初中英語7篇
初中英語(1)
初中英語觀課報告初中英語教案
初中英語觀課報告 此次暑期的研修和往年有很大不同,通過這幾天的學習,我受益匪淺,感觸頗深。
四位老師的優質課 容量大、節奏快、效率高,每位老師都有自己不同的教學風格,深厚的教學功底和精湛的教學技術精彩的 呈現在了課堂上。
他們流利的英語口語、現代的新課標理念、新穎的設計、清晰的思路、靈活的教法、愉 悅的情感都給我留下了深刻的印象。
看完各位老師的課堂實錄,我深深感覺到每節課都有很多值得我學習 并借鑒的東西。
首先,這四位老師的課給人的總體感覺就是:課堂教學的基本功扎實,口語自然流暢,語音純正,多 媒體使用技術熟練,教態親切,語氣神態充滿自信和激情,駕馭課堂能力強。
(一)體現了以學生為主體的教學理念。
培養和發展學生的學習主體性是英語教學的根本任務。
這些老的能力很強。
提升到理論的高度應該說這些 老師上的課基本上遵循了新課標初中英語課堂教學的基本要求和原則。
具體表現在以下幾個方面:師改變 了過去“一言堂”的傳統教學模式,而是根據“以學生為中心”的教學思路,設計了大量問答、敘述、表 演、討論等形式多樣的語言實踐活動,讓學生在語言實踐的過程中逐步形成主動參與、樂于探索的學習態 度,同時十分注意激發學生的學習興趣,發展互助、關心和合作的新型師生關系,營造寬松、民主、和諧 的課堂教學氣氛,尊重學生的思想情感和個體差異,使他們真正成為學習的主人。
(二)重視了語言情景的創設和利用。
運用多種教學手段創設語言情景是英語教學的一個重要原則。
這些老師充分利用圖片、多媒體課件以及身 體語言創設了比較真實的語言運用情景,并利用情景講解語言知識,進行技能訓練,使教學內容既簡潔清 晰,又形象生動。
(三)突出了扎實靈活的語言操練。
這些老師從課文的整體著眼,通過情景并采用多種手段和方法,引導學生學習、操練新詞語和新句型。
在操練過程中盡可能地使語言形式和語言意義緊密聯系、有機結合,盡可能地使聽、說、讀、寫四項技能 相輔相成、互相促進,并努力做到目的明確、重點突出、難點分散、形式活潑,還充分注意了訓練的速度、 節奏和密度。
(四)強調了學生實際運用語言能力的培養。
培養學生實際運用語言的能力是英語課程的一項主要任務。
在這些課中,各位老師堅持做到以語言內容 和語言功能為主,以語言形式和語言結構為輔,使內容和形式、功能和結構相互滲透、相互作用。
(五)提高了課堂教學的效果和效率 這些老師由于運用了比較多的直觀教具和多媒體課件, 節約了講解的時間, 提高了時間的利用的主動性。
通過這次學習我感覺最大的三點體會是:
1、要提高學生主動學習的程度,關鍵在于教師備課不僅要備教材,對教材理解透徹并能創造性地使用 教材,而且還要備學生。公開課由于大多是陌生的學生,不了解他們的情況,而我們平時在教學實踐過程 中,可以朝這個方向努力。只有了解了學生的學這方面,我們教師在課堂上才能更有效地訓練學生參與課 堂教學的能力,提高他們的積極性和主動性。
2、調動學生積極性,讓學生真正成為課堂的主人。
這是新標準的重要特點,也是素質教育的要求。
注重學生能力的培養,注重主體參與,教學中互動模 式多樣,多采用小組競賽的模式或創造一個語境,讓學生展開聯想,這不僅能激起學生們對英語學習的興 趣,同時也能營造寬松、民主、和諧的教與學的氛圍。平時在這一方面自己做得不夠好。
3、對英語課堂教學有了新的認識。
英語課以語言為對象,強調以任務入手,放眼看周圍世界,培養學生的英語能力,這個就是知識點。
我通過此次學習之后,明確了英語課最終的落腳點是不僅僅在知識上,還要能解決將來在工作、生活中可 能遇到的問題,最終讓孩子通過學習 英語來達到交流的目的,以此為最終目標。
通過學習與交流,我深刻感受到轉變觀念不能只停留在認識上,更應該落實到課堂教學實踐中去取得 實效; 通過學習與交流,使我知道應該如何在課堂教學中樹立新型的師生關系,創設豐富有趣生活化的學 習情境,開展學生自主、合作探究的學習活動,提供行之有效的教學媒體,關注學生的學習過程,真正使1
每一位學生學有所獲,得到較好的發展; 通過學習與交流,還使我學到了一些好的教育教學方法,提高了 專業技能,同時,也增強了自己適應新課程改革的能力。看完各位老師的課堂實錄,我更深切的體會到“英語的工具性”的重要性。語言是一個載體,是一種 工具。它的目的是交流。要想熟練的使用這個工具來達到交流的目的,它就應該是聽說讀寫四項基本技能 的綜合,最后以“說”的形式呈現出來。
然而,在實際英語教學過 程中,迫于生學壓力和各種考試的檢測 手段以及教學條件的限制,有些時候,我們難免做得有些本末倒置,把大量精力放在閱讀等技能的訓 練上,而忽視了 “說”這個語言最基本的技能,忽視了學生口語表達能力的提高,從而把英語學成了“啞 巴英語” 。
因而,只有運用靈活多樣的教學方法,才能充分調動學生學習的 積極性,激發學生的知識潛能, 改變“單調壓抑”的課堂模式,向英語口語化的課堂邁進,向充分互動的課堂邁進。
靈活多樣的教學方法 哪里?不斷更新的 教育理念,我們的不斷發展的教育,我們孜孜不倦的探索研究和 學習,我們永不停息、充滿愛的心靈深處。
在今后的工作中,我要把學到的知識, 多用在實際教學中 去,努力提高自身綜合的教學技能,爭做一名“好老師” 。
四位教師在教學環節設計和教學活動中,盡可能多地考慮師生的共同參與性與互動性,充分體現學生學習的自主性和參與性。教師們采用小組合作學習,使整堂課學生的參與面廣,參與度高,讓學生融入到課堂中來,發揮學生的主體性。同時拉近了師生距離,活躍了課堂教學。
初中英語(2)
1. Once two hunters went hunting in the forest. One of them
suddenly fell down by accident. He showed the whites of his eyes and seemed to have ceased breathing. The other hunter soon took out his
mobile phone to call the emergency center for help. The operator said calmly:"First, you should make sure that he is already dead." Then the operator heard a gunshot from the other end of the phone and next he heard the hunter asking:"What should I do next?"
兩個獵人進森林里打獵, 其中一個獵人不慎跌倒, 兩眼翻白,似已停止呼吸。
另一個獵人趕緊拿出手機撥通緊急求助電話。接線員沉著地說: “第一步,要先
確定你的朋友已經死亡。 ”于是,接線員在電話里聽到一聲槍響,然后聽到那獵
人接著問: “第二步怎辦? ”
2.Let me take it down
An elephant said to a mouse ,"no doubt that you are the smallest znd
most useless thing that Ihave e ver seen ."
"Pless ,say it again .Let me take it down ."the mouse said ."I will tell a
flea what I know."
為我所用
一頭大象對一只小老鼠說: “你無疑是我見過的最小、最沒用的東西。 ”
“請再說一遍,讓我把它記下來。 ”老鼠說。 “我要講給我認識的一只跳蚤聽。
3.Watering Flower In Rain
Tom:Why doyou have that watering can?
Dan:I"m going to water the flowers.
Tom:But it"d raining.
Dan:That"s OK.I"m wear-ing my raincoat.
雨天澆花
湯姆:你拿噴壺做什么?
丹:我要去澆花。
湯姆:可是,在下雨呀!
丹:沒關系,我穿著雨衣呢!
4. Two birls
Teacher: Here are two birds, one is a swallow, the other is sparrow.
Now who can tell us which is which?
Student: I cannot point out but I know the answer.
Teacher: Please tell us.
Student: The swallow is beside the sparrow and the sparrow is
beside the swallow.
兩只鳥
老師: 這兒有兩只鳥, 一只是麻雀。 誰能指出哪只是燕子, 哪只是麻雀嗎?
學生:我指不出,但我知道答案。
老師:請說說看。
學生:燕子旁邊的就是麻雀,麻雀旁邊的就是燕子。
5、he Fish Net
"Can you tell me what fish net is made, Ann?"
"A lot of little holes tied together with strings." replied the little
girl.
魚網
"你能告訴我魚網是什么做的嗎,安? " 老師發問道。
"把許多小孔用繩子栓在一起就成了魚網了。 " 小女孩回答道。
6、The New Teacher
George comes from school on the first of September.
"George, how did you like your new teacher?" asked his mother.
"I didn\"t like her, Mother, because she said that three and three
were six and then she said that two and four were six too....."
新老師
9 月 1 日, 喬治放學回到家里。
"喬治,你喜歡你們的新老師嗎? " 媽媽問。
"媽媽,我不喜歡,因為她說 3 加 3 得 6, 可后來又說 2 加 4 也得 6。"
7、 A physics Examination
Once in a physics examination, Nick finished the first question
very soon, while his classmates were thinking it hard.
The question was: When it thunders why do we see the lighting
first, then hear the thunderrolls?
Nick\"s answer: Because our eyes are before ears.
一次物理考試
在一次物理考試時, 當同學們都還在苦思冥想時, 尼克很快就答好了第一個
問題。
這個問題是:為什么在打雷時,我們總是先看到閃電后聽到雷聲?
尼克的回答是:因為眼睛在前,耳朵在后。
5.Too Fast or Too Slow
A man was driving at 130 miles an hour when a policeman overtook
him.
"Was I driving too fast,officer?"the man asked.
"NO,"the policeman answered,"You were flying too slow."
太慢或太快
一個男人正在以 130 英里每小時的速度行駛,當一個警察看見他時,
他問: “我開的太快了嗎?警官。 ”
“不”,警察說, “你飛的太慢了。 ”
6.Good Boy
Little Robert asked his mother for two cents. "What did you do with
the money I gave you yesterday?"
"I gave it to a poor old woman," he answered.
"You"re a good boy," said the mother proudly. "Here are two cents
more. But why are you so interested in the old woman?"
"She is the one who sells the candy."
好孩子
小羅伯特向媽媽要兩分錢。
“昨天給你的錢干什么了? ”
“我給了一個可憐的老太婆, ”他回答說。 “你真是個好孩子, ”媽媽驕傲地說。 “再
給你兩分錢。可你為什么對那位老太太那么感興趣呢? ”
“她是個賣糖果的。 ”
7. Nest and Hair
My sister, a primary school teacher, was informed by one of her pupils
that a bird had built its nest in the tree outside the classroom.
"What kind of bird?" my sister asked.
"I didn"t see the bird, ma" am, only the nest," replied the child.
"Then, can you give us a description of the nest?" my sister
encouraged her .
"Well, ma"am, it just resembles your hair. "
Notes:
(1) inform v.告訴
(2) nest n.窩;巢
(3) description n.描述
(4) encourage v鼓. 勵
(5) resemble v. 相似;類似
鳥窩與頭發
我姐姐是一位小學老師。一次一個學生告訴她說一只鳥兒在教室外 的樹上壘了
個窩。
“是什么鳥呢? ”我姐姐問她。
“我沒看到鳥兒,老師,只看到鳥窩。 ”那孩子回答說。
“那么,你能給我們描述一下這個鳥巢嗎? ”我姐姐鼓勵她道。
“哦,老師,就像你的頭發一樣。 ”
8.He Won
Tommy: How is your little brother, Johnny? Johnny: He is ill in bed. He
hurt himself.
Tommy: That"s too bad. How did that happen?
Johnny: We played who could lean furthest out of the window, and he
won.
他贏了
湯姆:約翰尼,你小弟弟好嗎?
約翰尼:他害病臥床了。他受了傷。
湯姆:真糟糕,怎么回事兒?
約翰尼:我們做游戲,看誰能把身子探出窗外最遠,他贏了。
9.I Have His Ear in My Pocket
Ivan came home with a bloody nose and his mother asked, "What
happened?"
"A kid bit me," replied Ivan.
"Would you recognize him if you saw him again?" asked his mother.
"I"d know him any where," said Ivan. "I have his ear in my pocket."
他的耳朵在我衣兜里
伊凡鼻子流著血回到家里。他媽媽問, “發生了什么事? ”
“一個男孩咬了我一口, ”伊凡說。
“再見到他你能認出來嗎? ”媽媽問。
“他走到哪里我都能認出他, ”伊凡說。 “他的耳朵還在我衣兜里呢。 ”
10.Drunk
One day, a father and his little son were going home. At this age,
the boy was interested in all kinds of things and was always asking
questions. Now, he asked, "What"s the meaning of the word "Drunk",
dad?" "Well, my son," his father replied, "look, there are standing two
policemen. If I regard the two policemen as four then I am drunk."
"But, dad," the boy said, " there"s only ONE policeman!"
醉酒
一天,父親與小兒子一道回家。 這個孩子正處于那種對什么事都很感興趣的
年齡,老是有提不完的問題。 他向父親發問道: “爸爸,,醉?字是什么意思? ” 唔“,
孩子,”父親回答說, “你瞧那兒站著兩個警察。如果我把他們看成了四個,那么
我就算醉了。 ” 可“是,爸爸, ”孩子說, “那兒只有一個警察呀! ”
11.
Teacher:Why are you late for school every morning?
Tom:Every time I come to the corner,a sign says,"School-Go slow".
老師: 為什么你每天早晨都遲到 ?
湯姆: 每當我經過學校的拐角處 ,僦看見一個牌子仩寫著 " 學校---- 慢行".
15
“I"m sorry ,Madam ,but I shall have to charge you twenty dollars for
pulling your boy"s tooth . ”
“Twenty d ollars! Why ,I understand you to say that you charged only
four dollars for such work! ”
“Yes,but this youngster yelled so terribly that he scared four other
patients out of the office . ”
“對不起,夫人,為您孩子拔牙我要收取 20 美元。 ”
“20美元!為什么?不是說好只要 4 美元。 ”
“是的,但是你的孩子大喊大叫,把另外四個病人嚇跑了。 ”
16.
