開題，漢語詞語，讀作“kāi tí”，意思是指傳說中的國名，猶宣講， 以下是為大家整理的關于開題報告英語6篇 , 供大家參考選擇。
開題報告英語6篇
【篇一】開題報告英語
黃岡師范學院外國語學院
本科畢業論文（設計）開題報告
論文題目 An Analysis of Chinese Translation of
English Movie Subtitles
學生姓名 學號
專 業 班級
導師姓名 職稱
2012年12月
1
下午13：00—17：00
B．實行不定時工作制的員工，在保證完成甲方工作任務情況下，經公司同意,可自行安排工作和休息時間。
3．1．2打卡制度
3.1.2.1公司實行上、下班指紋錄入打卡制度。全體員工都必須自覺遵守工作時間，實行不定時工作制的員工不必打卡。
3.1.2.2打卡次數：一日兩次，即早上上班打卡一次，下午下班打卡一次。
3.1.2.3打卡時間：打卡時間為上班到崗時間和下班離崗時間；
3.1.2.4因公外出不能打卡：因公外出不能打卡應填寫《外勤登記表》,注明外出日期、事由、外勤起止時間。因公外出需事先申請，如因特殊情況不能事先申請，應在事畢到崗當日完成申請、審批手續，否則按曠工處理。因停電、卡鐘（工卡）故障未打卡的員工，上班前、下班后要及時到部門考勤員處填寫《未打卡補簽申請表》，由直接主管簽字證明當日的出勤狀況，報部門經理、人力資源部批準后，月底由部門考勤員據此上報考勤。上述情況考勤由各部門或分公司和項目文員協助人力資源部進行管理。
3.1.2.5手工考勤制度
3.1.2.6手工考勤制申請：由于工作性質，員工無法正常打卡（如外圍人員、出差），可由各部門提出人員名單，經主管副總批準后，報人力資源部審批備案。
3.1.2.7參與手工考勤的員工，需由其主管部門的部門考勤員(文員)或部門指定人員進行考勤管理，并于每月26日前向人力資源部遞交考勤報表。
3.1.2.8參與手工考勤的員工如有請假情況發生，應遵守相關請、休假制度，如實填報相關表單。
3.1.2.9 外派員工在外派工作期間的考勤,需在外派公司打卡記錄;如遇中途出差,持出差證明,出差期間的考勤在出差地所在公司打卡記錄;
3.2加班管理
3.2.1定義
加班是指員工在節假日或公司規定的休息日仍照常工作的情況。
A．現場管理人員和勞務人員的加班應嚴格控制，各部門應按月工時標準，合理安排工作班次。部門經理要嚴格審批員工排班表，保證員工有效工時達到要求。凡是達到月工時標準的，應扣減員工本人的存休或工資；對超出月工時標準的，應說明理由，報主管副總和人力資源部審批。
B．因員工月薪工資中的補貼已包括延時工作補貼，所以延時工作在4小時（不含）以下的，不再另計加班工資。因工作需要，一般員工延時工作4小時至8小時可申報加班半天，超過8小時可申報加班1天。對主管(含)以上管理人員，一般情況下延時工作不計加班，因特殊情況經總經理以上領導批準的延時工作，可按以上標準計加班。
3.2.2.2員工加班應提前申請，事先填寫《加班申請表》，因無法確定加班工時的，應在本次加班完成后3個工作日內補填《加班申請表》。《加班申請表》經部門經理同意，主管副總經理審核報總經理批準后有效。《加班申請表》必須事前當月內上報有效，如遇特殊情況，也必須在一周內上報至總經理批準。如未履行上述程序，視為乙方自愿加班。
3.2.2.3員工加班，也應按規定打卡，沒有打卡記錄的加班，公司不予承認；有打卡記錄但無公司總經理批準的加班，公司不予承認加班。
3.2.2.4原則上，參加公司組織的各種培訓、集體活動不計加班。
3.2.2.5加班工資的補償：員工在排班休息日的加班，可以以倒休形式安排補休。原則上，員工加班以倒休形式補休的，公司將根據工作需要統一安排在春節前后補休。加班可按1：1的比例沖抵病、事假。
3.2.3加班的申請、審批、確認流程
3.2.3.1《加班申請表》在各部門文員處領取，加班統計周期為上月26日至本月25日。
3.2.3.2員工加班也要按規定打卡，沒有打卡記錄的加班，公司不予承認。各部門的考勤員(文員)負責《加班申請表》的保管及加班申報。員工加班應提前申請，事先填寫《加班申請表》加班前到部門考勤員(文員)處領取《加班申請表》，《加班申請表》經項目管理中心或部門經理同意，主管副總審核，總經理簽字批準后有效。填寫并履行完審批手續后交由部門考勤員(文員)保管。
3.2.3.3部門考勤員（文員）負責檢查、復核確認考勤記錄的真實有效性并在每月27日匯總交人力資源部，逾期未交的加班記錄公司不予承認。
下午13：00—17：00
度。全體員工都必須自覺遵守工作時間，實行不定時工作制的員工不必打卡。
3.1.2.2打卡次數：一日兩次，即早上上班打卡一次，下午下班打卡一次。
3.1.2.3打卡時間：打卡時間為上班到崗時間和下班離崗時間；
3.1.2.4因公外出不能打卡：因公外出不能打卡應填寫《外勤登記表》,注明外出日期、事由、外勤起止時間。因公外出需事先申請，如因特殊情況不能事先申請，應在事畢到崗當日完成申請、審批手續，否則按曠工處理。因停電、卡鐘（工卡）故障未打卡的員工，上班前、下班后要及時到部門考勤員處填寫《未打卡補簽申請表》，由直接主管簽字證明當日的出勤狀況，報部門經理、人力資源部批準后，月底由部門考勤員據此上報考勤。上述情況考勤由各部門或分公司和項目文員協助人力資源部進行管理。
3.1.2.5手工考勤制度
3.1.2.6手工考勤制申請：由于工作性質，員工無法正常打卡（如外圍人員、出差），可由各部門提出人員名單，經主管副總批準后，報人力資源部審批備案。
3.1.2.7參與手工考勤的員工，需由其主管部門的部門考勤員(文員)或部門指定人員進行考勤管理，并于每月26日前向人力資源部遞交考勤報表。
3.1.2.8參與手工考勤的員工如有請假情況發生，應遵守相關請、休假制度，如實填報相關表單。
3.1.2.9 外派員工在外派工作期間的考勤,需在外派公司打卡記錄;如遇中途出差,持出差證明,出差期間的考勤在出差地所在公司打卡記錄;
3.2加班管理
3.2.1定義
加班是指員工在節假日或公司規定的休息日仍照常工作的情況。
A．現場管理人員和勞務人員的加班應嚴格控制，各部門應按月工時標準，合理安排工作班次。部門經理要嚴格審批員工排班表，保證員工有效工時達到要求。凡是達到月工時標準的，應扣減員工本人的存休或工資；對超出月工時標準的，應說明理由，報主管副總和人力資源部審批。
B．因員工月薪工資中的補貼已包括延時工作補貼，所以延時工作在4小時（不含）以下的，不再另計加班工資。因工作需要，一般員工延時工作4小時至8小時可申報加班半天，超過8小時可申報加班1天。對主管(含)以上管理人員，一般情況下延時工作不計加班，因特殊情況經總經理以上領導批準的延時工作，可按以上標準計加班。
3.2.2.2員工加班應提前申請，事先填寫《加班申請表》，因無法確定加班工時的，應在本次加班完成后3個工作日內補填《加班申請表》。《加班申請表》經部門經理同意，主管副總經理審核報總經理批準后有效。《加班申請表》必須事前當月內上報有效，如遇特殊情況，也必須在一周內上報至總經理批準。如未履行上述程序，視為乙方自愿加班。
3.2.2.3員工加班，也應按規定打卡，沒有打卡記錄的加班，公司不予承認；有打卡記錄但無公司總經理批準的加班，公司不予承認加班。
3.2.2.4原則上，參加公司組織的各種培訓、集體活動不計加班。
3.2.2.5加班工資的補償：員工在排班休息日的加班，可以以倒休形式安排補休。原則上，員工加班以倒休形式補休的，公司將根據工作需要統一安排在春節前后補休。加班可按1：1的比例沖抵病、事假。
3.2.3加班的申請、審批、確認流程
3.2.3.1《加班申請表》在各部門文員處領取，加班統計周期為上月26日至本月25日。
3.2.3.2員工加班也要按規定打卡，沒有打卡記錄的加班，公司不予承認。各部門的考勤員(文員)負責《加班申請表》的保管及加班申報。員工加班應提前申請，事先填寫《加班申請表》加班前到部門考勤員(文員)處領取《加班申請表》，《加班申請表》經項目管理中心或部門經理同意，主管副總審核，總經理簽字批準后有效。填寫并履行完審批手續后交由部門考勤員(文員)保管。
