlying structures in academic writing：（專業寫作的兩個基本結構）
(1) general-specific structure （泛論-特指(gs)結構）
(2) problem-process-solution structure（問題-過程-解決方法）
2、gs texts usually begin with one of the following:
（gs文本通常以下列一種形式開始）
(1) a short or extended definition （簡短或拓展定義）
(3) a generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目標性陳述）
(4) a statement of fact.（事實陳述）
3、super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超級坐標詞）
4、deletions（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關系代詞
a. 定語從句僅有關系代詞、be動詞、一個或多個介詞短語
b. 定語從句由被動態動詞加上一些額外的信息
c. 定語從句含有關系代詞、以-ble結尾的形容詞和額外的信息 例題：p23
(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used
(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of
(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from
(5). this sentence cannot be reduced.
(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave
higher
(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a process
involving the selective transport
(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a
celestial body with approximately the same mass
5、考題類型：句子排序 例題：p27
（1）比較定義基本上有兩類：
1) 呈現一個概念是如何隨著時間的流逝而變化 的這樣一種史實陳述。
2) 呈現對當代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概 念所做的一個全面性的評述。7、participle（分詞）
例題：p39
（1）the oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.
（2）after being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.
（3）first, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any
imperfections. it is then heated to over 600oc and cooled in a step known as quenching.
8、詞和詞型的變換 p23-p25
1、in many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other kind of non-verbal illustration.（在許多學科中，數據信息都是以圖表、圖形、 數據統計圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來。）
a、location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或總結陳述）
b、highlighting statements.（強調陳述內容）
3、location elements and summaries.（定位要素和總結）
c、verbs in indicative and informatives summaries.（用在陳述性和信息性總結 中的動詞）
d、language focus:linking as-clause.（語言聚焦：連接詞as引出的從句）
chapter 4 summary and abstract writing（總結與摘要寫作）
1、principle requirements for a good summary（一份良好的任務總結具備四個主 要需求）
(2) it should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它應以 精確、客觀的形式呈現來源材料）
(3) it should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s own words and avoid terminology.（ 它應凝縮來源材料并以總結寫作者自己的 文字呈現出來,而且要避免用專業術語）
(4) provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提 供完全獨立的參閱性總結，并能控制其文章長度）
2、寫作總結的基本步驟
(1)快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標題。若無小標 題，試將文本分成幾部分。
(2)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個文本。確定你在 處理哪種類型的文本,即:來 源文本類型
(3)讀文本，標示重要的信息或者作筆記
(4)用你自己的詞匯寫下每一部分的要點。每一 部分盡量寫出一個一句話 的總結。
(5)對每一個主要題目，寫下關鍵的佐證點，但 必要時也要包括小的細節。
(6)再次仔細檢查這個過程，做些適當的變動。
3、basic structure of abstract writing（摘要寫作的基本結構）
（1）topic sentence（主題句）
（2）supporting sentences（佐證句）
（3）concluding sentence（結論句）
4、p70-p72的例句，寫作時會用得上。
5、summary and abstract 兩個詞要會寫，以及知道兩者的區別，其中summary 要分三段來寫，abstract不分段。part ii basal english writing （基礎英語寫作）
chapter 1 punctuation（標點符號）
2、the period（句號）
3、the semicolon（分號）
4、the colon（冒號）
5、the question mark（問號）
6、the quotation mark（引號）
7、the exclamation mark（感嘆號）
8、the dash（破折號）
9、italics and underlining（斜體字和下劃線）
10、練習題：p96-97
11、本節所有的例句都要仔細看 ※chapter 2 vocabulary（詞匯）
1、levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具體）, and general（籠統） and specific（特指）. it also includes how to appreciate theconnotative（引申含義） as well as denotative（字面含義，本義） meanings of words.
2、english words can be categorized as（分為） formal, informal and colloquial（口 語的）.
3、練習題：1/p102
4、練習題：p109-p113chapter 3 english sentence writing（英語句子寫作）
1、types of sentences（句子的類型） p114
（1）according to structure （根據結構）
① simple sentences（簡單句）
（2）according to use（根據功能）
① declarative sentences （陳述句）
② interrogative sentences （疑問句）
③ imperative sentences （祈使句）
④ exclamatory sentences （感嘆句）
（3）according to rhetoric （根據修辭）
① loose sentences （松散句，主體部分放在前面）
② periodic sentences （掉尾句，主體部分放在最后） ※
③ balanced sentences （平行句）
④ long and short sentences （長、短句）
2、練習題 （p121）
改為：he thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.（或者he thought the painting was of little value and he let me have it for only ten pounds.）
（2）i always take my raincoat whenever i go out these days.(periodic)
改為：whenever i go out these days, i always take my raincoat.
改為：when they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen.
改為：after the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire.
（6）the train is going to dalian. the train leaves at 20:15. (simple)
改為：the train to dalian leaves at 20:15.
（7）in spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (loose)
改為：he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spiteof the interruption.
（8）many people choose travel by air. it is fast. it offers convenience. it is not very expensive. (parallel structure)
改為：many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not very expensive.