I"ve Just Bitten My Tongue
"Are we poisonous?" the young snake asked his mother.
"Yes, dear," she replied - "Why do you ask?"
"Cause I"ve just bitten my tongue! "
Notes:
(1) poisonous adj. 有毒的
(2) Cause I"ve just bitten my tongue 因為我剛咬了自己的舌頭。 句中
Cause 是 Because 的縮略形式。
我剛咬破自己的舌頭
“我們有毒嗎? ”一個年幼的蛇問它的母親。
“是的,親愛的, ”她回答說, “你問這個干什么? ”
“因為我剛剛咬破自己的舌頭。 ”
12.
A Woman Who Fell
It was rush hour and I was dashing to a train in New York City"s Grand
Central Terminal - As I neared the gate, a plump, middle-aged woman
sprinted up from behind, lost her footing on the smooth marble floor
and slid onto her back. Her momentum carried her close to my shoes.
Before I could help her, however, she had scrambled up. Gaining her
composure, she winked at me and said, "Do you always have beautiful women failing at your feet?"
摔倒的女人
上下班高峰期, 我匆匆奔向紐約豪華中心站去趕一趟火車。 接近門口, 一位肥胖
的中年婦女從后面沖過來,沒想到在平滑的大理石地面上失了腳,仰面滑倒了。
她的慣性使她接近了我的腳。 我正準備扶她,她卻自己爬了起來。 她鎮定了一下,
對我擠了一下眉,說道: “總是有漂亮女人拜倒在你腳下嗎? ”
13.
Q: What"s the difference between a monkey and a flea?
A: A monkey can have fleas, but a flea can"t have monkeys. 猴子會和跳蚤有什么不同呢?你可能會直接的想到它們倆是一大一小。 但除此之 外呢,那就是猴子身上可以長跳蚤, 而跳蚤身上卻不能有猴子。 這個答案很有意
思吧?
14. Q: Which is the strongest creature in the world?
A: The snail. It carries its house on its back.
因為 snail (蝸牛)的后背上總是背著一所房子 ,所以說蝸牛是世界上最強壯的
生物是不足為奇的。你說呢?
15.
Q: What do people do in a clock factory?
A: They make faces all day.
一看到 make faces這個短語,你可千萬別以為是在鐘表廠工作的人整天都做鬼臉
呀!因為除了這個意思以外,它還可以從字面上解釋為制造鐘面。
16.
Q: How do you stop a sleepwalker from walking in his sleep?
A: Keep him awake.
怎樣才能不讓夢游者( sleepwalker)夢游(walk in his sleep)呢?最簡單的方
法就是不讓他睡覺。 雖然這不是治療方法, 但如果讓夢游者醒著呢, 他的確就不
會去夢游了。
17.
He is really somebody
-- My uncle has 1000 men under him.
-- He is really somebody. What does he do?
-- A maintenance man in a cemetery.
他真是一個大人物
-- 我叔叔下面有 1000 個人。
-- 他真是一個大人物。干什么的?
-- 墓地守墓人。
18.
Not long after an old Chinese woman came back to China from her
visit to her daughter in the States, she went to a city bank to deposit
the US dollars her daughter gave her. At the bank counter, the clerk
checked each note carefully to see if the money was real. It made the
old lady out of patience.
At last she could not hold any more, uttering. "Trust me, Sir, and
trust the money. They are real US dollars. They are directly from
America."
它們是從美國直接帶來的
一位中國老婦人在美國看望女兒回來不久, 到一家市銀行存女兒送給她的美
元。在銀行柜臺,銀行職員認真檢查了每一張鈔票,看是否有假。
這種做法讓老婦人很不耐煩,最后實在忍耐不住說: “相信我,先生,也請
你相信這些鈔票。這都是真正的美元,它們是從美國直接帶來的。 ”
19.
my little dog can"t read
Mrs. Brown: Oh, my dear, I have lost my precious little dog!
Mrs. Smith: But you must put an advertisement in the papers!
Mrs. Brown: It"s no use, my little dog can"t read.
我的狗不識字
布朗夫人:哦,
親愛的,我把珍愛的小狗給丟了!
史密斯夫人:可是你該在報紙上登廣告啊!
布朗夫人:沒有用的,我的小狗不認識字。 ”
20.
Bring me the winner
-- Waiter, this lobster has only one claw.
-- I"m sorry, sir. It must have been in a fight.
-- Well, bring me the winner then.
給我那個打贏的吧
-- 服務員,
這個龍蝦只有一只爪。
-- 對不起,先生,這只肯定打過架了。
-- 哦, 那給我那個打贏的吧。
17.某日,劉洪濤遇到一個外國人 ,他說:"Hi.I"m Hongtao Liu ." 那外國人說 :"我還方塊
18.七呢!"
19.有一天,英文課。 阿明:「老師,almost 是什麼意思 ?」 師曰:「almost 就是"幾乎
".」 阿明:「喔!」 於是阿明寫下 :almost=姐夫。 師欲哭無淚 .
20.今天英語老師講了笑話給我們聽 ,中國式的英語冷笑話 .
How are you ?但英語老
師卻給我我們這樣的翻譯 .怎么是你?
接著老師又說。 How old are you?怎么老是你 ?
呵呵.訓人的時候 ,可以用上 How old are you ?
初中英語(3)
竭誠為您提供優質的服務,優質的文檔,謝謝閱讀/雙擊去除初中英語作文 [暑假的初中英語作文]
炎熱的暑假來了,你的暑假計劃是什么呢?這個暑假你打算怎么過呢?大家不妨寫一篇英語作文介紹一下吧。以下是小編為大家整理的,有關暑假的初中英語作文,希望大家喜歡。
暑假的英語作文篇一
Lastterm,Igraduatedfromprimaryschool.ItmeansthatIwillbeajuniorschoolstudentnextterm.Iamlookingforwardtomyschoollifeinthenewschool.
Likewise,itmeansthatthissummerholidayismylastsummerholidayinprimaryschool.Iwanttodosomethingdifferent.
Firstly,Idosomepreviewformyjuniorschoolstudy.
Iwanttohaveagoodpreparationforthenewstudytasks.secondly,Ilearntobeindependent.Ilearntocook,sothatwhenmyparentsgoout,theydon"thavetoworryaboutme.
besides,Itryhardtofinishmyworkindependently.IhopeIcanstarttohandlemyownaffairsbymyself.
Throughthissummerholiday,Idowellinthisaspect.
Finally,Iplayalotinsummerholiday,meetingfriends,doingexerciseandsoon.Ihavearichsummerholiday.
暑假的英語作文篇二
goodmorning,mydearfellows.Iamhappytoseeallofourclassmatescomebacktoschool.Iwouldliketosharemylifeinholidaywithyou.
Thissummerholiday,Ispentmostofmytimeinplaying,likewatchingTV,playinggames,outingwithfriendsandsoon.butIalsopayattentiontomystudy.
Forexample,IlikewatchingtheeducationalTVprograms,sothatIcanbothhavefunandlearnsomethingnewatthesametime.besides,Igetupearlytodosomemorningreadingtopracticemyenglish.
ofcourse,Ifinishmysummerexercisesontime.Inshort,mysummerholidayiscolorfulandmeaningful.
howaboutyourlifeinsummerholiday?Iameagertoknow.
暑假的英語作文篇三
Now,thesummerholidayiscomingtotheend.Ireallyspendarichbuthappyholiday.
Asajuniorstudent,Iamnottotallyfreeinthesummerholiday,becausestudyisstillanimportantpartinmylife.Inthefirstmonthoftheholiday,Istudyathometofinishmyhomework.
TherearemanytasksIhavetofinish.besides,Ihavetogototheenglishandmathtrainingclass,becauseIamweakinthetwosubjects.Therefore,Ineedsomeextratraining.
Afterthat,Ivisittomyfatherwithmymother.myfatherworksinotherprovinceandIhavenotseenhimforhalfayear.
mymotherandImisshimverymuch.wespendnearamonthwithhim.
whenmyfatherisfree,heoftentakesusgoout.wearehappytogether.
暑假的英語作文篇四
Timesflys.mysummerholidayiscomingtotheend.myholidayisjustsoso.Itisnottoomuchdifferenceasbefore.
Atthebiginningofthevacation,Iwasdoingmyhomework.Afterall,studycomesfirst.
AfterIfinishedmyhomework,itwasalmosttheendofjuly.Itisthetimeformetohelpmyfamilyforharvest.
Itissotiredtotothefarmwork.howevr,beingamemberofourfamily,Ihavetogiveahand.
watchingtheachievement,IfeltproudthoughIjusthelpalittle.Afterfinishedthefarmwork,Ifoundmyselfbecomemuchmoretan.whocares!Itwasmyhappytime,whenIfinishedallthethings.
Iwentoutwithmyfriendsalmosteveryday.sometimesweplayedgamesorsportorwenthiking.sometimeswewentshoppingintheeveningforthesunistooheavyinthedaytime.wefeltuncomfortable.
butnowtherearetwodaysleftbeforetheschoolopeningtime.
soIhavetostayathomeforagoodresttostoreenergyformystudy.everythingissoperfect.Itis11oclock.IthinkIhavetosaygoodninghtnow.
暑假的英語作文篇五
mysummerholidaybegunonjuly7th.IlovesummerholidaybecauseIdon"thavetogotoschoolandIcanenjoymyselfwithmyfriends.Ioftenspendthemorningsdoingmyhomework.
AndIalwayswatchTVintheafternoonathomebecauseit"sveryhotoutside.
Andintheevening,Igoswimmingwithmyfamilyandthenhangoutwithmyfriends.Iloveswimmingverymuch.
myplanforAugustistravelling.Itravelwithmyfamilyeverysummerholiday.
IliketravellingbecauseIcangotodifferentplacesandmeetdifferentpeople.sometimesImakegoodfriendsduringthejourney.
Andit"sverysadtosaygoodbyetothemwhenthejourneyends.
暑假的初中英語作文相關推薦:
1.暑假生活初中英語作文
2.暑假旅游的英語作文
3.我的暑假初中英語作文
4.暑假計劃的初中英語作文
5.初中英語暑假日記作文大全
最后,小編希望文章對您有所幫助,如果有不周到的地方請多諒解,更多相關的文章正在創作中,希望您定期關注。謝謝支持!
初中英語(4)
初中英語短語大全:初中英語短語固定搭配初中英語短語數目繁多,且用法各不相同。下面是小編給大家整理的初中英語短語大全,供大家參閱!
常見初中英語短語
1. send for 派人去請(叫)
2. send out 放出,發出
3. send up 把往上送,發射
4. take one's advice 聽從某人勸告
5. take out 拿出,取出
6. take down 拿下
7. take place 發生
8. take one's place 坐的座位,代替某人職務
9. take the place of 代替
10. take a walk/rest 散步/休息
11. take it easy 別緊張
12. take sth.with sb. 隨身帶著
13. take sb. to a park/London for one's holidays 帶某人去公園/倫敦度假
14. take care of 關心,照顧,保管
15. take a look (a last look) at 看一看(最后看一眼)
常用初中英語短語
1. get up 起身
2. get everything ready 把一切都準備好
3. get ready for (=be ready for) 為作好準備
4. get on (well) with 與相處(融洽)
5. get back 返回
6. get rid of 除掉,去除
7. get in 進入,收集
8. get on/off 上/下車
9. get to 到達
10. get there 到達那里
11. give sb. a call 給打電話
12. give a talk 作報告
13. give a lecture (a piano concert)作講座(舉行鋼琴音樂會)
14. give back 歸還,送回
15. givesome advice on 給一些忠告
16. give lessons to 給上課
17. give in 屈服
必備初中英語短語
1. give up 放棄
2. give sb. a chance 給一次機會
3. 2 初中英語常用詞組復習
4. give a message to 給一個口信
5. go ahead 先走,向前走,去吧,干吧
6. go to the cinema 看電影
7. go go bed 睡覺(make the bed 整理床鋪)
8. go to school (college) 上學(上大學)
9. go to (the) hospital 去醫院看病
10. go over 過一遍,復習/ go over to 朝走去
11. go fishing/skating/swimming/shopping 去鉤魚/滑冰/游泳/買東
12. go home (there) 回家去(去那兒)
13. go round 順便去,繞道走
14. go up 上去
15. go out for a walk 外出散步
16. go on (doing) 繼續(做)
17. go on with one's work 繼續某人的工作
18. go upstairs/downstairs 上/下樓
19. (the lights) go out (燈)熄了
20. have a lesson (lessons)/a meeting 上課/開會
看過初中英語短語大全的人還看了:
1.初中英語常用短語大全
2.初中英語詞組短語大全
3.初中英語常考短語大全
4.初中英語動詞短語大全
5.人教版初中英語重點短語句型
感謝您的閱讀!