3.2.3.3部門考勤員（文員）負責檢查、復核確認考勤記錄的真實有效性并在每月27日匯總交人力資源部，逾期未交的加班記錄公司不予承認。
【篇二】開題報告英語
齊魯理工學院本科畢業論文（設計）開題報告
畢業論文（設計）題目
Strategies in Cultivating English Reading for Primary School Students: A Perspective of Cognitive Development Theory
題目類型
A
題目來源
自選
二級學院
外國語學院
專 業
英語
指導教師
唐建萍
職 稱
副教授
姓 名
趙姍姍
班 級
二班
學 號
201310201059
1、立題依據(國內外研究進展或選題背景、研究意義）
課題提出的背景：國際新形勢方面:美國伊利諾伊州立大學對比中美兩國學生閱讀量，得出“美國小學生閱讀量是中國小學生的6倍”的研究結論。這一對比應該引起我國對培養小學生英語閱讀方面的極大關注。
教師方面：在教學中，大部分教師沒有使用有效的英語教學策略對學生進行必要的指導。
學生方面: 缺少必要的背景知識；詞匯量少；句法結構陌生。
2、研究的主要內容及預期目標
主要內容:
1. 根據認知發展與教學的關系，確立進行閱讀教學的目標、途徑和意義，試圖從知識、技能、技巧等方面確立故事閱讀的三維目標，為提高小學生閱讀興趣的展開提供方向性指導。
2. 根據認知發展與教學的關系，探求提高小學生英語閱讀興趣的方法。通過圖片法，游戲法，多媒體教學法等方法提高小學生英語閱讀技巧。
3. 根據認知發展與教學的關系，分析并研究小學生在閱讀中存在的問題，并探究小學生閱讀的有效策略和有效原則。通過調查小學生的閱讀實際概況，分析造成學生英語閱讀現狀的各種問題
預期目標:
培養學生的閱讀策略和正確的閱讀技巧，教師掌握有效的英語閱讀教學策略。
3、研究方案（思路）
（一）準備階段
1. 加強理論學習，學習教育科研理論、教學模式等有關理論。2. 進行問卷調查、分析，找出教學方法、學習方式等方面存在的問題 3. 在文獻研究和調查研究的基礎上，提供研究的思路，制訂課題研究方案。
（二）實施階段
1. 開展相關的“閱讀教學興趣培養”調查，收集實踐中的資料及數據。2. 調查結果分析，總結摸索小學英語閱讀課提高學生閱讀興趣的有效模式及途徑 3.撰寫階段性實踐報告。
(三) 總結階段
1. 整理檔案，進行數據分析。2. 論證實踐的科學性、合理性、可行性。3. 總結實踐操作的經驗和存在的問題。4. 形成成果報告。5. 撰寫實踐論文形式推廣研究成果。
四、論文（設計）進度安排
1. 2016年11- 2017年1月 開題階段
2. 2017年2月中旬-4月中旬 中期檢查階段
3. 2017年5月上旬 論文初稿
4. 2017年5月下旬 論文定稿
5. 2017年6月上旬 論文答辯
5、主要參考文獻
John, Elley. How Children Learn to Read. London: Paul Chapman, 1998.
王斌華. 中小學英語教學與研究. 江蘇教育研究, 5 (2001): 30-33.
王玉華. 如何提高小學生的英語閱讀能力. 江蘇教育研究, 33 (2009): 37-38.
朱桂金. 由小人書走進閱讀—小學生課外閱讀的現狀調查與思考. 江蘇教育研究, 34 (2009): 52-55.
六、指導教師意見
指導教師簽名： 年 月 日
七、二級學院審核意見
負責人簽名（二級學院公章）： 年 月 日
注：1. 題目類型：A：屬于實驗、實習、工程實踐和社會調查等社會實踐類；B：屬于其它類
2. 題目來源：指導教師擬定、自選、其它；
3. 此表雙面打印。
【篇三】開題報告英語
滁州學院本科畢業設計（論文）
開題報告表
課題題目 英語專升本學生英語語法學習策略的調查研究
學生姓名 杜 麗
所學專業 英 語 ( 師 范 )
導師姓名 胡 月 月
報告日期 2014年11月17日
滁州學院教務處制
關于本科畢業設計（論文）開題報告的規定
為切實做好本科畢業設計（論文）的開題報告工作，保證論文質量，特作如下規定：
一、開題報告是本科畢業設計（論文）的必經過程，所有本科生在寫作畢業設計（論文）之前都必須作開題報告。
二、開題報告主要檢驗學生對專業知識的駕馭能力和研究能力，考察寫作論文的準備工作是否深入細致，包括選題是否恰當，資料占有是否翔實、全面，對國內外的研究狀況是否了解，本人的研究是否具有創新性等。
三、畢業設計（論文）開題報告前，學生必須根據所學專業培養目標，與教師雙向選擇后確定選題，根據任務書廣泛查閱文獻，深入調查，收集資料，制定研究方案，在此基礎上撰寫開題報告。
四、學生設計（論文）開題前需認真填寫開題報告表，并向導師提出申請，由畢業設計（論文）指導小組負責開題報告的評議。
五、畢業設計（論文）指導小組應當對開題報告進行認真評議，主要評議論文選題是否恰當，研究設想是否合理、可行，研究內容與方法是否具有開拓性、創新性，是否可以開始進行論文寫作等。評議結果分為“合格”和“不合格”兩種，學生開題報告評議結果須為“合格”方可開始論文寫作。畢業設計（論文）指導小組不得少于3人。
六、開題報告表應送交所在系(部)保存。
七、表中各項可自行加頁。
題 目
英語專升本學生英語語法學習策略的調查研究
指
導
小
組
成
員
姓名
專業技術職務或職稱
簽字
李秀娟
副教授
周曉莉
助教
胡月月
助教
研
究
現
狀
、
選
題
意
義
、
研
究
方
法
、
研
究
內
容
和
主
要
參
考
文
獻
研究現狀：
在現今的英語學習過程中，語法逐漸變成學生學習英語的重難點而被越來越多的學者所關注。很多國內外學者對如何提高學生的語法進行了探討，提出了很多的建議和有效的方法，比如創造相應的學習環境，培養學生的學習興趣 (Frank Palmer, 1972; Jack. C. Richards, 1998; 文秋芳, 王立非, 2004; 龍獻平, 劉喜琴, 2007; 葉詠梅, 2009 )，改進教學設備，改善教學方法等 ( Long. M, 2001; O’Malley. J. 2003; Kemp. C, 2007; 林敏, 2012; 朱小蘭, 2013 )。以上研究為英語語法研究提供了理論依據也為學生的語法學習提供了很大幫助，但這些研究普遍側重于中學生及大學生的語法學習策略研究，很少有關于英語專升本學生語法學習策略的研究。英語專升本學生在準備本科考試的過程中語法是至關重要的，采取合適的學習方法能夠更好的提高學習效率。本文將在以上研究的幫助下調查英語專升本學生英語語法的學習策略并研究其與學習成績之間的相關性。
選題意義：
英語專升本學生在努力要升為本科的學習過程中，語法一直是其很大的障礙。零零散散的語法點，看起來簡單要完全記下卻并不容易。以往關于英語方面的研究普遍側重于英語詞匯、閱讀、聽力方面，卻很少對英語語法方面進行研究。本文運用實證研究的方法進行調查，試圖分析回答以下三個問題：（1）英語專升本學生的英語語法學習策略的整體使用情況如何？（2）英語專升本學生的語法學習策略使用與英語成績是否存在相關性？（3）英語專升本學生在語法學習策略的使用上是否存在性別差異？本文希望通過對這幾個問題的回答能夠為英語專升本學生語法學習策略的研究提供一些實證依據并對英語專升本學生的語法學習提供幫助。本文運用英語專升本學生語法學習策略調查問卷對英語專升本學生語法學習策略的現狀進行研究，并調查英語專升本學生英語成績，進而發現兩者之間的關系。
研究方法：
本研究采用實證研究的方法，編制英語專升本學生語法學習策略問卷調查表并結合訪談和英語成績測試，對英語專升本學生語法學習策略的使用現狀進行探討與研究。
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研究內容：
An Study on English Grammar Learning Strategies of Students Upgrading from Junior College to University
1. Introduction
1.Introduction of the study