3、練習題 p121
（1）履歷通常包括個人信息、教育背景、工作經歷和過去的成就。
譯：a resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements.
（2）戴安娜在南京醫科大學主修中醫學。
譯：diana is majoring in chinese traditional medicine in nanjing medicaluniversity.
（3）請代我向你父母致以問候。
譯：please send my best regards to your parents.
（4）現代高等教育應該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會需求。
譯：modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society.
（5）這種細菌是引起現在流行病的原因嗎？
譯：is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?
（6）經常回顧昨天，你就會珍惜今天，向往明天。
譯：take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will valueyour today and look forward to your tomorrow.
（7）中國傳統知識分子認為：窮則獨善其身，達則兼濟天下。
譯：traditional chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.
（8）就算我追求愛情，我也肯定不會只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學業。
譯：if i did hunt for love, i certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies.（9）學校倡導大學生改變就業觀念，并鼓勵他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西部大開發中去。
譯：universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the western exploration.
4、sentence expansion （句子拓展） （各個位置的例句都要看）※ 句子拓展的三種方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），
subordination（從屬法）。 重點題型，要會判斷句子正誤
（1）增添法：常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、
代詞等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修 飾詞通常在句中作定語或狀語。
① 添加形容詞 （addiong adjectives）
單個形容詞做定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由any ,every, no
somebody, one 或thing構成的不定代詞時，放在其后。
② 添加副詞（adding adverbs）
如果句子里同時帶有幾個副詞做修飾語時，其位置應按一下順序排列： 程度副詞-----方式副詞------地點副詞--------時間副詞。
③ 添加短語（adding phrases）
短語有8種：名詞短語、動詞短語、介詞短語、非限定性短語（分詞短 語、動名詞短語、不定式短語）、同位短語、限定性短語。（noun, verb, prepositional; three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute）
（2）并列法：包含三種方法
① coordinating pronouns （并列連詞）
② conjunctive adverbs （使用連接副詞）
③ semicolon （運用分號連接）
（3）從屬法：
從句主要包括名詞性從句（noun clause），狀語從句（adverbial clause）和定語從句（attributive clause）。
名詞性從句又分為主語從句（subject clause）、表語從句（predicative clause）、賓語從句（object clause）和同位語從句（appositive clause）。
① 常見的狀語從句有時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、比較、讓步等。
5、幾種短語拓展法：
（1）介詞短語進行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）
介詞短語在句中可做表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。作定語時置于所修飾詞之后，做狀語時位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有時用逗號將其與句子的主體部分隔開。
（2）不定式短語進行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）
不定式短語做名詞時，可做主語、表語、賓語；做形容詞時，在句中作定語； 做副詞時，可以表示目的、原因、結果、狀語等。
（3）動名詞短語進行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）
動名詞為動詞-ing形式，名詞性可做主語、表語、賓語、定語和補足語。動 詞性可以帶賓語和狀語。
（4）分詞短語進行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）
分詞短語有現在分詞短語和過去分詞短語兩種形式。
6、effective sentences（有效句）
（1）effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities : unity（一致性）, coherence（連貫性）, conciseness（簡潔性）, emphasis（強調性）, and variety （多樣性）.
（2）此節中的每個例子都要認真看。※
7、練習題： p142
（2）the young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker.
改為：the young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（the young worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）
（3）dufu was one of the best-known poets.
改為：dufu was one of the best-known poets in tang dynasty.
（4）a man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.
改為：a man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（a man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）
（5）we thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 改為：we thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.
（6）to get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 改為：to get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.（7）those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.
改為：those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their name on this sheet of paper.
（8）when one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything.
改為：when one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.
（9）for years i have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改為：for years i have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.
（10）when i saw the grade on my report card, i was terribly disappointed , because i studied very hard.
改為：when i saw the grade on my report card, i was terribly disappointed , because i had studied very hard.
（11）if i were rich and she was single, iwould marry her.
改為：if i were rich and she wrer single, iwould marry her.
（12）they insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in teturn. 此句正確。
8、練習題 p142
（1）tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of october. 改為：tom and his sweetheart married in early october.
（2）in 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.改為：in 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.
（3）the cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.
改為：the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.
（4）there are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the expedition.
改為：a number of students are planning to join the expedition.
（5）what i am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.改為：in my opinion he is a very honest man.
（6）i came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that i want to be an interpreter.
改為：i came to this institute because i want to be an interpreter.
（7）these watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.
改為： these watermelons are large and sweet.
（8）at the present time i am taking the course of world history and in addition a course in geography too.改為：at present i am taking world history and geography.
（9）we planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.
改為：we planned to meet before sunrise.
（10）his attitude was of a puzzling nature.
改為：his attitude was puzzling.
9、練習題： p143
（1）he was selfless, hardwording and modest; that’s why he became a great scientest.
改為：he became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and hardworking.
（2）as a clerk, john was honest, efficient and well-dressed.
改為：john was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.
（3）jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.
改為：as she left the room, jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.