初中英語(5)
[初中英語作文]初中英語作文范文5篇
篇一:閱讀 Reading
Reading is my hobby. While reading, I can get a lot of happiness. When I\"m free, I often read some famous books. Books are my best friends that always keep me a good pany. They often give me powers. Through reading, I can enlarge my eyes as well as widen my heart. Through reading, I bee more and more knowledgeable. 讀書是我的愛好。讀書時,我可以得到很多的快樂。當我有空時,我經常讀一些名著。書是我最好的朋友,它們總是好好陪著我。他們給了我力量。通過閱讀,我開闊了視野也讓我的心變寬了。通過閱讀,我變得越來越知識淵博。 My favorite books are Readers and VOA. Readers cover the knowledge of culture, literature, and history, so I can benefit a lot by reading it. VOA can let me know the foreign countries better. Thanks to VOA, my oral English is improving day by day. 我最喜歡的書是讀者和 __。讀者覆蓋了文化,文學,歷史知識,所以我可以通過閱讀受益匪淺。 __,可以讓我更好的了解國外。由于 __,我的英語口語日益提高了。 This is my good habit that I will keep it forever. 這是我會一生都保持的好習慣。
篇二:關于我自己 Something about Me
Hello, everyone. My English name is Sisi .I am a middle school student. 大家好。我的英文名字叫茜茜。我是一個中學生。 My favorite animals are dolphins and rabbits. I think dolphins are smart and friendly, and rabbits are cute and a little bit quiet. Do you like koalas? They are one of Australian’s native animals. Well, to tell you the truth, I don\"t like them very well, because I think they are ugly. 我最喜歡的動物是海豚和兔子。我覺得海豚聰明,友好,而兔子則是可愛又有點點安靜。你喜歡考拉嗎?他們是一個澳大利亞的本土動物。嗯,說實話,我不是很喜歡他們,因為我覺得他們長得好丑。 I like reading books! What an interesting thing it is! From books, I can read so many good stories, For example, The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe, this story is imaginary and powerful. 我喜歡閱讀書籍!閱讀是多么有趣的一件事啊! 從書中,我可以讀到很多好的故事,例如,《獅子、女巫和魔衣櫥》這個故事是虛構的,而且也是很強大的。 I like spring, and I think spring is the most beautiful season in the year. It’s a warm time. The winter is good, too. We can play snow and make snowman. 我喜歡春天,我覺得春天是一年中最美麗的季節。那是一個溫暖的時候。冬天也很好。我們可以玩雪,堆雪人。
篇三:萬圣節 Halloween
Halloween always falls on 31 October. It’s a holiday for children. On that day, children always wear fancy clothes and masks. And then, they go from house to house to say “Trick or Treat”, so that people will treat them with candies. If they don’t receive any candies, they’ll play a trick on people. But sometimes if the people are going out, when the children e, they’ll put the candies in a carved pumpkin lanterns. Children will take the candies themselves. All of the children enjoy this holiday very much. 萬圣節總是在10月31日。這是一個屬于孩子們的節日。在那天,孩子們總是穿奇裝異服而且帶上面具。然后,他們會挨家挨戶地說“不招待就使壞”,所以人們都會用糖果招待他們。如果他們不接受糖果,他們就會對人們惡作劇。但有時,如果人們外出了,而孩子們來了,他們會把糖果放在雕刻好的南瓜燈籠里。孩子們會自己拿糖果。所有的孩子都很享受這個節日。
篇四:體育鍛煉 Sports in China
Most people in China like playing sports, because it’s a good way to keep healthy. 大多數中國人喜歡運動,因為它是保持健康的一種好方法。 In big cities, people play many kinds of sports. The old people always get up early to play Talchi or go for a walk. The middle-aged people often dance together in squares in the evening, which has bee a tradition. While the young like going swimming in summer and go skating in winter. 在大城市里面,人們參加各種各樣的運動。老人總是早起去打太極或者散步。中年人晚上經常在廣場一起跳舞,這已經成為傳統了。而年輕人則在夏天去游泳,在冬天溜冰。 What’s more, there are some other popular sports in China, such as table tennis, football, basketball, volleyball, badminton and so on..What is your favorite sport? Can you tell me? 更重要的是,在中國還有一些其它受歡迎的體育運動,如乒乓球,足球,籃球,排球,羽毛球等等。你能不能告訴我你最喜歡的是哪種運動?
篇五:我的購物經歷 My Shopping Experience
Once I was in Bei __g, I went shopping in the Front Gate Walking Street, for I wanted to buy some souvenirs for my friends. 有一次我在北京,我去步行街購物,因為我想買些紀念品給我的朋友。 There were so many things on sale that I didn\"t know what to buy. Suddenly, I saw two statues which looked so beautiful. I decided to buy them. So I asked the price. “It’s twenty yuan each,\" said the boss. I tried to make a bargain with him. He refused at first, but when I was going to leave, he stopped me and said,\" OK, you can have both of them at ten yuan.\" Therefore, I bought both of them home at last. 賣有很多東西,我不知道要買什么了。突然,我看到兩個雕像,看起來非常漂亮。我決定買它們。所以我問價格。“每個二十元,”老板說。我試圖與他講價。一開始的時候他拒絕了,但是當我要離開時,他攔住了我,說,“好吧,兩個十元。因此,我最后買了兩人回家。 I was very happy on that day, because it was the first time that I had made a bargain with a businessman so suessfully. 那天我很開心,因為那是第一次我與商人講價結果是如此成功的。
內容僅供參考
初中英語(6)
人教版新目標初中英語語法大全
初中英語語法
學習提綱
一、詞類、句子成分和構詞法:1、詞類:英語詞類分十種:
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .
4、數詞(num.): 表示數目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動詞(v.): 表示動作或狀態。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.): 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分:英語句子成分分為七種:主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。
1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態,回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)
有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調間接賓語。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數詞等擔任。如:
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)
6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學法語)
☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學湯姆在哪里?)
3、構詞法:英語構詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:
(1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉換法:
(1)形容詞→動詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續),等等。
二、名詞:1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中華人民共和國)
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。
▲可數名詞是可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可數名詞是不可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英語可數名詞的單復數:英語可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數變復數的基本方法如下:
①在單數名詞詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch結尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少數以o結尾的詞,變復數時只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數名詞一般沒有復數形式,說明其數量時,要用有關計量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關系,相當于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(兒童節), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結尾的復數名詞。只在詞尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教師節)
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的報紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
China’s population(中國的人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]:
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復數的一致,即:主語是可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用復數。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數,因此謂語仍用單數:The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數形式,故謂語用復數。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數時謂語用復數形式,跟不可數名詞時謂語用單數形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數,但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,謂語則用單數。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被污染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數)
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區別:sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區別:festival“節日”,指喜慶的日子或持續一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞:1、代詞的分類:英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
第一人
稱單數
第二人
稱單數
第三人稱單數
第一人稱復數
第二人稱復數
第三人稱復數
陽性
陰性
中性
主
格
I
(我)
you (你)
he
(他)
she
(她)
it
(它)
we
(我們)
you
(你們)
they (他們,她們,它們)
賓
格
me
(我)
you (你)
him
(他)
her
(她)
it
(她)
us
(我們)
you
(你們)
them (他們,她們,它們)
1、主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
2、賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時,可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰?) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個不同人稱同時出現,或者主語中包含“我”時,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達。如:
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –You and me.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12點) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時候能進入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發覺要學好一門外語是非常困難的)
3、物主代詞:說明事物所屬關系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。
第一人
稱單數
第二人
稱單數
第三人稱單數
第一人稱復 數
第二人稱復數
第三人稱復數
陽性
陰性
中性
形容
詞性
my
(我的)
your
(你的)
his
(他的)
her
(她的)
its
(它的)
our
(我們的)
your
(你們的)
their (他們的,她們的,它們的)
名詞
性
mine
(我的)
Yours
(你的)
his
(他的)
hers
(她的)
its
(她的)
ours
(我們的)
yours
(你們的)
theirs(他們的,她們的,它們的)
1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如:
Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關系,在句子中往往獨立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個來看我。)
[試比較] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個特定的朋友來看我。)
4、反身代詞:表示謂語的動作與主語有關或者賓語補足語的動作與賓語有關。
第一人
稱單數
第二人
稱單數
第三人稱單數
第一人稱復數
第二人稱復數
第三人稱復數
陽性
陰性
中性
myself
(我自己)
yourself
(你自己)
himself
(他自己)
herself
(她自己)
itself
(它自己)
ourselves
(我們自己)
yourselves
(你們自己)
themselves (他們/她們/它們自己)
1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個動作回到該動作執行者本身)。如:
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語表示強調(即用來強調名詞或代詞的語氣)。如:
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
6、 指示代詞: 指示說明近處或者遠處、上文或者下文、以前或者現在的人或事物。
單數
復數
含義
this(這個)
these(這些)
指較近的人和物
that(那個)
those(那些)
指較遠的人和物
such (這樣的人/物)
指上文提過的人和物
same (同樣的人/物)
指和上文提過的相同的人和物
it (這人/這物)
指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時
指示代詞既可以單獨使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如:
What’s this?(這是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機是塑料做的)(被動句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ ---Who is it?(是誰?) ---It’s me!(是我!)
6、關系代詞:用來引導定語從句的代詞叫關系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。
1、關系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關系代詞一方面在從句中擔任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。
如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學生是一年級的)
2、關系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如:
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認識那個戴著紅帽子的男人嗎?)
3、關系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如:Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎?)
4、關系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。如:Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎?)
7、連接代詞:用來引導賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。
英語中連接代詞主要有:what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個),whose(誰的)。詳見相應從句。
8、不定代詞:代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。
單數
含義
some
any
no
none
/
/
each
(every)
one
either,
neither
so
the other,
another
復合不
定代詞
不可數
含義
much
little,
a little
all
/
/
/
/
/
復數
含義
many
few,
a few
ones
both
others,
the others
※ 注:復合不定代詞有12個:something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個人), everybody(每個人).
(1)some和 any 的用法:
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個”、“一些”、“某個”作定語時可修飾可數名詞或不可數名詞。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒)
some 用于疑問句時,表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎?)
any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個”,作定語時可修飾可數或不可數名詞。如:They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎?)
any 用于肯定句時,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)
(2)no和none的用法:
no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數名詞(單數或復數)或不可數名詞。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時間了,請快點) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)
none只能獨立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個人(或事物)”,表示復數或單數。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當中沒有一個在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的)
(3)all和both的用法:
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數名詞;也可用來代替或修飾不可數名詞。
both指兩個人或物,用來代替或修飾可數名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學校里四個英國學生我全認識) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個還是那個?兩個都要。)
all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復數)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調皮)
(4)every和each用法:
every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數名詞,意思是“每一個”,表示整體概念;
each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個”或者“各個”,表示單個概念;each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動詞同時出現時要放在“be動詞、助動詞、情態動詞”之后或者行為動詞之前
every和each都用作單數理解,但是下文中既可以用單數的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復數的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個學生學習都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)
(5)either和neither的用法:
either意思是“兩個中間的任何一個”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數。如:I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個之中隨便哪個都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去?一個都不坐,我坐火車去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法:
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復數形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書)
another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個) 主要從數量上區分,只有兩個時用the other,在原先基礎上增加用another。如: This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)
others與the others的主要區別:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個學生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個男孩中有兩個站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)
(7)many和much的用法:
many意思是“很多”,與可數名詞復數連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數名詞連用。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語等。如:I don’t have many friends here.(在這里我沒有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時可以在前面加上so、very或too.如: There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
few、little意思是“很少幾個”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few與可數名詞連用或代替可數的事物, little、a little與不可數名詞連用或代替不可數的事物。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。如:
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點兒時間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個極地地區幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)
(9)復合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構成的,叫做復合不定代詞,在句子中當單數使用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。修飾復合不定代詞的定語,應放在它們的后面。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) /Di(每個人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個星期天你來學校時見到什么人了嗎?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)
(10)one與ones用來代替上文的一個或多個人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如: Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件? / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些)
(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如: I don’t think so.(我認為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。)
(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區別:五個“名詞+介詞”短語都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數名詞也可以修飾可數名詞的復數形式,可以相應地換為much和many;plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數名詞也可以修飾可數名詞的復數形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數名詞復數形式(它修飾的詞作主語時謂語用復數形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時謂語用單數形式)可以換為much。
如:A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認為時間就是金錢。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因為我有充足的時間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購物方面我花費了大量的時間/金錢。)
(13)none、no one、nobody的區別:no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時謂語用單數形式;none表示“沒有一個人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時謂語可用單數也可用復數。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有一個人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個朋友來看我。)
9、相互代詞:表示相互關系的詞叫相互代詞。
each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。它們有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時要互相幫助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。)
10、疑問代詞:用來提出問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。口語中也常用who代替whom作賓語,但在介詞后則只能用whom。如:
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請了誰參加你的生日聚會的?) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長大了想干什么?)
2、who 和whom只能獨立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語、表語或動詞的賓語,whom只能作謂語動詞的賓語;而what、which、whose等既可以獨立使用作主語、表語和賓語,也可以與名詞構成疑問短語。如: Who is that man?(那男的是誰?) / What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色?) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車是德國造的?)(被動句)
注意這個提問:The man in the car is my father.(車里的男人是我父親)
→Which man is your father?(哪個男人是你的父親?)
3、which除了可以詢問指代的情況之外,還可以針對說明人物的時間、地點、歲數、顏色、大小、狀況等進行提問。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘?)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預訂了哪家旅館?)—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅館)
4、疑問代詞不分單復數,視它所替代的人或事物決定單復數,但是通常用單數;如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復數為準。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰在游戲房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colours do they have?(它們有哪些顏色?)
四、數詞:1、分類:數詞有基數詞和序數詞兩種。英語的數詞可以作句子的主語、賓語、表語和定語。
2、基數詞:表示數目的詞叫基數詞。
1、 英語中常用的基數詞有:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one(a) hundred
23
35
101
twenty-three
thirty-five
one hundred and one
1000→one(a) thousand,10000→ ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ,1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million,
108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six, 500→five hundred , 1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
2、[注]:(1)百位與十位之間要加and;十萬位和萬位,億位和千萬位之間通常也要加and。
(2)英語用千、百萬等單位計數,大數字從右向左看, 每隔三位劃一逗號,倒數第一個逗號之前要用thousand,倒數第二個逗號之前要用million,倒數第三的逗號之前要用billion表示。
(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作數詞時,不用復數,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它數詞。用作名詞時復數表示“成…上…”,后面必須要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一萬), thousands of(成千上萬的), millions of(成百萬的)
3、序數詞:表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。
1、 英語的序數詞基本變法:
(1) 一般在基數詞后加th,(2)-ve結尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結尾的改為-tieth,(4)熟記特殊詞。
2、序數詞如下:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
※first
※second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one hundred
21st
22nd
23rd
35th
101st
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
thirty-fifth
one hundred and first
1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th →one millionth., 第703→the seven hundred and third,
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、注:(1)兩位以上的序數詞僅個位數部分用序數詞,其余部分仍用基數詞。如:thirty-sixth,
(2) 使用序數詞時一般加定冠詞the. 如:I’m in the third grade.
(3) 序數詞作“幾分之幾”講時,有復數形式。如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
4、數詞的用法:
1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期: 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示時刻: 5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past eight ; 10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示編號:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小數的讀法:5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表達: 1/2→half, 半小時→half an hour, 1.5小時→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
7、序數詞前面加the時,表示順序,加a/an時表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎?)