1.2 Organization of the paper
2. Literature review
2.1 Relevant studies on grammar learning at home and abroad.
2.2 Significance of the study
3. Method
3.1 Study aims
3.2 Participants
3.3 Instruments
3.4 Procedures
3.5 Data analysis
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Current situation of upgrading students’ grammar learning strategies
4.2 Correlation between grammar learning strategies and English achievements
4.3 Correlation between grammar learning strategies and gender
5. Conclusion
5.1 Major findings
5.2 Pedagogical implications
5.3 Limitation of the study and suggestions for further research
主要參考文獻：
[1] Allwright, R. 1999. Language learning through communication practice [J]. ELT Documents, 76, 3:2-14.
[2] Batstone. R. 1994. Grammar [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[3] Brog, S. 1999. Teacher’s theories in grammar teaching [J]. ELT Journal, 53, 3:57-64.
[4] Chamot A. U. 1987. The learning strategies of ESL students [A]. In Wenden and Rubin. Learner strategies for second language acquisition. [M]. Englewood Cliffs: Practice Hall
[5] Klapper,J. 1998. Language learning at school and university: the great grammar debate continues() [J]. Language learning Journal, 18:22-28.
[6] Pawlak, M. 2009. Grammar learning strategies and language attainment: seeking a relationship [J]. Research in Language, 7:43-60.
[7] 郭雪林. 2011. 內蒙古師范大學英語專業學生語法學習策略的調查研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 內蒙古師范大學
（續表）
[8] 黃慧. 2007. 建構主義視角下的大學英語語法教學研究[D]. 上海: 上海外國語大學
[9] 胡壯麟. 2000. 關于語法教學的再認識[A]. 全國大學英語研討會學術委員會. 中國大學英語教學論叢(上)[C]. 北京: 外語教學與研究出版社, 3-18.
[10] 龍獻平. 劉喜琴. 2007. 大學生英語語法學習觀及其對語法教學的啟示[J]. 外語 與外語教學, 6: 28-30.
[11] 文秋芳. 王立非. 2004. 中國英語學習策略實證研究20年[J]. 外國語言文學, 1: 39-45.
[12] 王茜蛟. 2012. 非英語專業大學生英語語法能力研究[D]. 長春: 東北師范大學
[13] 向朋友. 2008. 換個方法教語法[J]. 中國外語, 4: 21-24.
[14] 趙美娟. 1999. 關于英語專業的語法教學[J]. 外語界, 4: 49-52.
研 究 計 劃
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時
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2014—2015學年度第一學期
1、前期相關資料的搜集和準備；
2、2014年10月15日至11月02日，選題及撰寫論文提綱；
3、2014年11月03日至11月05日，提交選題并確定選題；
4、2014年11月06日至11月24日，撰寫開題報告并提交；
5、2014年11月29日，參加開題報告會即開題答辯；
6、2014年12月08日，上交紙質、電子稿《選題審批表》和《開題報告》；
7、2014年12月15至2015年3月10日，撰寫論文初稿。
2014—2015學年度第二學期
8、2015年3月11日，提交論文一稿；
9、2015年4月03日，提交論文二稿；
10、2015年4月20日，提交論文三稿；
11、2015年5月09日，參加論文答辯。
指
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評議結果： 指導小組組長簽名：
年 月 日
說明：此表由教師保管，論文完成后，此表由指導教師交院(部)教學秘書處保存。
【篇四】開題報告英語
鄭州華信學院外語系
Foreign Language Department of Zhengzhou Huaxin College
論文開題報告
（Thesis Proposal）
論文題目:The marriage of Bingley and Jane in Pride and Prejudice
淺析《傲慢與偏見》中賓利和簡的婚姻
（英文題目在上、漢語題目在下）
專 業： 商務英語
學生姓名： 王小轉
指導教師： 王予紅
班 級： 08 商英一班
學 號： 0806010104
日 期： 二零一一年三月
鄭州華信學院外語系畢業論文（設計）開題報告書
學生姓名
王 小 轉
學 號
0806010104
專 業
商務英語
班級
08商英一班
畢業論文（設計）題目
淺析《傲慢與偏見》中賓利和簡的婚姻
指導教師
王予紅
職 稱
畢業論文（設計）開題時間
二零一一年三月
畢業論文（設計）進行地點
鄭州華信學院
1. Aim and Significance:
As is known to all, Pride and Prejudice which was written by a famous English female writer Jane Austen is still a classic in English literature nowadays. Jane Austen who was born and lived her whole life in England wrote six books in her life time. Her novels all described the lifestyle and social communications of families in the countries of England as what she is familiar with. The book Pride and Prejudice is the typical one that fully expressed Janes view on marriage and emphasized that the benefit on economic exerts a great influence on marriage.