（4）china has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy duting the past 14 years.
改為：as a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 14 years, china has changed a great deal.
（5）huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.
改為：huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.
（6）social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt.
改為： after he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life itself were no longer interesting to him.
10、常見的語法錯誤： p143書中每個正確的句子都要看 ※
（1）misused parts of speech（用錯詞性）；
（2）sentence fragments（殘缺句）；
（3）run-on sentences（流水句）；
（4）misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（誤置修飾與懸虛結構）；
（5）problem in agreement and reference（一致與指代問題）。
11、練習題 p146 修改殘缺句
（1）after returning from the beach. the children were exhausted.
改為：after returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.
（2）john neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.
改為：john neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.（3）karen dropped calculus. which she had dropped severall times before.
改為：karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.
（4）working together to save our environment. we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.
改為：working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.
（5）ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. proving that she is an honest person.改為：ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an honest person.
（6）some errors in writing are serious. for example, sentence fragments, and run-on sentences.
改為：some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, andrun-on sentences.
12、練習題 p147 修改流水句
（1）some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.
改為：some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.
（2）lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received a full scholarship.
改為：lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has just received a full scholarship.
（3）we finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.
改為：we finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went home.
（4）at high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, i could not take my usual nap.
改為：at high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door; i could not take my usual nap.
13、練習題 p147 改正句子
（1）the robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.
改為：the robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache.
（2）he sold the old car to the man with leather seats.
改為：he sold the old car with leather seats to the man.
（3）tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.改為：tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.
（4）unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was saved by a passer-by.
改為：unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowningin the icy river.
（5）the puppy that mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.改為：the puppy that mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his owner.
（6）i was shocked to see a t-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.
改為：i was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a t-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.
（10）the applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.
改為：the applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.chapter 4 english paragraph writing（英語段落寫作）
1、paragraph structure （段落結構）
（1）主題句（the topic sentence）具有三個重要功能： p149
① 通過明確陳述討論中的一個要點進一步證明全文中心思想。
② 顯示段落內容。
③ 控制該段落內容。某一段中全部討論——舉例、細節列舉以及解釋都必
須與主題句直接相關并能進一步證明主題句。
（2）練習題： 1 / p151
精彩的正文段落應該圍繞一個主題句展開：段落應該展開充分、前后統一而且銜接自然。具體地講，一個很有說服力的正文段落必須滿足四個要求。首先，該段落必須只討論一個主體，即段中陳述和說明只能表現一個主題或內容的統一，主題思想通常用一個主題句表達；第二，它必須詳細完整地寫出有關一個論題讀者需要了解的所有內容，即該段落語義必須完整；第三，段中句子排列必須表現出一定條理；第四，段中句子必須表現出連貫性：前后銜接自然，使讀者能夠輕易了解作者寫作思路，而不是感到文中所闡述的觀點相去甚遠互不相關。
3、there are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（寫作連貫的段落有下列五種重要方法：） p160
（1）a natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息）
（2）parallelism. （使用排比結構）
（3）repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重復重述關鍵詞和詞組以及詞的同義及詞型轉換）
（4）substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代詞替換主要名詞）
（5）transition words and phrases.（使用過渡詞和詞組）
4、合理排序 p161 （p161-p167例子全看）
（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order （從一般到具體——演繹法）
（2）specific-to-general order---inductive order （從具體到一般——歸納法）
（3）emphativ order---order of importance （按照重要性排序）
（4）spatial order---order of space （空間順序）
（5）chronological order---order of time （時間順序）
考點：五種排序法的英文要會；要會進行排序
5、練習題：1/p180 3/p182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5）chapter 5 english essay writing（文章寫作）
1、structure of english essays （文章結構）
一篇文章是具有完美連貫性、聯系緊密的有機整體。文章中的所有內容都是為中心思想服務的。主題句出現在引言或開頭段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主體段（body paragraph）；最后是結尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主題和中心，首尾呼應，總結全文。
2、列提綱 （outline） ※考點 p199
（1）there are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.提綱分為兩種形式：主題式提綱和句子式提綱。
（2）主題式提綱簡潔明了，通常由名詞及其修飾語組成，或由動名詞短語、動詞不定式短語組成；句子式提綱提供的是對文章較為詳細的提要。
（3）下面以文章標題“騎自行車的樂趣”為例，列舉兩種不同的提綱： ① topic outline:
thesis: riding a bicycle is of great pleasure
i. relatively inexpensive
a. to buy
b. to operate
ii. healthy
a. a lot of exercise
b. no pollution
iii. personally satisfying
a. to enjoy the scenery
iv. conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful
② sentence outline:
thesis: riding a bicycle is of great pleasure
i. riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive
a. it is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.
b. it is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.
ii. riding a bicycle is healthy.
a. riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise
b. riding a bicycle causes no pollution.iii. riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.
a. riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.
iv. conclusion: riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.
3、there are four types of english essays: narration（記敘文），description（描寫文）， expositon（說明文） and argumentation（議論文）。