五、冠詞1、冠詞分類及讀法:
英語中冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種,常放在名詞的前面,用來限定名詞的意義,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠詞the讀法:單獨念時讀[Ti:],在句子中常發[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](輔音之前);
不定冠詞a/an的讀法:單獨念時讀 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常發 [[]/[[n]。
2、不定冠詞a / an的用法:
不定冠詞a / an用在單數名詞的前面,a用在輔音開頭的詞前面; an用在元音開頭的詞的前面。
不定冠詞的基本用法:
(1) 表示某一個人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區別于其他種類。如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強壯多了。)(不能譯為:一頭大象比一個人強壯。)
(2) 表示某類人或事物中的任何一個。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英語教師。)
(4) 表示“一”這個數量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那個餐廳里有一張桌子和四把椅子。)
(5) 幾個用不定冠詞的習語:a bit(一點), a little(一點), a few(幾個), a lot (許多), a kind of(一種), a pair of(一副、一雙), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一張、一片), half an hour(半小時), have a good time(玩得開心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(發出嘈雜聲), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會兒,等等。
3、定冠詞the的用法:定冠詞the用在可數名詞的單數或復數或不可數的名詞前面。
定冠詞的基本用法:
(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)
(2) 指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請看黑板。)
(3) 復述前面提到過的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(樹下有個人, 那個人叫羅伯特。)
(4) 表示世界上獨一無二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽旋轉。)
(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(長江以南地 區將會刮大風。)
(6) 在序數詞和形容詞最高級的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(誰第一個去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽離地球最近)
(7) 常用在樂器名稱的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五歲時他開始拉小提琴)
(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我從來沒有去過喜馬拉雅山)
(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他來自美利堅合眾國)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下個月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長得一樣)
(12)幾個用定冠詞的習語:at the same time (與此同時),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠詞的情況:
(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數名詞時前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中國是個大國) / Man needs air and water.(人類需要空氣和水)
(2) 名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語時不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)
(3) 周名,月名或季節名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹)
(4) (第一次使用)復數名詞表示人或事物的類別時不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聰明)
(5) 三餐飯前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我們在家吃早飯,在校吃午飯)
(6) 節、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節,這些男孩經常得到父母的禮物)
(7) 球類名詞前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子們星期六下午踢足球)
(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他們此刻在人民電影院)
(9) 一些習慣用語中不用。如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
六、形容詞、副詞:1、形容詞:用來說明或修飾名詞、代詞的詞稱為形容詞。
1、形容詞的句法作用:作句子中名詞的定語、句子的表語以及賓語補足語。
2、形容詞在句子中的位置:
⑴作定語時放在名詞的前面,且音節少的詞放在音節多的詞之前。如:a big yellow wooden wheel(一個黃色的大木輪)
⑵作表語時放在連系動詞之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(這個價格聽起來算是合理)
⑶作賓語補足語時放在賓語之后。如:We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環境清潔)
⑷后置的情況:
①修飾復合不定代詞時放在代詞之后。如:Something serious has happened to him.(他發生了嚴重的事故)
②與表示“長、寬、高、重、老、遠離”的詞連用時形容詞后置。如:He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬公里)
3、有關形容詞的用法辨析:
⑴ whole與all:記住兩個詞序:① the whole + 名詞; ②all (of) the + 名詞。如:He was busy the whole morning.(整個早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能記住學過的所有單詞)
⑵ tall與high, short與low:指人的個子時用tall與short;指其他事物時一般用high與low。如:He’s very tall/short.(他個子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側有高大的樹木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)
⑶ real與true:real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”;而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實的”。如:This is a real diamond(鉆石) and it’s very expensive.(這是貨真價實的鉆石,非常貴) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真實嗎? 是的,我親耳所聽)
⑷ interested與interesting的區別:interesting指人或東西“有趣的”,作定語或表語,而interested則表示人對別的事物“感興趣的”,只能作表語。如:The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (這個人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書很有趣,你會真正獲得享受) / I am interested in science.(我對自然科學感興趣)
⑸ such用法: such + a(n) + 名詞(單數)(+that從句)。如:I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我從來沒有見過這么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠也不會忘記)
⑹ good與well:表示“好”時,作定語或表語用good,作狀語用well;表示“(身體)好”時用well.如:Doing sports is good for us.(進行運動對我們有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好學習,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好嗎?我很好。)
⑺ nice與fine:的區別:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等;fine一般指身體或天氣好。如:Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我們去分享那塊美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是個漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天氣!) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近來他身體不錯)
⑻ too much與much too:too much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數量;much too表示“太過,過分”,修飾形容詞或副詞。如:I am full because I have had too much rice.(我飽了,因為我吃了太多的米飯) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太貴了)
⑼ quick、fast與soon:quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應速度快,fast往往指運動速度快,而soon則表示時間上很快即將發生。如:After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃過早飯,他朝學校趕去,卻把書包忘記在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火車比公共汽車快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父親很快就要返回中國)
⑽lonely與alone:lonely是表示心理活動的形容詞,意思是:“孤獨的,寂寞的”,作定語或表語;alone的意思是:“獨自的,單獨的”,指無人陪伴,僅作表語,(作為副詞的alone可作狀語)。如:He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨住,但是并不感到孤獨)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個孤獨的人,你要和他相處好實在不易)
⑾ other與else的區別:兩個詞都可以作形容詞,但是用法不同,other放在名詞前;else修飾不定代詞、疑問詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。如:The other students are on the playground.(其他學生在操場上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(還有誰能解出著道數學題?) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(這不是別的什么人的錢,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說的嗎?
⑿ special與especial的區別:表示事件不同尋常、過分或特殊時,兩個詞可互換,但special較為常用。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。如: She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重著裝) / These are special chairs for small children.(這些是專門給小孩子的椅子)
⒀ gone、lost、missing的區別:gone表示“丟了,沒了”,含一去不復返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語或賓補,不可以作定語;lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語、表語或賓補;missing表示“失蹤了,不見了”,強調某人物不在原處,可作定語、表語或賓補。如:My fever(高燒) is gone, but I still have a cough.(發燒消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家長終于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不見了,誰拿走了?) / For more detailed information(詳情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(網址).(如果想知道失蹤女孩們的詳情,請訪問我們的網站)
⒁ living、alive、live、lively的區別:四個詞都來源于動詞live“生活、居住”。
living讀[‘liviN]有三個意思:①“活著的、現存的”,作表語或定語,②“一模一樣的、逼真的”,③相當于lively,意思是“強烈的、活潑的”;
live讀[laiv],指東西“活的”,可以替換為living;
alive讀[[‘laiv]作表語,指人“活著的”,如果作定語,則放在名詞的后面;
lively讀[‘laivli]有三個意思:①有生氣的、活潑的、快活的,②(色彩)鮮艷的,③生動的、真實的。
例如:A living language should be learned orally(口頭上).(活的語言應該從口頭上學)(被動句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我們強烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她還活著嗎?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他們是活著的最開心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(這是條活魚) / A live wire(電線) is dangerous.(有電的電線是危險的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小貓).(她像小貓一樣可愛) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生動地描述了那場足球賽)
⒂ sick與ill區別:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定語、表語,而ill只能做表語。如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,現在非常虛弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(獸醫幫助診治患病的寵物,很受寵物主人們的喜愛)
⒃ the poor(窮人們) / the rich(富人們)等用法:“the+形容詞”這一結構可以表示一類人物,復數含義。如:We must try our best to help the poor.(我們應該盡力幫助窮人們) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有錢人哪知窮人怎么過日子)
2、副詞:用來說明事情發生的時間、地點、原因、方式等含義或說明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。
1、副詞的分類:(見下表)
時?間?副?詞
頻度副詞
地點/方位副詞
程度副詞
方式副詞
疑問/連接副詞
其他副詞
today, tomorrow,
once,
here, there,
very, too,
well,
how,
too, also,
yesterday, now,
twice,
home, below,
enough,
hard,
where,
nor, so,
then, early, late,
always,
anywhere,
rather, quite,
alone,
when,
as, on,off,
once, soon, just,
usually,
above, outside,
how, so,
fast,
why,
either,
tonight, long,
often,
in, inside, out,
much, just,
together,
whether
yes, no,
already, yet, before,
sometimes,
back, up, down,
nearly, only
suddenly,
however, etc.
not, neither
ago, later, ever since
never,
away, off, far,
almost, hardly,
-ly結尾
關系副詞
maybe,
after, whenever
(seldom),
near, nearby,
as long as等,
的副詞
where,
perhaps,
first, someday,
ever,
wherever
even, all,
why, how
certainly,
sometime, last,
everywhere,
a little, a bit
when,
2、副詞在句子中的位置以及作用:
⑴作狀語:
① 時間副詞:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動詞的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我們明天要去參觀長城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他們去過英王國兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
② 頻度副詞:一般放在be動詞之后或者助動詞與主要動詞之間,但sometimes、often等還可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有時起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃兩次)
③ 方式副詞:一般放在行為動之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動詞之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看見了一絲亮光)
④ 地點副詞:一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如:There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上萬的自行車朝各個方向流動) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到驚嚇的狼逃開了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
⑤ 程度副詞:修飾動詞時,放在動詞之前;修飾形容詞或副詞時,放在形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動詞的后面;only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我幾乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車站趕上了首班車)
⑥ 疑問副詞:用于對句子的狀語進行提問,位置總是在句首。如:When and where were you born?(你何時何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!)
⑦ 連接副詞:用來引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,在從句中作狀語。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎樣殺死那只貓還是個問題)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎樣做那事)
⑧ 關系副詞:用來引導定語從句,在從句中作狀語。如:This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(這就是張先生曾經住過的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(請告訴我你的英語是怎樣學得這么好的方法)
⑨ 其它副詞:too“也”,用在句尾;also放在動詞前;either “也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,這樣”,放在形容詞、副詞前;on/off“開/關”放在動詞之后;not放在be之后、助動詞之后、不定式或動名詞之前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或動詞之前。如:He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宮博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也許你的票就在你的里邊衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(湯姆沒有計算機,我也沒有。)
(2)作表語:地點副詞一般可以作表語,放在be等連系動詞之后,說明人物所處的位置。如:I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開家鄉有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那邊)
(3)作定語:時間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點副詞都可以作名詞的定語,放在名詞的后面。如:People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(現在的人們經常在餐館里吃節日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世紀20年代那兒的女人過著可怕的日子)
(4)作賓語補足語:地點副詞一般可以作賓語補足語。如:Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的臟襪子拿開!它們在散發著臭氣。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關在家里做作業)
[注意] “動詞+副詞”的賓語如果是代詞,則該副詞應該放在代詞之后。如:He wrote down the word.(他寫下了那個詞。)→He wrote it down.(他把它寫了下來。)
3、有關副詞的重要注釋:
⑴ as…as…常構成一些詞組:as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能……地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請你一到北京就給我寫信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)
[注釋] “as long / much as + 名詞”可以表示“長達/多達…”的含義。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費高達50萬元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長達兩周。)
⑵ later、after、ago、before的用法:①“一段時間+later/ago”分別表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于過去時態。②“after/before+某個時刻”分別表示“在某時刻之后/之前”,此時兩個詞是介詞。③ago與before:ago只能用于過去時,before用于完成時。如:He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數年后這個男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過那兒嗎?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過了幾年他戒了煙。)
⑶ above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機從頭頂飛過。)
當above、below、over、under是介詞性質時,意義相似。
⑷ too、also、either、nor的用法:too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑問句的末尾,且用逗號隔開;also(“也”)用于肯定句句子謂語動詞之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號隔開;nor(“也不”)用于倒裝句句首;如:Are you American,too?(你也是美國人嗎?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒有看足球賽,我也沒有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發覺那個市場很好。)
⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法: enough (“足夠,十分”)放在形容詞或副詞之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相當”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(“非常”)放在動詞之后。如:It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當貴。)/ I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)
[注意] very與 much的區別:very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級和現在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級;much還可以修飾疑問句和否定句中的動詞,very不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學習更努力,不然你考不進那所好學校)/ I don’t like him much.(我不太喜歡他)
⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法:sometimes(有時)用于一般現在時、 sometime(在將來某時)用于將來時、 some times(數次)表示次數、some time(一些時間)表示一段時間。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會在這兒呆些時候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時候要見見你的父親。)
⑺ how、what用于感嘆句的用法:對句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時用how,對人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語)進行感嘆用what. 如:What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問題)真難呀!)
⑻ already、yet的用法:在完成時中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問句。如:Have you done it already?(你已經做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒有吃早飯呢。)
⑼ hard與hardly的用法:hard作為副詞意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定詞,意思是:“幾乎不”,一般與情態動詞can/could連用。如:They study English very hard.(他們英語學得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場所你幾乎看不到一個人隨地吐痰)
⑽ like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三個短語分別表示“非常喜歡”、“更喜歡”、“最喜歡”。如:I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.
⑾“quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞”的用法:記住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容詞+名詞;②too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見過這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)
⑿ how 的幾個短語:how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時態,對表示頻度的詞語進行提問; how soon“多久以后”,用于將來時態; how long“多久”,用于過去時、完成時或其他時態; how many times“多少次”,用于過去時或完成時,對總計次數進行提問; how much“多么,多少”,對程度進行提問,也可以對數量(不可數)或金錢進行提問。如:How long have you been like this?(你這樣已經多久了?)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次臉?)