The characters in the novel all had their own opinions on marriage. Mrs. Bennet, for instance, has only one aim-that of finding a good match for each of her five daughters. As for Elizabeth, who is the second daughter in the Bennet family said that only deep love would persuade her to marry which was why she would probably end up an old maid. Lydia and Charlotte, however, were two extremes. The former just married for sex, while the latter married for a comfortable home and protection.
There are just so many different characters that were all formed under the society of England in 18 century. Then, there was filled with unfairness between men and women. Just as what Jane Austen said.It is a truth universally knowledge, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
2. Main Methods and Ways of Studies:
The combination based on love and similar interests results in a happy marriage.The marriage of Bingley and Jane in? Pride and Prejudice。Among all the marriages in this novel, the combination of pleasant Bingley and mild Jane is the most blessed and happy one. The couple has similar interests and they insisted on pursuing their true love, which lead them to a happy and perfect marriage.
Mr. Bingley was a good looking and gentlemanlike person whose revenues were about 5,000 pounds a year. As a young man who had good breeding, he was cordial and simple with easily-led disposition. With this character, he never appeared dissatisfied. He was easy to approach and constant in love although he was very rich. However, he lacked strength and independence in his marriage, which was a grievous defect of him. In the novel, Bingley was popular with almost everybody in everywhere. He had a pleasant countenance and easy unaffected manners. It is easy to find that he was agreeable both in appearance and character. The first appearance of Bingley was the time when he “returned Mr. Benner’s visit, and sat about ten minutes with him in his library.”
As a pleasant and modest person, Mr. Bingley was far from the man who was strong and determined. This is his merit but also his demerit. His cordial and simple character leads to his quiet romance with Jane. But his weak and easily-led character leads to his parting with Jane. So when their romance went smoothly, he suddenly departed from Jane, which nearly ends his happy love and marriage.
3、Timetable of the Thesis Writing:
Time arrangement for the writing plan is as follows:
Before March 15, hand in the presentation of the paper.
Before April 12, hand in the first draft of the paper.
Before May 24, hand in the final paper.
4、Reference Books and Materials Available:
[1] 李宏偉, 幸福，在高不可攀處吟唱——《傲慢與偏見》的婚姻透視，
山西大學師范學院學報。
[2] 敬東頡，簡·奧斯汀《傲慢與偏見》的婚姻觀，鎮江師專學報（社會科學版）
[3] 李冬芹，《傲慢與偏見》婚姻觀點漫談，殷都學刊。
[4] 楊琴, 評簡·奧斯汀在《傲慢與偏見》中的婚姻觀，揚州職業大學學報
[5] 簡·奧斯汀的《傲慢與偏見》的評論
[6] 魏立婷，《傲慢與偏見》內容提要
[7] 魏立婷，《傲慢與偏見》作品賞析。
指導教師審核意見（研究意義、創新點、前期準備工作、存在的難點和困難、建議等）：
（簽名）
年 月 日
【篇五】開題報告英語
濱 州 學 院
畢業設計（論文）開題報告
題 目A Study of E-C Translation of Cosmetic Brands from the Perspective of Skopos Theory
從目的論的角度看化妝品品牌的漢譯
系 （院） 外語系 年級 2011級
專 業 英語 班級 1班
學生 婕 學號 1114030101
指導教師 程虎 職稱 講師
濱州學院教務處
二〇一四年十二月
開題報告填表說明
1.開題報告是畢業設計（論文）過程規管理的重要環節，是培養學生嚴謹務實工作作風的重要手段，是學生進行畢業設計（論文）的工作方案，是學生進行畢業設計（論文）工作的依據。
2.學生選定畢業設計（論文）題目后，與指導教師進行充分討論協商，對題意進行較為深入的了解，基本確定工作過程思路，并根據課題要求查閱、收集文獻資料，進行畢業實習（社會調查、現場考察、實驗室試驗等），在此基礎上進行開題報告。
3.課題的目的意義，應說明對某一學科發展的意義以及某些理論研究所帶來的經濟、社會效益等。
4.文獻綜述是開題報告的重要組成部分，是在廣泛查閱國外有關文獻資料后，對與本人所承擔課題研究有關方面已取得的成就及尚存的問題進行簡要綜述，并提出自己對一些問題的看法。
5.研究的容，要具體寫出在哪些方面開展研究，要突出重點，實事，所規定的容經過努力在規定的時間可以完成。
6.在開始工作前，學生應在指導教師幫助下確定并熟悉研究方法。
7.在研究過程中如要做社會調查、實驗或在計算機上進行工作，應詳細說明使用的儀器設備、耗材及使用的時間及數量。
8.課題分階段進度計劃，應按研究容分階段落實具體時間、地點、工作容和階段成果等，以便于有計劃地開展工作。
9.開題報告應在指導教師指導下進行填寫，指導教師不能包辦代替。
10.開題報告要按學生所在系規定的方式進行報告，經系主任批準后方可進行下一步的研究（或設計）工作。
一、 課題的目的意義：
The significance of the study: Skopos theory, put forward by German functionalists Reiss, Vermeer and Nord, is based on the prerequisite that translation as a cross-culture communicative activity is purposeful. The core of this theory is Skopos theory-- any translation is decided by the purpose of translation. In short, the purpose of translation decides the means of translation (Reiss & Vermeer, 1984, P.10). With China’s entry to WTO and the rapid development of Chinese economy, plenty of foreign commodities flood into Chinese markets, among which there are foreign cosmetics. As a special kind of advertisement that bridge consumers and companies, cosmetic brands play a crucial role. Correspondingly, the translation of cosmetic brands has become a significant and urgent task. However, due to the insufficient attention to cosmetic brands translation at home and abroad, studies in the cosmetic brands translation fall behind other pragmatic translation, such as tourist translation, advertisement translation and etc. To some extent, the quality of a brand translation will help to attract more consumers. This research adopts the Skopos theory discusses the translation of cosmetic brands and tries to find out some suitable translation strategies or approaches.
The purpose of the study
This paper mainly studies cosmetic brands translation from the perspective of Skopos theory. Based on Skopos theory, the paper analyzes Chinese translation of brands for cosmetics and illustrates that instructions for cosmetics should be translated with Skopos theory’s guidance. Besides, the validity of Skopos theory’s functions will be examined in the translation of cosmetics brands.
二、文獻綜述（分析國外研究現狀、提出問題，找到研究課題的切入點，附主要參考文獻，不少于1000字）：
Translation Skopos theory, which developed by the German scholar Hans Vermeer, is a translation theory for the external research of translation. This Theory focused on the choice of a variety of purposes in the translating process, so that it will be able to make up for the shortage of the traditional translation studies, and add a new research perspective to the multidisciplinary exploration in translation. The Skopos theory points out translators do not focus on the equivalence of both source and target language texts, at the same time, both information and function of source texts are not to be considered. Therefore, we need to produce the expected function in translated texts for the understanding of readers under their language and cultural environment. From the perspective of functionalists, translation is a kind of communication activity which could be helpful communicating between cross-culture exchanging. They claim that many participants would be involved in the translating process, including the author of original text, translator, receptors, and readers etc. According to the main idea of original text，specific purpose and accurate strategies, the translator must try to get the translation standardized. Translator, as the first reader, his capabilities can decide the quality of translation. According to the main idea of original text, Skopos theory stresses on using translator’s subjective initiative to adopt different methods and techniques for translating. It makes the translation to convey the original content and to meet the stand of the target norms and culture. In addition, the translator can adjust, cut or even rewrite the original according to their need. Skopos theory provided the translator a feasible way to successfully use the translation strategy.