⒀ much、more與most的用法:這三個詞除了是形容詞作名詞的修飾語之外,還是程度副詞,much表示“很”,修飾原級形/副,more表示“更”用來構成多音節形/副的比較級,most表示“最”用來構成多音節形/副的最高級。此外,much也可以修飾比較級形/副。如:This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個公園比那個漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過的最有教育意義的電影)
⒁ no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法:表示時間,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在謂語動詞之前;表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如:He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽煙)
⒂ 被動語態中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語動詞之間。如: The runner was badly hurt.(賽跑運動員受了重傷) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英語說得很廣泛)
⒃ too...to...與so...that...的問題:副詞too/so后面跟形容詞或副詞,to后面跟動詞,that后面跟從句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的結構,用于簡單句;so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定結構,用于復合句。如:The child is too young to join the army.(這孩子年齡太小還不能參軍)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他這么強壯,搬得動那個重箱子。)
⒄ 既是形容詞也是副詞的單詞有:early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如:It was a long holiday.(那是個長假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那兒呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就會找到辦法)/ He is a very hard(難對付的) person.(他是個難玩的家伙)
⒅ farther與further的用法區別:表示地點、方向或距離時兩個詞同義,意思為“更遠、較遠”,但是further還表示“更多、進一步、額外”等意思,此時不能換為farther. 如:They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他們決定第二天走得再遠些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(這個問題還要進一步討論)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他們每個人大學畢業后繼續進修)
⒆ rather與quite的用法區別:同very一樣,兩個詞都表示形容詞或副詞的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比預料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含義,含有令人驚訝的意思。見下圖對“nice”程度的描繪:
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice
如:It’s quite a nice film.(這是部好片子)。(可能意味著不是一部最好的電影) / It’s rather a nice film.(這是部很不錯的電影。)(意味著比大多數電影都好)
[注意]注意quite與rather后面的次序詞序。
⒇ maybe、possibly、perhaps的區別:maybe“可能、也許”,比另外兩個詞更不正式、更隨便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也許”,可能性較大,在否定句和疑問句中表示“無論如何”;perhaps“可能”,較為常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如:You could put it over there,maybe.(也許你可以把它放在那邊) / I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在這么短的時間內完成這么長的一本書)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以為那也許就是你期盼的信件)
(21) most、mostly的區別:most作為形容詞和名詞時意思是“大多數的、大部分的”,作為副詞時意思為“最,十分、很”;mostly僅為副詞,意思為“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如:I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空時大部分時間都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘氣)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(這是電影中最令人興奮的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)
(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的區別:worth一般被看作是介詞,后面接名詞或者動名詞,用主動表示被動含義,還可以用副詞well修飾;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟動名詞的被動形式。如:What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ¥300,000.(房子價值30萬元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(這本書值得好好讀幾遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(這是一個值得看的東西)
(23)almost、nearly的區別:兩個詞意思相近,都表示“幾乎、將近”,大多數情況下可以互換,與否定詞連用時用almost不用nearly. almost no 相當于hardly any(幾乎沒有)。如:He had done almost nothing today.(他今天幾乎沒有干什么) / We are almost/nearly there.(我們幾乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(幾乎沒有人懂他的話)
(24) a bit與a little的區別:這兩個名詞短語經常當作副詞使用,修飾形容詞或副詞的原級或比較級,可以互換,語氣比rather弱。如:This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(這臺數碼相機有點貴)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了點)
另外,a little可以直接加不可數名詞,a bit 則采用“a bit + of +名詞(不可數或可數名詞復數)”的形式。如:I have got a bit of a cold.(我有點感冒)/ Go and get a little water for me, please.(請你去給我搞點水來)
[注意] not a bit(=not at all)意為“根本不”,而 not a little則意為“非常,不是一點”。
3、形容詞、 副詞的原級、比較級和最高級
1、分類:形容詞和副詞有原級、比較級和最高級三級。
原級變為比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。
2、規則變化:
(1)單音節和部分雙音節形容詞和副詞,在原級的后面加上er,est構成比較級和最高級。
a)直接加er,est :
b)以重讀閉音節結尾的,要雙寫最后一個輔音字母,后加er,est:
c)以輔音字母+y結尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est:
(2)兩個音節或兩個以上的音節的,在原級前加more / most.
3、不規則變化:
原級
比較級
最高級
good好的
better更好的
best最好的
well好;(身體)好的,
bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地
worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地;(身體)更不舒服的
worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地;(身體)最不舒服的
ill(身體)不舒服的
many許多的(可數)
more更多的;更
most最多的;最
much許多的(不可數);非常
little少的
less更少的
least最少的
far遠的;遠地
farther更遠的;更遠地
farthest最遠的;最遠地
further進一步的(地)
furthest最深刻的(地)
4、形容詞和副詞的原級、比較級和最高級的用法:
(1)講述某人/物自身的情況時,用原級。基本句型是:
主語(sb./sth) + 謂語動詞 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 形容詞/副詞原級 +….
如:He is very old now.(他現在很老了) / They ran quite fast.(它們跑得相當快) / The weather looks rather bad.(天氣看上去相當糟) / I am so happy!(我是如此的快樂)
☆表示兩者之間沒有差別時,使用句型:
主語(第一個人物) + 謂語動詞 + as + 形容詞/副詞原級 + as + 第二個人物 +….
如:He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一樣興奮)/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉騎車像老太太一樣慢)/ They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他們摘的蘋果和農民一樣多)
☆表示第一個人比不上第二個人時,使用句型:
主語(第一個人物) + 謂語動詞(否定式) + as / so + 形容詞/副詞原級 + as + 第二個人物+….
如:He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他沒他妹妹那么興奮) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉騎車不像老太太那樣慢) / They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他們摘的蘋果不如農民多)
(2) 講述兩者有差異,第一個人物超過第二個人物時,用比較級。基本句型:
主語(‘A’)+謂語動詞+(much/a little/even/still)+形容詞/副詞比較級+than+第二個人物(‘B’)+….
如:A modern train is much faster than a car.(現代的火車比轎車快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(這本書花費我的錢不比那本多)
講述兩者有差異,第一個人物不及第二個人物時,用比較級。句型是:
主語(‘A’) + 謂語動詞 + less+ (多音節形/副)比較級 + than + 第二個人物(‘B’) +….
如:I think English is less difficult than maths.(我認為英語不比數學難)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你認為學外語不那么重要嗎?)
(3)講述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一個時,用最高級。句型是:
主語(sb./sth) + 謂語動詞 +(the) +形容詞/副詞最高級 +in / of ….
如:The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(長江是中國最長的河流) / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三個男生中他跳得最高)
4、關于比較等級的重要注釋:
1、以上六個句型中,如果動詞是及物或不及物動詞,則后面用副詞;如果后面是連系動詞,則后面用形容詞。如:This car is the fastest of the four.(形容詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中跑得最快的)
2、“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越……”。如:The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越來越溫暖了)
3、“the+比較級…,the+比較級…”表示“越…就越…”。如:The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我們栽的樹越多,情況就會越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,進步就越大)
4、一般的形容詞或副詞的比較級前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示數量的more之前還可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等詞。如:It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你還要些咖啡嗎?)/He did not eat any more.(他沒有再吃)
5、more than / less than分別可以理解為“多于/少于”,相當于副詞,more than=over; less than=under.如:I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在紐約生活了四個多月)
6、“one of the +最高級+名詞(復數)”整個短語為單數含義,謂語要用單數形式。如:One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場大火中被燒毀了)
7、“Which / Who+動詞+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有兩個選項,形/副用比較級,如果有三個選項,形/副用最高級。如:Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林濤和韓梅誰的書最多?)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(豬、馬、象哪個最重?)
8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示兩個事物的詞時,用比較級,而且往往還要加the;含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三個或三個以上事物時,用最高級。如: --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一點的那個你喜歡嗎?一個都不喜歡)/ --Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜歡哪個?全部。)
七、介詞:1、介詞的主要用法:
介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句作它的賓語,即構成介詞短語。有些介詞是由兩個以上的詞構成的短語介詞,如:out of(從…中出來), because of(因為), away from(距離…), on top of(在…頂上), ever since(自從…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根據…), in front of(在…前方)等。
2、介詞的分類表: (見下表)
地點(位置、范圍)介詞:above在…前, about在…附近, across在…對面, after在…后面, against倚著..., along在…近旁, among在…中間, around在…周圍, round在….周圍, at在…處, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁邊, between在...之間, by在...旁, down在...下面, from來自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...頂部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中間, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目標趨向)介詞:across橫越..., against對抗..., along沿著..., around繞著..., round環繞..., at朝著..., behind向…后面, etween…and…從…到...,by路過/通過..., down向…下, for向..., from從/離..., in進入..., into進入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脫離/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨過..., past經過/超過..., through穿過..., to向/朝..., towards朝著..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from遠離...
時間介詞:about大約..., after在…以后, at在… (時刻), before在…以前, by到…為止, during在…期間, for有…(之久), from從…(時)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過了…(時), since自從…(至今), through 貫穿…(期間), till直到…時, until直到…時, to到(下一時刻), ever since從那時起至今,at the beginning of在...開始時 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...當中 ,at the time of在...時
方式介詞:as作為/當作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(語言), like與…一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(收音機/電視機), over通過(收音機), through通過..., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), without沒有…
涉及介詞: about關于..., except除了…, besides除了…還... for對于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有關..., on關于/有關..., to對…而言, towards針對..., with就…而言
其它介詞:
【目的介詞】 for為了..., from防止…, to為了…
【原因介詞】 for因為..., with由于…, because of因為...
【比較介詞】 as與…一樣,like象…一樣,than比...,to與…相比, unlike與…不同
【伴隨/狀態介詞】 against和…一起(比賽),at在(上班/休息/上學/家,etc.),in穿著…(衣服/顏色),into變成...,on在(值日), with與…一起,有/帶著/長著..., without沒有/無/不與…一起
3、介詞短語的句法作用:
介詞短語相當于一個形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語、定語和表語。如:The man came .(狀)(那個人走下樓來)/The woman is from the countryside.(定)(頭上戴花的婦女來自鄉下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老師現在和學生在一起)
4、介詞短語在句子中的位置:
介詞短語做狀語時,如果表示時間/地點,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴隨/涉及/原因/目的/比較,一般放在句尾; 介詞短語作表語時放在連系動詞之后;介詞短語作定語時,只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語)(他想來年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們在房間里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語)(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語)(你看見一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎?)
5、重要注釋:
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等詞構成的時間短語,前面不用任何介詞。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國外的游客來游覽平窯鎮)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for有時用來引出動詞不定式的邏輯主語,常翻譯成“對于…而言”。如:It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區區一個小時內完成這項工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個人住)
⑶ of有時用來表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語的邏輯主語。如:It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介詞有時會與它的賓語分離,而且賓語前置。
① 當賓語是疑問詞時。Who are you talking about?(你們在談論誰?)
② 賓語在從句中當連接詞時。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老師在那邊和什么人談話嗎?)
③ 動詞不定式作定語且該動詞為不及物動詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最終找到了一張椅子坐。)
(5) 記住一些固定詞組:arrive at/in(到達…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的東部),in the night(在夜間),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充滿/ 裝滿….),be filled with(充滿/ 裝滿….),be good/bad for(對…有益/有害),be made of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/結束時),by the end of(不遲于…/到…末為止),with the help of或with one’s help(在…的幫助下),look after(照料…),look for(尋找…),on a bike(=by bike)騎車, help sb. with(幫某人做…),get on (well) with(與某人相處[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介詞的用法辨析:
⑴ 時間或地點介詞in、on、at的用法區別:表示時間時, in表示在一段時間里(在將來時句子中則表示在一段時間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個時刻或者瞬間; 表示地點時, in表示在某個范圍之內, on表示在某個平面上或與一個面相接觸,at則表示在某個具體的場所或地點。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七點鐘起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院)
⑵ after與in表示時間的用法區別:“after+(具體時刻/從句)”表示“在…時刻之后”常用于一般時態;“in+(一段時間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時態。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他說他六點鐘之后會來這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父親大約一個月以后從英國回來)
⑶ since與for表示時間的用法區別:“since+(具體時刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現在”,“for +(一段斶間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時態;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經工作了30多年)
⑷ by、in與with表示方式的用法區別:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動句中可以表示動作的執行者;in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個具體的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(請你用英語寫那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫的)
⑸ about與on的用法區別:都可以表示“有關…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關…(專題/課程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(湯姆要作一個美國歷史的報告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談論著即將來到的野外旅游)
⑹ through與across、over的用法區別: through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時一只老鼠跑過路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他們翻過大山提前到達了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個大門來到另一個公園)
(7)as與like的區別:兩個詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業、職務、作用等事實,而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說話者是聽者的父親) / Let me speak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說話者不是聽者的父親)
(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法區別:at the end of…既可以表示時間也可以表示地點,譯為“在…末;在…盡頭”,常與過去時連用;by the end of…只能表示時間,譯為“在…前;到…為止”,常用于過去完成時; in the end與at last基本等義,表示“終于、最后”,通常用于過去時;to the end譯為“到…的終點為止”,前面往往有表示運動或連續性的動詞。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上學期期末我們已經學習了第三冊16個單元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他們動身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我們應該把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見一家郵電局)
(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的區別:for a moment“一會兒、片刻”(=for a while),常與持續性動詞連用;for the moment“暫時、目前”,常用于現在時;in a moment“一會兒、立即、馬上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于將來時;at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于現在進行時。如:Please wait for a moment.(請稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暫時就維持現狀吧!) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我過會兒回來)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)
(10)but的問題:用介詞but引出另一個動詞時,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形動詞,前面沒有do時,后面的動詞要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(選擇) but to fight.(他們沒有選擇只有戰斗)
(11)in front of 與in the front of: in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大廳前部立著一個大講臺)
(12)except與besides的區別:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宮博物院)(Tom沒有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了漢語之外,他還學其他許多功課)(“漢語”也是他學的功課之一)
八、動詞1、動詞的分類:
類 別
意 義
例 句
實義動詞
含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態,在句子中能獨立作謂語。
She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。
They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。
I’m reading an English book now.
我現在正看一本英文書。
連系動詞
本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須和表語一起構成謂語。
His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。
Twins usually look the same.
雙胞胎通常看起來一樣。
The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。
助動詞
本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態、語態或其它語法形式,助動詞自身有人稱、單復數和時態的變化。
He doesn’t speak English. 他不說英語。
We are playing basketball. 我們在打籃球。
Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎?
情態動詞
本身有一定的意義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態。情態動詞沒有人稱和單復數的變化,有些情態動詞有過去式。
You can keep the books for two weeks.
這些書你可以借兩個星期。
May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎?
We must go now. 我們現在得走了。
★重要注解:
(1) 關于實義動詞:
① 英語的實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類:
后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞;本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。
② 有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。
有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多數動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如:study, sing等。
④ 有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如:know, wash等。
⑤ 有些動詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構成固定詞組,形成短語動詞。如:listen,reply,wait,look.
(2) 關于連系動詞:
① 連系動詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動詞后面常為形容詞。
② 常見的連系動詞有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③ 有些連系動詞來源于實義動詞,意思也跟著變化:look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉、轉動→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實義動詞時,后面不能跟形容詞。
[注釋]
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區別:become表示“變成”,比較正式,通常不用將來時表示動作已經完成。get也表示動作已經完成,但是更加口語化,通常表示溫度、時間、歲數等變化。go表示“變得”,常見于某些短語中,后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當”,多用于將來時、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數的增長。turn表示“變得”,指變為與原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如:I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來他將成為科學家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過去的一年里我的弟弟長得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評) her.(媽媽批評了他以后他的臉變紅了)
(3) 關于助動詞:
①常見的助動詞有:用于進行時和被動語態的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般時的do(does,did) .