Skopos theory was proposed in General Translation Theory Framework by the German scholar Hans. Vermeer in the late 1970s. Later, Vermeer and his teachers Reiss wrote an essay Ordinary Translation Foundation, and explained Skopos theory systematically. Skopos theory bases on communicative behavior, text linguistics, text theory and the research achievement of reception theory. The term Skopos theory was from Greek, it means purpose and objective, Vermeer used this word to signify translation or the purpose of translation behavior. (Vermeer, 1978).
Functionalist translation theory has gone through four stages: the first stage is Katharina Reiss functional translation theory. She believes that the equivalence of the target text and the source text sometimes is impossible to achieve, and have different functions in the process of translation. Therefore, the translator should give priority to the translation function rather than the principle of equivalence. The second stage is the Hans. Vermeer’s Skopos theory. Based on behavior theory Vermeer created Skopos theory. The third stage is the Justa Holz -Manttari’s action of translation theory. Manttari based on Vermeer’s theory to develop hers with the transmission of information to a variety of cross-cultural conversion, translation as a complex activity to achieve a specific purpose. The fourth stage is the Christiane Nord text analysis mode. Christiane Nord sorted out the functionalist translation theory, and put forward that translator should follow the principle of “function plus loyalty”, which perfect the theory.
Skopos theory has been translated into multinational languages and spread to several countries in the world in more than 30 years since Skopos theory came into being. Since 1980s, Skopos theory disseminated in China, and played an important role on Chinese translation studies. According to incomplete statistics, from 1987 to 2006, more than 100 articles that referred to Skopos theory was published in all kinds of academic periodicals and papers of China, among them, approximately 37 core journals was published. The scope of the research covers the subject in translation definition, translation criteria, translation criticism, translation teaching, translation strategies, literary translation, and non-literary translation (including tourism translation, brand translation, advertisement translation, film title translation, translation of Chinese medical documents, news translation, and legal translation).
In 1987, Gui Qianyuan published the paper Remember the Federal Republic of Germany Three Translators in Chinese Translators Journal. It briefly described the Vermeer’s new insights about translation. In 1995, Zhang Nanfeng’s Out of the Dead end and into Translation Studies and Chen Xiaowei’s a brief comment on function theory, made brief introduction and comment on Skopos theory. After the two, the introduction related Skopos theory gradually increased. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press also introduced Nord and Reiss’s theoretical writings Translating As a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained and Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations. It has played a leading role in academia for understanding the connotation and denotation of Skopos theory.
Skopos theory has been studied by many home and abroad scholars and widely applied in translation. It is also useful in explaining practical translation. Different translation purposes will produce different versions. That means we need to choose the best one to give the target consumers. However, due to the insufficient attention to cosmetic brands translation at home and abroad, studies in the cosmetic brands translation fall behind other pragmatic translations. This thesis adopts the Skopos theory to discuss the translation of cosmetic brands and tries to find out some suitable strategies or approaches. And it is hoped that the improved translations of cosmetic brands can be helpful to the consumer, the manufacturer, the agent and also the product itself.
Cosmetic brand is a very practical type of propaganda with high commercial value, and the ultimate purpose of all cosmetic brands is the same-- to promote sales. Skopos theory is a relatively new model in translation studies, and it can release translation from the shackle of the source text, providing a new perspective to translation, especially such pragmatic translation as cosmetic brands.
References:
[1]Mark, N. 2001. Approaches to Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[2]Nida, A. E. 1993. Language, Culture and Translating[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[3]Nida, A. E. & C. R. Taber. 2004. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[4]Nord, C. 2001. Translation as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[5]勇. 2009. 功能主義視角下的中國高校英文網頁中的翻譯問題研究[M]. ：科學.
[6]高俊，丹丹. 2011. 從目的論視角看翻譯過程中譯者的責任[J]. 鐵道學院院報（社會科學版). 12(2): 154-155.
[7]黃曉. 2009. 淺析化妝品商標名的翻譯策略[J]. 西南民族大學學報. (11): 51－53．
[8]長栓. 2004.非文學翻譯理論與實踐[M]. ：中國對外翻譯出版公司.
[9]石英. 2001. 析德國功能派翻譯理論[J]. 師大學學報.
[10]王錚. 2011. 從作者的意圖和讀者的需求論述翻譯目的論[J]. 聯合大學學報(社會科學版). 27(2): 96-98.
[11]天振. 2008. 當代外國翻譯理論導讀[M]. 天津：南開大學.
[12]柳. 2009. 20世紀西方翻譯理論在中國的接受史[M]. ：外語教育.
[13]鵬. 2011. 目的論視角下翻譯本質的再思考[J]. 華北水利水電學院院報(社會科學版). 27(3): 96-97
[14]美芳. 2005. 翻譯研究的功能途徑[M]. ：外語教育.
[15]凌. 2009. 化妝品商標翻譯探討[J]. 商場現代化. (1): 174－175．
[16]諸巧媛. 2008. 化妝品商標的翻譯原則及方法[J]. 文學. (8): 35－36
三、課題研究的容、方法和預期目標：
In this research, we are firstly required to study the definition of Skopos theory and know it well, then examine its application in cosmetic brands through case study. Compared with other traditional translation theories, German Functionalism, especially Skopos theory provides useful guidance in cosmetic brands translation. This thesis focuses on the application of skopos theory principles and methods in the translation of cosmetic brands and how to make a suitable choice among different strategies in translation process. And it is hoped that the improved translations of cosmetic brands can be helpful to the consumer, the manufacturer, the agent and also the product itself. The author will have better understanding on the Skopos theory, and improve translation ability. The paper has aimed at providing better translation for the cosmetic brands, so that it will help attract more consumers. However this paper is far from perfect in its research and still many aspects are left to be studied by the following scholars.
四、所需儀器設備、材料情況：
1. Computer 3. Internet
2. Software：Microsoft Word 4. Newspapers, magazines and books
五、課
題
分
階
段
的
進
度
計
劃
序號
起止日期
工作容
階段成果
1
2014.9.15-11.14
查閱搜集資料，論文選題
完成資料搜集
2
2014.11.15—12.14
確定論文題目，下達任務書，填寫開題報告。
完成論文選題
完成開題報告
3
2014.12.15—2015.4.3
指導教師批閱開題報告，
學生撰寫論文初稿。
開題報告定稿
形成論文初稿
4
2015.4.4—5.8
指導教師批閱初稿，學生自查小結。
修改論文初稿
學生自查小結
5
2015.5.9—5.22
按導師意見修改初稿，撰寫二稿。
上交論文二稿
6
2015.5.23—6.5
修改二稿，經指導教師同意后定稿。
完成論文定稿
7
2015.6.6—6.12
整理和打印論文定稿
上交論文定稿
8
2015.6.13—6.19
論文答辯準備階段
完成答辯所需材料
指導教師意見
（詳細填寫指導教師意見）
簽字：
年 月 日
系主任意見
簽字（公章）：
年 月 日
【篇六】開題報告英語
畢業設計（論文）開題報告
（含文獻綜述、外文翻譯）
題 目 基于語料庫的《祝福》譯者風格對比研究
A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of the Translator"s Styles in the Two English Versions of “The New Year"s Sacrifice”
姓 名 顏陽天
學 號
專業班級 英語0706
所在學院 外國語學院
指導教師（職稱） 劉育文（副教授）
二○一一年十二月三十日
畢業設計（論文）
開 題 報 告
（包括選題的意義、可行性分析、研究的內容、研究方法、
擬解決的關鍵問題、預期結果、研究進度計劃等）
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of the Translator"s Styles
in the Two English Versions of “The New Year"s Sacrifice”
1. Purpose and Significance
The conventional translation study is usually based on qualitative and cognitive approaches, which lead to the lack of abundant evidence and data in the course of analysis. In western countries, some significant papers by Mona Baker indicate the inception of the corpus-based translation studies and a large number of insightful researches were made in the last twenty years. However, this quantitative method has not been adopted until the 21st century, and the domestic academic level of corpus and its relative studies are still at its infancy.
The purpose of this thesis lies in using the quantitative method facilitated by computer parallel corpora to compare and contrast the stylistic features of two English versions of Lu Xun’s novel “The New Year’s Sacrifice”, namely, one translated by Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang and the other by William A. Lyell.
This thesis tries to apply the latest approach to contrastive study of translations, which features abundant statistics and data analysis for stylistic and linguistic evidence from the two selected translations with an aim to provide more objective and scientific findings compared with conventional qualitative translation studies.
This will be the first thesis on translation studies from the perspective of Corpus Linguistics by a student from Zhejiang University City College.
2. Current Literature Review
First things first, the basic concepts and methodology come from several classical textbooks in Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics. Graeme Kennedy’s An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, John Sinclair’s Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, and Anthony Woods’s Statistics in Language Studies all must be read as an introductory guidance which present a panoramic theoretical overview on Corpus Linguistics. Concerning Stylistics, Geoffrey Leech and Michael Short’s Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose and David Hoover’s Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics show the theoretical background and practical steps of conventional stylistic case studies. For Translation Studies, Yang Xiaorong’s Introduction to Translation Criticism is a well-acknowledged book on the philosophy and methodology in this field.
Not surprisingly, great advantages could be easily seen if Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics are combined comprehensively. The adoption of corpus in translation studies began in the early 1990s. “Recognizing the potential for using corpora in translation research in the early 1990s, Mona Baker made a number of suggestions on which much corpus-based analysis of translation has subsequently been founded” (Olohan 35-56).
David Hoover, in his paper Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics, claims that corpus stylistics can be valuable to literary studies. He says that with the help of corpus linguistics we can explore the degree to which an author has succeeded in creating distinct individual voices within a novel, which will be of great importance in stylistic studies. Besides, the author holds that corpus can also be equally useful to analyze short texts, which provides a theoretical framework for self-built corpus in stylistic studies.
And Baker’s suggestion was introduced into China by Zhang Meifang (張美芳) in 2002. Then the corpus-based translation studies have witnessed great progress in the following years which provides precious inspiration and suggestion for this thesis.
Then, as for the relevant studies in recent years, two papers and one book are of great reference value. The book is Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies by Maeve Olohan, one of Mona Baker’s colleagues, which provides several basic case studies concerning using corpora in translation studies and stylistic contrasts. And the two papers are The Use of Parallel Corpus in Translation Criticism - Take Different Versions of Bacon"s Of Studies for example by Xu Xin (徐欣), and Corpus-based Version Analysis - Take Pride and Prejudice for Example by Xu Wei (徐偉). Sharing almost the same methodology and research steps, both papers use corpus to measure the source text and the translations by some very basic and superficial statistics, word count, sentence count, average sentence length, wordlist, theme word, Type-token Ratio, etc. Their findings are inspiring but the results are merely presenting data rather than using it as a source of evidence to investigate insightful findings in stylistic and linguistic theory.
In 2010 Corpus Linguistics boomed in China, and several important papers contribute a remarkable development in text mark-up, data analysis, theory investigation, etc.
Wan Lifang’s (萬麗芳) Lexical Diversity Research on L2 English Majors’ Writing, though not featured in translation studies, shows a quantitative and scientific method to measure the lexical diversity, that is, lexical variation, lexical diversity and error dimension, in English texts. This method could be adopted in this thesis to see the lexical differences between L2 translator Yang Xianyi and L1 translator William A. Lyell.
Xiao Zhonghua (肖忠華) and Dai Guangrong’s (戴光榮) Finding "The Third Code": A Corpus-based Research on Translation Universality measures some typical English features like conjunction and passive voice. These two features are the main differences between Chinese and English, and from the statistics we may see to what extent L2 translators could be influenced by their first language.
Xing Fukun (邢富坤) and Cheng Dongyuan’s (程東元) paper The Readability Research Based on the Language Statistical Model? within the framework of readability theory, interprets some commonly seen data, such as word count, sentence count, average sentence length, etc. With the help of this paper, some basic data can be interpreted and studied under a broader contextualization of theory.
Last but not the least, some panoramic review on the development of corpus-based translation studies and stylistics can also be found this year, for example, Zhou Xiaoling (周小玲) and Jiang Jiansong’s (蔣堅松) The Development of Corpus-based Translator’s Stylistic Research Abroad (2000-2009), David Hoover’s Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics, etc.
3. Key Points and Possible Difficulties
First, as one of the objects of this thesis is to compile a self-built parallel corpus, all necessary processes of compiling small-scale corpora must be fulfilled which would be time-consuming, such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR), text proofreading, and text mark-ups. Great patience, careful treatment and well-knit linguistic knowledge must be involved in this process.
Second, some technical difficulties may be met in the following stages of research, such as software compatibility, hardware stability and the unified encoding format. The mainstream corpus software available at this time is mostly developed in the late 1990s and early 2000s for Windows NT family or even earlier. As a counter plan, virtual technology has been tested successfully to ensure its good functioning.
Third, data analysis is another critical aspect as well. How to testify the validity of the data How to determine which statistical method gives the most “near-fact” evidence Will a Manipulation of Sparse Array be needed if the sample size is too small All these questions must be answered in the next several months.
Data, however, is not the end itself, even if it is quite accurate and fact revealing. As Kennedy addressed in his An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, “Corpus Linguistics is not an end in itself but is one source of evidence for improving descriptions of the structure and use of languages” (Kennedy 1). This thesis will consider data as the evidence source rather than the destination of itself.
Finally and necessarily, the data is going to be used to compare and contrast stylistic features of the two translations. All data must be analyzed by conventional qualitative method in each section to indicate the significance of data, that is, what does the data mean, or in which way can we interpret the data by conventional qualitative theory In order to achieve this goal, some case studies in corpus stylistics must be read and quantitative and qualitative methods must be combined.
4. Approaches and Methods
This thesis will be conducted on the basis of data collection and analysis of a small-scale self-built parallel corpus, by which quantitative and qualitative methods will be combined comprehensively to reach a final conclusion on stylistic contrasts between the source text (ST) and target texts (TTs). To reach this goal, ST and TTs should be made machine-readable and proofread, and a parallel corpus should be compiled and marked up.