②助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動詞也可作情態動詞。如:shall, will, should, would.
(4) 關于情態動詞:
①常見的情態動詞有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當作情態動詞使用。情態動詞后面必須加動詞的原形。
②can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時,常用“can”代替“may”。情態動詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常縮寫成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通常縮寫成“couldn’t”。如:Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎?)/ He can swim.(他會游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)
③ may表示允許、請求或可能性,用may提問時,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如:May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個問題嗎?當然可以)/ You may go now.(現在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)
④ must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時否定形式是mustn’t;表示“一定”時,否定形式是“can’t” 如:We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)
[注意]用must(必須)進行提問時,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t;用must(一定)進行提問時,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如:Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎?是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房間里嗎?是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)
⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
have to的疑問形式是:助動詞+…+have to,否定形式是:助動詞+not+have to或者用needn’t.如:Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8點鐘嗎?)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用這么做)
⑥ shall在問句中,可表示征求對方意見,與第一人稱連用;在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如:Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個周末去動物園好嗎?)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來)
⑦ should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應該禮貌地對老人講話)
⑧ will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如:Will you please close the door for me?(請你替我把門關上好嗎?)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓你一頓)
⑨would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)
would也可以表示現在的情況,表達說話人向對方提出的要求,語氣比“will”婉轉、客氣。在日常會話中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”來表示。如:Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現在想要休息一下嗎?)
would還可以表示過去經常發生的事情。如:Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母們總是向孩子們講述這個將會拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
⑩ need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實義動詞時,在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如:He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了)
⑾ dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態動詞,后面用不帶“to”的動詞不定式。在肯定句中和實義動詞一樣,后面的動詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個傻瓜?)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個紅色的按鈕)
⑿ ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當作情態動詞使用,否定式是:’d better not (do). 如:You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因為他正在睡覺)
2、動詞詞形變化一覽表:
(1)規則動詞變化表:
規?則變?化
原形動詞結尾情況
現在時單三人稱
現?在?分?詞
過去式和過去分詞
一般情況
+s
+ing
+ed
s,x,ch,sh,o結尾
+es
+ing
+ed
輔音字母+y結尾
y→i,+es
+ing
y→i,+ed
重讀閉音節一元一輔結尾
+s
雙寫輔音字母,+ing
雙寫輔音字母,+ed
不發音的e結尾
+s
去掉e,+ing
+d
ie結尾
+s
ie→y,+ing
+d
不規則變化
have→has;be→is
(無)
(見不規則動詞變化表)
注意:①在加ing或ed時動詞如果以“r”結尾,尾音節又重讀的動詞,“r”應雙寫。
②s/es的讀音規則:在清輔音后讀[s];在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z];在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后讀[iz].
③ed的讀音規則:在清輔音后讀[t];在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d];在[t]、[d]后讀[id].
(2)不規則動詞變化表:( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)
be(am,is)?
was
been
lose
lost
lost
be(are)?
were
been
make
made
made
beat?
beat
beaten
may
might
become?
became
become
mean
meant
meant
begin?
began
begun
meet
met
met
blow
blew
blown
mistake
mistook
mistaken
break
broke
broken
must
must
bring
brought
brought
pay
paid
paid
build
built
built
put
put
put
buy
bought
bought
read
read
Read
can
could
ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
caught
ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rose
risen
come
came
come
run
ran
run
cost
cost
cost
say
said
said
cut
cut
cut
see
saw
seen
dig
dug
dug
sell
sold
sold
do
did
done
send
sent
sent
draw
drew
drawn
set
set
set
drink
drank
drunk
shall
should
drive
drove
driven
shine
shone
shone
eat
ate
eaten
show
showed
shown
fall
fell
fallen
shut
shut
shut
feel
felt
felt
sing
sang
sung
find
found
found
sink
sank/sunk
sunk/sunken
fly
flew
flown
sit
set
set
forget
forgot
forgot/forgotten
sleep
slept
slept
freeze
froze
frozen
smell
smelt
smelt
get
got
got
speak
spoke
spoken
give
gave
given
spend
spent
spent
go
went
gone
spill
spilt
spilt
grow
grew
grown
spoil
spoilt
spoilt
hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
stand
stood
stood
have(has)
had
had
sweep
swept
swept
hear
heard
heard
swim
swam
swum
hide
hid
hidden
take
took
taken
hit
hit
hit
teach
taught
taught
hold
held
held
tell
told
told
hurt
hurt
hurt
think
thought
thought
keep
kept
kept
throw
threw
thrown
know
knew
known
understand
understood
understood
lay
laid
laid
wake
woke/waked
woken/waked
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
wear
wore
worn
leave
left
left
will
would
lend
lent
lent
win
won
won
let
let
let
write
wrote
witten
lie
lay
lain
3、be(“是/存在”)動詞的各種時態變化:
一 般 現 在 時
一 般 將 來 時
現 在 完 成 時
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are….
(I等各人稱) will be….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are
I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 過 去 時
過 去 將 來 時
過 去 完 成 時
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were….
(I等各人稱)?would be….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were
I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意:句型變化時,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t (am后面not不可以縮寫);
疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它謂語動詞(主動語態)的時態變化一覽表:
現在 時態
一 般 現 在 時
現 在 進 行 時
一 般 將 來 時
現 在 完 成 時
謂語動詞構成
動詞用原形(單三加s?/?es)
(問句和否定句借用助詞do?/?does)
am
is ?? +動詞-ing
are
will + 動詞原形
am
is +going to+動詞原形
are
have +過去分詞
has
過去 時態
一 般 過 去 時
過 去 進 行 時
過 去 將 來 時
過 去 完 成 時
謂語動詞構成
動詞用過去式
(問句和否定句借用助詞did)
was
?? +動詞-ing
were
would + 動詞原形
was
+going to+動詞原形
were
had +過去分詞
5、八種時態的具體用法:
(1) 一般現在時 表示現階段經常或習慣發生的動作或存在的狀態,或說明主語的特征。
① 一般現在時句子中常有的時間狀語:often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經常在晚上商談生意)
② 表示客觀真理、事實、人的技能或現在的狀態時句子里一般不用時間狀語。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)
③ 表示十分確定會發生(如安排好的事情)或按照時間表進行的事情,用一般現在可以表達將來,句子中可以有將來時間。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點開車)
④ 在時間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導)和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導),用一般現在時代替一般將來時,句子可以有將來時間。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)
⑤ 一般現在時用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發生的動作,動詞以come, go為主。如:Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。
⑥ 一般現在時常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
⑦ 人的心理活動和感官動作一般用一般現在時而不用現在進行時表達,常見動詞有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)
(2) 一般過去時 表示過去某時發生的動作或狀態,這種動作或狀態可能是一次性,也可能經常
發生。
① 表示過去具體時刻發生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導的時間狀語從句。如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六點鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進房間時發現一個陌生人正和他父親談話)
② 表示過去一段時間內不知何時發生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)
③ 表示過去一個階段中經常發生的事情時,時間狀語有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.
④ 講故事、對過去經歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時,而且經常省略時間狀語。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
(3) 一般將來時 表示將來某一時刻或經常發生的動作或狀態。
①一般將來時的時間狀語有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,
someday,sometime, in the future, when引導的從句等。
② 用will構成的將來時,表示動作與人的主觀愿望無關。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will”
用于所有人稱。如:I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學畢業了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個人過了)
③ “am/is/are going to+動詞原形”表示打算或準備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動詞原形”表示安排或計劃中的動作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個人告訴他們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)
④ 表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。如:I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals(化學藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學實驗室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)
⑤ 現在進行時、一般現在時也可以表示將來。(見相應時態)
⑥ shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當于情態動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎?)
⑦ “be to +動詞原形”表示按照計劃將要發生的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
(4)現在進行時 現在進行時表示現在正在進行的動作或是現階段正發生而此刻不一定在進行的動作。
① 現在進行時由“助動詞be (am is are ) +現在分詞”構成。
② 現在進行時的時間狀語有: now, this …, these…等,但經常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)
③ 表示即將發生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有:come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如:I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④ 表示頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時候就忘得一干二凈)
(5)過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。
① 過去進行時由“was(第一、三人稱單數)或were(第二人稱單數和各人稱的復數)+現在分詞”構成。
② 過去進行時的時間狀語有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)
③ 用于賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如:She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時唱了很多歌)
④ 也可以表示過去一個階段頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時老向我借錢)
(6)現在完成時 現在完成時表示一個發生在過去的、對現在仍有影響的動作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續到現在,甚至還可能延續下去的動作。
①在完成時由“助動詞have (has)+動詞的過去分詞”構成。
②表示發生在過去的對現在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有:already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛去英國)
③表示在過去開始一直延續到現在(可能延續下去)的動作或狀態時,時間狀語有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導的狀語從句。如:I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)
④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)
⑤have been to與have gone to的區別:have gone to(“已經去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如:--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那里三次。)
⑥在完成時中,一個瞬間性動詞(一次性動作)不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,此時須將該瞬間動詞改為延續性動詞或狀態動詞。具體變化見下表:
瞬間性動詞的完成時
→
延續性動詞或狀態動詞的完成時
have
(already)
gone to…
have
been in / at …
for (two years)
has
come to…
has
been here
since (1990)
(had)
left…
(had)
been away from…
arrived…
been in…
died
been dead
begun
been on
ended
been over
bought...
had…
borrowed…
kept…
joined…
been in …
或者使用下面這個句型:
It? is / has been? +?(多久)+?since?+ 主語(人)+謂語(過去時)+……+過去時間狀語
[注意] 在其它的時態中也存在類似問題,記住,關鍵是:瞬間動詞不能和表達一段時間的狀語連用。如:How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow)
(7) 過去完成時 過去完成時表示過去某一時間或某一動作發生之前已經完成的動作。簡言之, 過去完成時所表示的時間是“過去的過去”。
①過去完成時由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構成。
②過去完成時時間狀語有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構成的時間狀語。如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當老師來的時候他們已經打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發覺那個婦女是個騙子時她已經走掉了)
③過去完成時常用于賓語從句中、after引導的從句中,或者從句是before引導的主句中。如:After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)
(8) 過去將來時 過去將來時表示在過去預計將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。
①過去將來時由“助動詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動詞原形”構成。在美國英語中,過去將來時的助動詞一律用“would +動詞原形”。
②過去將來時常由于賓語從句中,時間狀語有:later, soon, the next (day).
③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應該使用一般過去時。如:He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應付給我許多錢如果我幫助他搞那個項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)
④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)
⑤過去將來時還可以表示一個過去經常性的動作。如:When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶一把雨傘)
(9)現在完成進行時:現在完成進行時指一個從過去就開始一直延續到現在并由可能繼續下去的動作,它具有現在完成時和現在進行時雙重特征,結構是:“have/has + been +動詞的現在分詞”。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久?)
6、被動語態:
(1)被動語態定義:被動語態是動詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系。如果主語是 動作的執行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動語態;如果主語是動作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動語態。主動與被動的區別不是詞序的區別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區別。在英語中只有及物動詞和一些相當于及物動詞的詞組才有被動語態的形式。
(2)英語中被動語態由“助動詞be +動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be有時態、人稱和數的變化。被動語態后的by短語有時可省去。具體結構見下表:
現在時態
一般現在時
現在進行時
一 般 將 來 時
現在完成時
謂語動詞構 成
am
is ?+p.p.
are
am
is +being+p.p.
are
will + be+p.p.
am
is +going to+ be + p.p.
are
have(has)?+been+p.p.
過去時態
一般過去時
過 去 進 行 時
過 去 將 來 時
過去完成時
謂語動詞構 成
was +p.p.
were
was
? +being+p.p.
were
would +be+p.p.
was +going to+be+p.p.
were
had +been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示過去分詞。
(1) 被動語態的用法:
① 不知道誰是動作的執行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態,省略by短語。如:A man was killed in the accident.(一個人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態,省略by短語。如:Rice is also grown in this place.(這個地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)
③強調動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如:It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)
(2) 主動語態如何改寫為被動語態:
主動句: 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + 賓語(人/物) + 其他 + 狀語
(動作的執行者) (各種時態形式) (動作的承受者)
被動句: 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 狀語
(動作的承受者) (be +過去分詞) (動作的執行者)
(3) 注意點:
①“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,可以用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如:
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)
也可以用直接賓語做被動句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如:His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個風箏→一個風箏由他的父親做給了他)
②“動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如:The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)
③“動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如:The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)
④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動語態,而可能是系表結構。如:
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動)(他被擊中/撞倒/關照/射中……)
7、動詞的非謂語形式:動詞不做謂語時的固定形式。
(1)動詞的非謂語形式包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種形式;其中分詞又包含現在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們在句子中不能單獨作謂語。
(2)動詞不定式:
① 形式:動詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to+動詞原形”構成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是:“wh-疑問詞+to+動詞原形”。*它的被動形式:“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式:“to have +過去分詞”。
② 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。但不定式也保留動詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動詞不定式加上相關成分就構成不定式短語。
③ 動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如:To help animals is helping people.(幫助動物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間)
④ 動詞不定式可以作謂語動詞(及物動詞)的賓語。
[A] 及物動詞+不定式一般形式:
謂語動詞(vt.)
+不定式
(作賓語)
[說 明]
want(想)?/ try(試圖)?/ decide(決定)?/ would like(想要)?/ hope(希望)?/ love(喜愛)?/ learn(學會) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失敗、未能) / mean(意味著) / prefer(寧愿) / wish(希望)
+ to (do)
(無)
help(幫助)
to可以省略
begin(開始)/ start(開始)/hate(憎恨)?
也可跟動名詞,意義變化不大
forget(忘記) / remember(記得)/ like(總愛)?
也可跟動名詞,意義變化較大
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時候開始學英語的?)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時別忘了關門
[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關燈.) (沒關)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關過燈.)(關了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)
[B] 及物動詞+疑問詞+不定式:
謂語動詞(vt.)