5. A Tentative Outline
1. Introduction
2. “The New Year’s Sacrifice” and its Two English Versions
3. Approaches and Methods: Self-built Parallel Corpus
. Theoretical Background
. Study Procedure
4. A Corpus-based Stylistic Contrast between the ST and TTs
. Readability
. Lexical Diversity
Lexical Density by TTR and Standardized TTR
Lexical Variation by Uber Index
Lexical Sophistication by Word Frequency Profile
. Differences in Translational Language
Conjunction Use
Passive Voice
5. Conclusion
6. Work Schedule (The date indicated is the deadline for each stage)
24th Oct -14th Nov. 2011:
Meet supervisors and discuss possible topics and references.
17th Nov. 2011:
Decide on the topic and start writing the Research Proposal and Literature Review.
12th Dec. 2011:
Defend the Research Proposal.
30th :
Finish the Literature Review.
13th Feb. 2012:
Finish the first draft of the thesis.
13th Apr. 2012:
Finish the second draft based on the feedback.
28th Apr 2012:
Finish the final draft.
7th May 2012:
Defend the thesis.
25th May 2012:
Finish the follow-up work.
7. References
[1] Baker, Mona. “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implication and Application” [A]. Text and Technology [C]. Ed. Mona Baker. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s, 1993. 233-250.
[2] Baker, Mona. “Corpora in Translation Studies: An Overview and Some Suggestions for Future Research” [J]. Target, 1995,(2): 223-243.
[3] Hoover, David. “Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics” [J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 2010, (2): 67-81.
[4] Kennedy, Graeme. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics [M]. Essex: Longman, 1998.
[5] Leech, Geoffrey and Short, Michael. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose [M]. Essex: Longman, 1982.
[6] Lyell, William A. Diary of a Madman and Other Stories [M]. New York: Penguin Classics, 1973.
[7] Olohan, Maeve. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies [M]. Oxford: Routledge, 2004.
[8] Sinclair, John. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[9] Woods, Anthony, Paul Fletcher and Arthur Hughes. Statistics in Language Studies [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
[10] Yang, Xianyi and Gladys Yang. The New-Year Sacrifice and Other Stories [M]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002
[11] 盧衛中, 夏云. 語料庫文體學：文學文體研究的新途徑[J]. 外國語, 2010, (1): 47-53.
[12] 魯 迅. 彷徨[M]. 北京: 人民文學出版社, 1979.
[13] 萬麗芳. 中國英語專業大學生二語寫作中的詞匯豐富性研究[J]. 外語界, 2010, (1): 40-46.
[14] 肖維青. 自建語料庫與翻譯批評[J]. 外語研究, 2005, (4): 60-65.
[15] 肖忠華, 戴光榮. 尋求“第三語碼”——基于漢語譯文語料庫的翻譯共性研究[J]. 外語教學與研究, 2010, (1): 52-59.
[16] 邢富坤, 程東元. 基于統計語言模型的英語易讀性研究[J]. 解放軍外國語學院學報, 2010, (6): 19-24.
[17] 徐 偉. 平行語料庫在翻譯批評中的應用——以培根Of Studies 的不同譯本為例[J]. 外語研究, 2006, (2): 54-59.
[18] 徐 欣. 基于多譯本語料庫的譯文對比研究——對《傲慢與偏見》二譯本的對比分析[J]. 外國語, 2010, (2): 53-59.
[19] 楊曉榮. 翻譯批評導論[M]. 北京: 中國對外翻譯出版公司, 2005.
[20] 張美芳. 利用語料庫調查譯者的文體：貝克研究新法評介[J]. 解放軍外國語學院學報, 2002, (2): 54-57.
[21] 周小玲, 蔣堅松. 近十年國外基于語料庫的譯者文體研究的發展(2000-2009)[J]. 外語與外語教學, 2010, (3): 54-58.
畢業設計（論文）
文 獻 綜 述
（包括國內外現狀、研究方向、進展情況、存在問題、參考依據等）
LITERATURE REVIEW
A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of the Translator"s Styles
in the Two English Versions of “The New Year"s Sacrifice”
Corpus-based translation studies is a field of study combining Linguistics, Translation Studies, Computer Science and Statistics, which involves reading a large number of books and papers and assessing before practical research to be undertaken. Among these books and papers, generally there are two categories of materials: one places extra emphasis on theoretical foundations and methodologies, the other features in concrete and practical case studies.
First, the basic concepts and methodologies of corpus-based translation studies come from several classical textbooks on Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics.
Graeme Kennedy’s An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics and John Sinclair’s Corpus, Concordance, Collocation are acknowledged references introducing general knowledge of corpora, such as the history and types of corpora, basic research methods combined with other disciplines and momentum of new progress in the near future. Both books mostly discuss the applications and functions of million-word dynamic corpus instead of small-scale self-built corpus, theoretical foundations rather than practical case studies, but their mode of thinking and classical statistical methods are quite helpful to the studies based on small-scale self-built corpus, such as Type-token Ratio, Word List, Keyword in Context, etc.
Anthony Woods’ Statistics in Language Studies is an introductory guidance which presents a panoramic theoretical overview on the combination of Statistics and Linguistics. Being a textbook for Cambridge University students since 1986, this book mainly discusses linguistic data analysis from the perspective of Statistics, including evaluating the validity of data, analyzing normal distribution graph, choosing proper chart type, etc. This book is easy to understand with abundant samples and detailed explanations. The significance of this book is presenting practical and exercisable statistical methods especially for language researchers who are not quite familiar with Statistics.
David Hoover, in his paper Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics, discusses “some ways that corpus stylistics can be valuable to literary studies”, for example, “explore the degree to which an author has succeeded in creating distinct individual voices within a novel” from the perspective of Corpus Stylistics as a discovery technique, which can be quite useful in stylistic studies. Also, the author insists that corpus can be useful for analyzing very short texts, implying the theoretical properness for using self-built corpus in stylistic studies.
Concerning conventional Stylistics, Geoffrey Leech and Michael Short’s Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose shows the theoretical background and practical steps of conventional stylistic case studies. And for Translation Studies, Yang Xiaorong’s Introduction to Translation Criticism is a commonly acknowledged book on the philosophy and methodology in this field. Yang addresses in her book that, “many papers began to discuss the ‘weaknesses of translation criticism’ and the focus of the matter is lacking ‘scientific principle and methods’.” (Yang 4) In my opinion, Corpus Linguistics could be a good compensation for traditional translation criticism, because it introduces statistical techniques to translation. But I don’t think corpus-based research is going to replace traditional qualitative one, but play a role as an important scientific technique to find the “serendipity” of stylistic studies.
Not surprisingly, great advantages could be easily seen if Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics are combined comprehensively. The adoption of corpus in translation studies began in the early 1990s. “Recognizing the potential for using corpora in translation research in the early 1990s, Mona Baker made a number of suggestions on which much corpus-based analysis of translation has subsequently been founded” (Olohan 35-56). And Baker’s suggestion was introduced into China by Zhang Meifang (張美芳) in 2002. Then the corpus-based translation studies have witnessed great progress in the following years which provides precious inspiration and suggestion for this thesis.
Second, some books and a large number of papers on the relevant studies in recent years demonstrate insightful findings based on some concrete case studies.
Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies by Maeve Olohan, one of Mona Baker’s colleagues, provides several basic case studies on corpora in translation studies and stylistic contrasts. Published in 2004, this book represents the highest level of corpus-based translation studies in late 1990s and early 2000s. Similar to Graeme Kennedy’s An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, its research methods are indeed classical, though not so creative and updated from the perspective of current development of Corpus Linguistics. Also the case studies in this book are quite representative.
There are two papers in this field that must be mentioned: The Use of Parallel Corpus in Translation Criticism - Take Different Versions of Bacon"s Of Studies for example by Xu Xin (徐欣), and Corpus-based Version Analysis - Take Pride and Prejudice for Example by Xu Wei (徐偉). Sharing almost the same methodology and research steps, both papers use corpus to measure the ST and TTs by some very basic and superficial statistics like word count, sentence count, average sentence length, Word List, theme words, Type-token Ratio, etc. Their findings are inspiring but the results are merely presenting data rather than using it as a source of evidence to investigate insightful findings in stylistics and linguistics. As many overseas scholars, such as Kennedy and Hoover, criticized that, “corpus is not the end in itself” and qualitative and quantitative methods can never be replaced by each other; actually a comprehensive combination of both approaches will lead to satisfying findings in linguistic studies.
In 2010 Corpus Linguistics boomed on the mainland of China, and several milestone papers contribute to a remarkable development in text mark-up, data analysis, theory investigation, etc. All these papers present case studies of using corpora in their respective disciplines.
Qin Hongwu’s (秦洪武) Load Capacity of Constructions in Translational Chinese: A Multi-version Corpus-based Study provides a new perspective of calculating construction load and sentence segments instead of sentence length and word counts, which offers much more concise and insightful statistical data on the syntactic features. In this paper, the author addresses that conventionally sentence length is a primary figure indicating the simplification in translation strategies, but one Chinese sentence may contain more than one construction or sentence segments, so calculating sentence length rather than construction or sentence segments may be inaccurate. Therefore calculating the load capacity based on constructions and sentence segments will be more concise and accurate than simply calculating sentence length in evaluating translation strategies and target text quality.
Wan Lifang’s (萬麗芳) Lexical Diversity Research on L2 English Majors’ Writing, though not featured in translation studies, shows a quantitative and scientific method to measure the target texts’ lexical diversity like lexical variation, lexical density and error dimension. This method could be adopted in this thesis to see the lexical differences between L2 translator Yang Xianyi and L1 translator William A. Lyell. Another feature of this paper is that, the author adopts the two comparatively new statistical methods, namely, Uber Index as well as Standardized Type-token Ratio, to analyze the lexical density, because the validity of Type-token Ratio could be reduced when used in small-scale texts.
Xiao Zhonghua (肖忠華) and Dai Guangrong’s (戴光榮) Finding "The Third Code": A Corpus-based Research on Universal Features of Translation is theoretically and practically helpful to this thesis. Theoretically, Xiao and Dai adopt Frawley’s view of considering translated texts as “The Third Code” which is different from both source language and target language. Practically the paper quantitatively displays differences between typical English and translated English by measuring some typical English language features in TTs, for example, conjunctions and passive voice. These two features are the main differences between Chinese and English, and from the statistics we may see to what extent L2 translators could be influenced by their first language.
Xing Fukun (邢富坤) and Cheng Dongyuan’s (程東元) paper The Readability Research Based on the Language Statistical Model? interprets some commonly seen data within the framework of readability theory, such as word count, sentence count, average sentence length, etc. With the help of this paper, some basic statistic data can be interpreted and studied under a more abundant and broader contextualization of theory.
Pan Mingwei’s (潘鳴威) Corpus-based Research on Omission Strategy of English Learners’ Translation reveals that, since Chinese is more “redundant” than English to some extent, omission strategy must be adopted in C-E translation. On the other hand, not all “redundant” words and expressions in Chinese source text should be omitted, for they are not all really “redundant” but actually carrying some cultural backgrounds or implied meanings. So investigation on how translators deal with these “redundancies” may also be the difference between the L1 and L2 translators, and also based on the potential L1 and L2 translators’ differences some cultural, social and linguistic factors behind may be found and analyzed for stylistic contrastive studies.
Last but not the least, some panoramic review on the development of corpus-based translation studies and stylistics can also be found in this year, for example, Zhou Xiaoling (周小玲) and Jiang Jiansong’s (蔣堅松) The Development of Corpus-based Translator’s Stylistic Research Abroad (2000-2009).
In conclusion, the current literature review includes materials covering both theoretical foundation and practical case studies. These books and papers, whether at home or abroad, quantitative or qualitative, are of great aid to the preparation of this thesis.
Works Cited
[1] Baker, Mona. “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implication and Application” [A]. Text and Technology [C]. Ed. Mona Baker. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s, 1993. 233-250.
[2] Baker, Mona. “Corpora in Translation Studies: An Overview and Some Suggestions for Future Research” [J]. Target, 1995,(2): 223-243.
[3] Hoover, David. “Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics” [J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 2010, (2): 67-81.
[4] Kennedy, Graeme. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics [M]. Essex: Longman, 1998.
[5] Leech, Geoffrey and Short, Michael. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose [M]. Essex: Longman, 1982.
[6] Lyell, William A. Diary of a Madman and Other Stories [M]. New York: Penguin Classics, 1973.
[7] Olohan, Maeve. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies [M]. Oxford: Routledge, 2004.
[8] Sinclair, John. Corpus, Concordance, and Collocation [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[9] Woods, Anthony, Paul Fletcher and Arthur Hughes. Statistics in Language Studies [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
[10] Yang, Xianyi and Gladys Yang. The New-Year Sacrifice and Other Stories [M]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002
[11] 魯 迅. 彷徨[M]. 北京: 人民文學出版社, 1979.
[12] 潘鳴威. 基于語料庫的學習者漢英翻譯省譯策略研究——兼談對漢英翻譯測試的幾點思考[J]. 外語研究, 2010, (5): 72-77.
[13] 秦洪武. 英譯漢翻譯語言的結構容量：基于多譯本語料庫的研究[J]. 外國語, 2010, (4): 73-80.
[14] 萬麗芳. 中國英語專業大學生二語寫作中的詞匯豐富性研究[J]. 外語界, 2010, (1): 40-46.
[15] 肖忠華, 戴光榮. 尋求“第三語碼”——基于漢語譯文語料庫的翻譯共性研究[J]. 外語教學與研究, 2010, (1): 52-59.
[16] 邢富坤, 程東元. 基于統計語言模型的英語易讀性研究[J]. 解放軍外國語學院學報, 2010, (6): 19-24.
[17] 徐 偉. 平行語料庫在翻譯批評中的應用——以培根Of Studies 的不同譯本為例[J]. 外語研究, 2006, (2): 54-59.
[18] 徐 欣. 基于多譯本語料庫的譯文對比研究——對《傲慢與偏見》二譯本的對比分析[J]. 外國語, 2010, (2): 53-59.
[19] 楊曉榮. 翻譯批評導論[M]. 北京: 中國對外翻譯出版公司, 2005.
[20] 張美芳. 利用語料庫調查譯者的文體：貝克研究新法評介[J]. 解放軍外國語學院學報, 2002, (2): 54-57.
[21] 周小玲, 蔣堅松. 近十年國外基于語料庫的譯者文體研究的發展(2000-2009)[J]. 外語與外語教學, 2010, (3): 54-58.