+wh-疑問詞+不定式?(作賓語)
[說明]
tell (告訴) / show (顯示) / know (知道) / ask (問) / find out (發現) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(學會) / forget(忘記) / remember(記得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商討)
what?
where
+ how + to (do)
who
which
……
不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。
如:He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網嗎?)
[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補足語時,通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如: I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發現學騎車不很容易)
⑤ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。
[A] 記住下面的一些結構:
被修飾部分 + 不定式(作后置定語)
漢 語 意 思
a key
to lock the door
鎖門的鑰匙
? a box
to hold these things
裝這些東西的箱子
give her a book
to read
給她一本書讀
Is there any?(+名詞/代詞)
to (do)?
有…要(做的)嗎?
It’s? time
to go.
是走的時間了。/?該走了。
Do you have any work
to do?
你有工作要做嗎?
I’d like something
to eat.
我要點兒吃的。
I have nothing
to say.
我沒有話要說。
Would you like something
to drink?
你要點兒喝的嗎?
[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則后面必須加介詞。如:
They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)
⑥ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語,有下列幾種情況:
[A] 放在不及物動詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如:He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)
[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補語”、“動詞+表語”之后)。如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒)
[C] 有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如:To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時)(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如:They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內容)
⑦ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如:My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)
⑧ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復合賓語中的賓語補足語。
?謂 語 動 詞(vt.)
+?賓語 (人 / 物)
+不定式 (作賓語補足語)
ask(請)?/?tell(關照) / teach(教)?/?want(想要) / would like(想要) /?get(讓) / help(幫)?/ invite(邀請) / like(喜歡) / warn(警告) /
+sb. / sth.
+to (do)
make(使得)?/?let(讓)?/ hear(聽)?/ see(看)?/ feel(感覺)?/ watch(觀看)/ have(使得)?/ help(幫助)
+sb. / sth.
+ (do)
如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我幫助她做飯)/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)
[注意] help之后做賓補的不定式符號to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補用不定式與現在分詞時,含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現在分詞部分)。試比較:
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時聽到她正在哭)(指當時瞬間的情況)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個過程)
(3)動名詞
① 動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾“ing”構成。動名詞有動詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾;它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關詞語(賓語或狀語等)構成動名詞短語。
② 動名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動名詞短語后移。如:Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
③ 動名詞可以作賓語。
[A] want / need之后用動名詞時,含有被動意思。如:Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發。)(頭發被理)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。如:I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。如:Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關上你介意嗎?)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮上轉悠)
[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。如:We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學時就開始學英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學時就開始學英語了)
④ 動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現在進行時混淆。如:My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)
⑤ 動名詞與現在分詞構成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現在分詞,作賓補)
(4)分詞: 包含現在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學習重點)
① 主要區別:現在分詞一般有主動的意思或表示動作正在進行的意思;過去分詞有被動或動 作已經完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。
② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復合賓語等。
[A] 作定語:分詞作定語時,一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時,則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如:I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊:捉小偷!) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)
[B] 現在分詞可以作下列動詞的賓語補足語。(參考不定式作賓語補足語)
謂語動詞(vt.)
賓語
賓語補足語
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing
如:Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進入房間時看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個冷的東西在我的腳上移動)
[C] 現在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準備即將來到的口語考試)
[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動詞后面,但要注意不要與被動語態混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態,而被動語態則表示動作。常用過去分詞作表語的結構有:be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對…感興趣)等等。例略。
[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補足語。如:I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發)(注意:have sth. done表示動作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現在完成時的結構,兩個結構不可以混淆)
8、動詞用法辨析:
(1)“Why not+動詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是:Why don’t you +動詞原形+…?如:Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試?)
(2) seem(好象)的用法:記住幾個結構:①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…;②sb./sth. + seem + like +…;③sb/sth + seem + to (do);④It seems that + 從句。如:He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長叫到名字時他好象很開心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法:記住幾個結構:①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如:She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因為他犯了那么大的錯誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法:記住幾個結構:①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如:I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現在不在)
(5) be sure (確信)的用法:記住幾個結構: ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如:She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎?也許是錯的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫著我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法:一般情況下表示進行活動或者做工作用do,表示創造建構某事物用make. 如:I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經做過一只船)
此外還要記住一些固定說法:do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……
make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...
(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法:put on強調“穿、戴”這個動作過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態,have+衣物+on主要表示狀態,be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如:Please put on your new shoes.(請穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認識那個身穿黑衣的女人嗎?)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)
[注意]dress與wear或put on的區別:wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如:Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎?)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會嗎?)
(8)like、love與enjoy的用法:三個詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動名詞,love 后面一般跟動詞不定式。like后面有時跟動詞不定式,表示一種習慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時間或地點有關)。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣;玩得開心”。如:Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎?)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學后他總愛游個泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會上你玩得開心嗎?)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國生活)
(9)study、learn的用法: study主要表示“學習、研究”,指過程;而learn主要表示“學會”,指結果。表示“學”時可以互換。如:How many subjects do you study?(你學多少門課程?) / Have you learned it yet?(這個你學過了嗎?)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學英語多久了?)
learn還可以表示“聽說”,如:He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(10)think、want、would like的用法:三個詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如:Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認為中國會在40年后成為發達國家嗎?)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么?)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些?)
(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法:前面兩個詞語表示動作過程,后面兩個表示結果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到;search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”;find指“找到”了東西;find out主要指“查明一個事實真相”。如:Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒!你在廚子里面找什么呢?)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎?)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)
[注解] find的幾個結構:find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發覺某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發現(做……)如何”。如: His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發現她的女兒是個聰明的女孩)(名詞作補語補足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發現吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)
(12)listen to、hear的用法:兩個詞與聽覺有關,listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結果。如:Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎?是的,你的話我全聽見了)
(13)look、see、watch、read的用法:四個詞均與眼睛有關,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程;see指“看見”這一結果,有時see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞;watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞;read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如:What are you looking at?(你在看什么?)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎?)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)
(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法: hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面;hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人;learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如:I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個去過喜馬拉雅山的人?)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信?)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法:四個詞與“說”有關。speak“講話、發言、演說”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時要加介詞to,speak作及物動詞時后面跟語言名稱;talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時后面跟介詞about等;say 是及物動詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內容;tell是及物動詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如:Do you speak English? (你講英語嗎?)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰在會上發了言?)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語說出它嗎?)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請跟我講講那個奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)
(16)be able to(do)、can的用法:can是情態動詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會”等意思,只有現在式can和過去式could兩種形式;be able to表示能力上“會”,有多種時態形式,to后面跟動詞原形,有時可以與can/could互換。如:Can you speak English? (你會說英語嗎?)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時不會游泳)
(17)there be、have的用法:兩個詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必須是人或者物;there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如:How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟?我只有一個兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少張桌椅?一張也沒有。)
[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同:用doing表示一個正在發生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個滯后或遲于there be的動作。如: Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.
(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法:表示“借”的三個詞,borrow“借進”、lend“出借”都是一次性動作,不可以和表示一段的時間狀語連用;keep“保存”用來表示借一段時間。如: I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來的書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了?兩個多月了!)
(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法:bring指從遠處“拿來”;take指從面前“拿走”;carry指一般的搬運,不涉及方向;send主要指“送、派遣、寄”;lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。
(20)hope、wish的用法:兩個詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達有把握或信心實現的事情,后面直接跟動詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動名詞或作賓語補足語的不定式;wish表達實現的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時)或者作賓語補足語的不定式。如:We all hope to see him very soon. (我們全都希望盡快見到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨!)(事實上天正在下雨)
(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法:
spend的賓語通常是金錢或時間,句型:sb.+(spend)+時間/金錢+on sth / (in) doing sth. ;
take的主語通常是事情,句型:sth./It + (take)+sb.+時間+to do… 。(如果是動作則常用it作形式主語將動詞不定式后移);
cost的賓語通常是時間、金錢、力氣,句型:sth. +(cost)+sb.+時間/金錢/力氣. ;
pay的賓語通常是金錢,句型:sb.+(pay)+金錢+for+事物.
如:She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個晚上看那本小說)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢?)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)
(22)begin、start的用法:begin在大多數情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動名詞時區別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發、啟動”,反義詞是stop;某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如:When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時候開始學英語的?)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動他的汽車)
(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法:arrive是不及物動詞,到達具體地點時后面加介詞at,到達一個大的地方(國家、城市)時后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點副詞here/there/home等;get表示“到達”時是不及物動詞,涉及地點(無論大小)時后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點副詞here等;reach是及物動詞,后面直接跟地點名詞。如:He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個星期天他抵達舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達那里的?)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動前5分鐘到達車站)
(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區別:be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from則指從制成品中看不出原材料,口語中都可以換成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表達被制造的地點,be made by表達制造的人,be made for表達被制造的目的。如:This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (這種紙是由竹子生產的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是鐵和木頭打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (許多紙被折疊成了小鳥)/ Computers are made in these cities. (計算機是在這幾個城市制造的)/ This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (這個風箏是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things.(一只大包做好了讓我裝廢物)
(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區別:be used for + 名詞/代詞或動名詞, be used to + 動詞原形,表示兩個短語意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to + 動詞原形,表示“過去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”;get/be used to + 動名詞,表示“習慣于….”。如:A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上學時常常在圖書館借書)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習慣早起)
(26)beat,win與lose: beat (打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競賽”等。如:Who won at last? (最后誰贏了?)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打敗了我們)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能贏得比賽)
而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型:lose sth. to sb. 如:Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班)
(27)grow、plant、keep的區別:plant著重講“栽、種植”這個動作,grow則指種植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養”、“贍養”一個人或者動物。如 :He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵樹,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女喜歡養貓養狗打發時間)
(28)fall 、drop的區別:fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動詞;也可以作連系動詞,意思是“變得,進入某種狀態”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動詞;或讓物體落向低處,及物動詞。如:The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那個人從拖拉機上摔下來跌傷了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系動詞) fast asleep. (他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺得似乎要放棄數學)/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信)
(29)join、join in、take part in的區別:join多指參加組織、團體、黨派等,后面跟人時表示和某人一起參加某項活動;join in指參加某項游戲或活動;take part in多指參加群眾性的活動、運動、會議等。如:He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年參軍)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬參加我們的比賽) / He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀40年代他積極參加學生運動)
(30)beat、hit、strike的用法區別:beat指“連續不斷地打擊;(心臟的)跳動”;hit指“一次性地撞擊、命中”;strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。如:The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那個人看上去死了可心臟還在微弱地跳動) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的勁太大球飛過他們的頭頂落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走進房間劃著了一根火柴)
(31)carry on、carry out的區別:carry on表示“進行、繼續”;carry out表示“進行、貫徹、實現”。如:I will carry on the work. (我會繼續工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (對于執行他的命令我有問題)
(32)be amazed與be surprised的區別:be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對某個不可能發生卻實際發生了的事情感到極其的訝異;be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對突發的事件感到驚訝。如:When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潛到海中時被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (聽到房間里傳出一個很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)
(33)warn的用法:“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對…而警告某人”;“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. + that從句”意思是“警告某人說……”。如:They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心竊賊) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你:如果你還這么懶在即將來到的考試中你會不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)
(34)think of與think about等短語的區別:think of表示“考慮、思念、認為、想起、建議”等;“think about”表示“看待、認為”;“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評價…”;“think over”表示“仔細考慮”;“think out”表示“想出”。如:The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校長高度地評價了這個男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我們在考慮去法國度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔細考慮就有辦法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / -What do you think about his composition? -Very good! (他的作文你覺得怎么樣? 很好。)
(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語用法:“agree to+動詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./觀點”表示“贊同…的觀點”/ agree about表示“對…話題有相同看法”/“agree to +建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on + 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。
(36)deserve(應該,應得)的用法:deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如:They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他們盡力了該贏。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事應該受到表揚)
九、連接詞1、連詞的含義:連接詞與詞、短語與短語、或引導從句的詞叫連接詞。
2、連詞的分類:連詞分為并列連接詞和從屬連接詞兩種。
1、并列連接詞連接并列的詞、短語、從句或句子。常見的并列連接詞有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否則),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,無論如何),for(因為),still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。
2、從屬連接詞用于引導從句,常見的從屬連接詞有:
when(當…時候), while(正當…時候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自從), until(直到), although/though(雖然), if(假如), as(如…一樣;由于), as …as…(和…一樣), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因為), unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(為了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(現在既然), by the time…(到…時候), every time…(每當), as if…(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(無論何時),no matter where(或wherever)(無論在哪里)等。
[辨析]
(1) because、as、since、for的用法:because(因為)表示原因的語氣最強,常表示必然的因果關系,從句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的問句只能用because. as(因為)表示一般的因果關系,語氣比because弱,說明比較明顯的原因,它引導的從句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示對方已經知道、無需加以說明的原因或事實。for(因為)是并列連詞,語氣較弱,用來補充說明理由或提供一種解釋。如:He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他今天沒有上學因為他病得厲害)/ As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.(既然大伙兒都到了我們就去動物園吧)/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.(既然你很忙我就叫林濤和我一起去吧)/ We must be off now for the match starts at 7:00.(我們得走了因為比賽在七點開始)
(2)if、whether的區別:表示“是否”時,if和whether同義,引導賓語從句,另外,whether還可以引導主語從句、表語從句(以及同位語從句)等名詞性從句或者讓步狀語從句;而if還可以表示“如果”,引導條件狀語從句,(主句與從句遵循主將從現的原則)。如:I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是不是會按時到達)/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.(如果他按時到達我會給你打電話的)
[注意]下列情況只能用whether不能用if:①引導主語從句,②引導表語從句,③引導從句作介詞賓語,④引導不定式短語,⑤引導讓步狀語從句,⑥在動詞discuss之后,⑦在wonder / not sure之后,⑧在if與whether含義易混時。如:Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.(下個星期天是不是個好天還是個問題)(引導主語從句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.(請問一下帶不帶雨衣去那兒)(作動詞的賓語) / Hainan is the place to be, whether it’s summer or winter.(海南是個該去的地方無論冬夏)(引導讓步狀語從句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help.(請告訴我你是否需要我的幫助)(引導賓語從句)(如果換成if則還可能表示“如果你需要我的幫助請告知”)
(3)while、when、as的用法區別:while常表示一個較長的動作,它引導的從句動作與主句的動作是同時發生的、是平行的;when可以表示較短的動作也可以表示較長的動作,主句和從句的動作可以同時發生也可以先后發生;as與上兩詞同義,可替換while和when, 表示主句和從句的動作同時發生,常譯為“一邊……一邊……”。如:Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.(我寫作業時請不要打擾我)/ I’ll go home when I have finished my job.(我干完了活兒就回去)/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.(他們正快速地穿過馬路忽然聽到了卡車開來的聲音)/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.(當我們在黑洞洞的街上走路時我們高聲地唱歌說話)
(4)till/until與not…till/until的區別:前者表示一個延續性的動作,后者表示一個才開始的動作。如:I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我會呆在這里看著娃娃直到你回來)(stay這個動作一直進行到你return) / They won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.(他們要到獲得了他們認為合理的東西時才會繼續干下去的)
另外till與until基本可以互換,但是在句首時只能用until,不能用till. 如:Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我們堅持到比賽的最后一分鐘)/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒裝句)
(5)though與although的區別:兩個詞都表示“雖然”,均不可以與but同時使用,但在句中可加still或yet連用。although“盡管、雖然”僅作連詞,比較正式,一般可以換為though; though“雖然、盡管、即使”,還可以與even連用(=even if),表示“即使、縱然”,作副詞時意思是“然而、不過”,不能放在句首。如:He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.(盡管疾病使他無法上課但是他還是通過了考試)/ she won’t leave the TV set,even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.(她不愿離開電視機雖然丈夫在等她吃飯)/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.(這是個不熱鬧的聚會盡管如此我還是玩得很開心)
(6)prefer to…rather than…與prefer…to…的區別:prefer to…rather than…后面都是用動詞原形,prefer…to…都是用動名詞或名詞。如:I prefer English to Japanese.(與日語相比我更喜歡英語)/ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (與日語相比我更喜歡學英語)
十、簡單句1、簡單句的特點:簡單句通常只由一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)構成。
2、簡單句的種類:簡單句一般分為陳述句、疑問句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。
3、陳述句:
用來說明一個事實的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式。
▲陳述句的肯定式: He is a middle school student.(他是個中學生)/ I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把錘子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我們地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的話劇非常好大家都喜歡)
▲陳述句的否定式:
1)謂語動詞如果是to be 、助動詞、情態動詞時,在它們的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教師)/ He does not have a cousin.(他沒有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那兒)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母親現在不在廚房里做飯)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不該再犯類似錯誤了) / We haven’t discussed the question yet(我們還沒有討論那個問題呢).
2)謂語動詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其他動詞時,須在它的前面加do not(don’t).如: I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一無所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在農村養豬)/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.(我們沒指望著在這里見到她)/ We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我們沒有開會)
3)如果“have”作“有”講,也可以在它后面加not構成否定式,其形式與have got的否定式相同。 如:I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我沒有兄弟姐妹)
[注意]
①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等詞時,用not一般構成部分否定,如果要完全否定,則通常使用none、neither、not…at all等;All of them went there.→None of them went there.(他們全都去了那里→他們全都沒去那里)
②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等詞時, 則視為否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.(幾乎沒有人生活在那里因為那里的生活太艱難了)
③陳述句(主語+謂語+其他)在口語中可以直接表示疑問,表示驚訝或明知故問。如:That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板?!)
④陳述句一般情況下應使用正常的語序,即:主語+謂語+其他。但是有時會倒裝,詳見“倒裝句”。
⑤所有的從句一律使用陳述句語序,即在連接詞后采用“主語+謂語+其他”的順序。如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告訴我說他還要在這兒住幾年然后回家)/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告訴我在聚會上你都看見了誰嗎?)
4、疑問句:
▲一般疑問句: 用“yes”或“no”來回答的疑問句叫做一般疑問句。
1)一般疑問句構成:句中謂語動詞是to be、助動詞、情態動詞時,則將它們(提前)放到主語前面。如:Is he an engineer?(他是工程師嗎?)/ Have you got today’s newspaper? (你有今天的報紙嗎?)/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? (我們今晚去看電影好嗎?)/ Can you explain it ?(你能解釋它嗎?)/ Is there any fish for supper?(晚飯有魚嗎?)/ Would you like to go out for a walk?(你想出去散步嗎?)
謂語動詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其他動詞時,則在主語前面加助動詞do / does / did, 原來的謂語動詞改為原形。如:Do you get up at six every morning?(你天天早晨六點起身嗎?)/ Does she study hard?(她學習努力嗎?)/ Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那兒了嗎?)
2)一般疑問句的回答:
一般疑問句通常用簡略形式來回答。如:
Will you join us in playing basketball?(你加入我們打籃球好嗎?)—Yes, we will.(是的我們會。)/ —No, we won’t.(不我們不會。)
Have you got today’s newspaper?(你有今天的報紙嗎?)—Yes, I have .(是的有。)/ —No, I haven’t.(不沒有。)
回答時所用的時態應和問句里的時態一致。
[注意] 回答must或者may開頭的疑問句要小心,參見情態動詞有關內容。
3)一般疑問句的否定結構(即否定形式的一般疑問句)表示驚奇、責怪、建議、看法等,只要將“not”置于主語之后或者將“not”放到主語之前與be, have等助動詞或情態動詞合并在一起就可以了。如:
Will he not come?(他難道不來嗎?)/ Isn’t your sister a Party member?(你的姐姐不是黨員嗎?)/ Haven’t you any brothers?(你沒有哥哥嗎?)/ Don’t you like the play?(你難道不喜歡這個話劇嗎?)/ Can’t we walk a little farther?(我們不能走遠些嗎?)/ Won’t you sit down?(你不想坐下嗎?)/ Hasn’t she heard of the matter?(她沒聽說過這事兒?)
這種否定結構的疑問句的回答與漢語的習慣不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定結構”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定結構”。(情況與反意問句類似。)如:
Can’t he answer the question? (他不能回答這個問題嗎?)
—Yes,he can.(不,他能回答這個問題。) —No,he can’t. (是的,他不能回答這個問題。)
▲特殊疑問句:要求具體回答的問句。
1)特殊疑問句結構是:
疑問代詞
+一般疑問句+?
除who以外的疑問代詞短語
疑問副詞
如:What do you want?(你要什么?)/ Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找誰?)/ Whose magazine is this?(這是誰的雜志?)/Which class are you in?(你在哪班?)/ When did you get up this morning?(你今早什么時候起身的?)/ Where have you been?(你到哪兒去了?)/ Why did he go to bed so early?(他為什么這么早睡覺?)/ How did you go there?(你是怎么去的那兒?)
但是,“who”引出的詢問主語或主語部分相關詞的特殊疑問句的結構與陳述句詞序相同:如:Who is dancing over there?(誰在那邊跳舞?)
有時“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出與陳述句詞序相同的特殊疑問句。如:What is on the wall?(什么東西在墻上?/墻上有什么?)/ Which is yours?(哪個是你的?)/ Whose book is in your bag?(誰的書在你的書包里?)
[注意]從陳述句改為特殊問句時,先將句子改為一般問句,再將(劃線)提問部分更改為疑問詞置于句首,特別要注意助動詞的使用!如果只對主語或主語的修飾詞提問,那么只需要將疑問部分改為疑問詞即可。
2)常用疑問代詞和疑問副詞:
疑問代詞: who, whom, whose, which, what,
疑問副詞: when, where, why, how,
how構成的短語:how many (多少個) (獨立用;或跟可數名詞), how much (多少) (獨立用;或跟不可數名詞), how old (多大年紀), how far (多遠), how often (多常),how long (多久,多長), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。
3)特殊疑問句有時也用否定式。如:Why don’t you ask Jim instead?(常縮略為Why not…?) (你為什么不轉請Jim呢?)
4) 特殊疑問句疑問部分有時可以有兩個以上的疑問詞。如:When and where were you born? (你是何時何地出生的?)
5) 疑問詞如果是介詞的賓語,則該介詞可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一臺電腦呢?)
▲反意疑問句: 反意疑問句表示對陳述句所說的事實提出相反的疑問,要求對方用“yes”或“no”來進行回答。
1) 構成:由兩部分組成:前一部分是陳述句,后一部分是疑問句,它是由be ,have, 助動詞或情態動詞+主語構成。如果陳述句是肯定結構,反意疑問句須用否定結構;反之,陳述句如果是否定結構,反意疑問句須用肯定結構。反意疑問句的兩部分,必須保持人稱和時態的一致;反意疑問句的回答有時會和漢語不同。
陳述句部分
附加問句部分
注 意 點
肯定陳述句
否定的簡短一般問句
當陳述句部分含有“是”動詞、(“有”動詞)、情態動詞和助動詞時,簡短問句中沿用該詞;否則就使用do/does//did.
否定陳述句
肯定的簡短一般問句
如:He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是嗎?) / The man went away, didn’t he? (那個男人走開了不是嗎?) / He isn’t old, is he? (他不老是嗎?) / He never went there, did he? (他從沒有去過那里是嗎?)
2) 反意問句的回答:
無論哪種形式的反意問句,回答時要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”
如:The man went away, didn’t he?(那人走開了,不是嗎?)
——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn’t.(不,他沒有走。)
The man never went there, did he?(這人從來不去那里,是嗎?)
——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。)
▲選擇疑問句:提出兩種或兩種以上情況,需要對方作出選擇回答的疑問句叫選擇疑問句。
1) 構成:(1) 一般疑問句 + or + 第二選項?
(2) 特殊疑問句 + 第一選項(+ 第二選項)+ or + 第三選項?
2)選擇疑問句的結構與特殊疑問句相同,即要具體回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:
Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩還是女孩?----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please. (---你要哪一樣咖啡還是茶?----請來茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜歡哪樣?----當然是跳舞啦!)
5、祈使句:祈使句用來表示請求、命令等。它的主語you往往不說出。
▲祈使句的肯定式: 動詞(原形) + 其他 如:Please give me a hand. (請幫忙) / Shut up! (住嘴!)
▲祈使句的否定式: Don’t +動詞原形 + 其他 如:Please don’t talk in low voices. (請不要低聲講話。) / Don’t look back! (不要掉頭看。)
[注意] 以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定結構,“not”應放在“let’s”后面。如:Let’s not trouble him. (我們不要打擾他。)
肯定祈使句前可以用助動詞來強調語氣。如:Please do help me! (請千萬幫幫我。)
6、感嘆句:感嘆句用來表示喜怒哀樂等強烈感情。句末常用“!”
▲對含有形容詞的名詞短語感嘆的結構通常是:
What + (a /an) + (形容詞) +名詞+ 陳述句結構(主謂語) ,用來強調句子中的名詞,如:What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (天氣真糟糕!)
▲僅對形容詞或副詞進行感嘆的結構通常是:How + 形容詞/副詞 + 陳述句結構(主謂語) ,用來強調句子中的形容詞、副詞或動詞。How carefully the old man walks! (這老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the food is! (這食品真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)
▲有時,陳述句、祈使句、疑問句、一個詞或詞組,也帶有一定的感情色彩,也可以成為感嘆句,此時未必使用感嘆句型。He is sitting on a tiger’s back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A nice shot! (漂亮一擊!) / Good goal! (好球!)
十一、句子成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語1、主語:
(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當,說明動作是“誰”發出的。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)
(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之后。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)
(3)口語中常見主語或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)
(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)
(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處于第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎?)
(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)
(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見“主語從句”。
2、謂語:
(1)由“不及物動詞”、“及物動詞+賓語”或“系動詞+表語”等構成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如:
He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經變壞。) /
(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數、時態等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成:[情態動詞]+[時態助動詞]+[語態助動詞]+[主要動詞](不一定全部出現)。(見動詞的時態和語態構成表) 記住:謂語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延。)
(3)謂語動詞切忌用“行為動詞1 + 原形動詞”、“be + 原形動詞”。
記住使用下列正確形式:
①情態動詞+原形動詞。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好復習這一課。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如:They should have been there once.(他們應該去過那兒。)
③be+現在分詞或者過去分詞。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)
④have+過去分詞。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般時問句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形動詞。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)
⑥行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著:圣誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓。)
(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。
(5)謂語動詞單復數形式:單數形式的動詞有:is,was,has,does以及“動詞+s”;復數形式的動詞有:are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復數。
謂語部分第一個動詞的形式
單數形式
復數形式
一般現在時be(是)動詞;
現在某些時態和語態的助動詞be
am (單一); are (單二); is (單三);
are
一般過去時be(是)動詞;
過去某些時態和語態的助動詞be
was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三)
were
一般現在時have(有)動詞;
現在完成時態的助動詞have
have?(單一); have (單二);?has (單三);
have
一般現在時行為動詞和助動詞do
do (單一、單二); does (單三)
do
實意動詞和連系動詞的一般現在時動詞(否定和疑問句除外)
原形動詞(單一、單二); 動詞+s?/es (單三)
原形動詞
其他各時態語態的謂語動詞
單復數形式相同
記住:主語、謂語單復數必須保持一致。(參見“4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對于我們大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用“是”動詞、情態動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)
3、賓語:
(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們如此喜愛看足球以至于常常忘記了他們的功課。)(動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語)
(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎?)
(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如:What did he see? (他看見了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信?)
(4)“動詞+副詞+賓語”結構中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動”“副”之間。如:Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)
(5) 動詞后面跟雙賓語時可以采用兩種結構:
①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)
②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如: Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“動詞+賓語+賓補”結構中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我發覺這個工作相當難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 賓語可以由從句充當,詳見“賓語從句”。
4、表語:
(1) 說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業他當上了醫生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀?)
(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對表語進行提問的句子除外。
(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)
(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見“表語從句”。
5、定語:
(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定語的知識。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)
(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠詞/
物代
年齡/形狀/
大小/溫度
色彩
來源
質地/
材料
目的/
用途
被修飾的名詞(中心詞)
a
the
my
his
…
old,young,…
red,
yellow,
blue,
…
Chinese,
English,?
American,
…
wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
…
meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
…
box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時放在被修飾的名詞后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)
(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)
(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)
(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見 定語從句。
(7) 注意:由于定語屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。
6、狀語:
(1) 說明動作“何時”、“何地”、“如何”發生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發現房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)
(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六·2》“副詞在句子中的位置以及作用”;介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七·4》“介詞短語在句子中的位置”;不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結果,詳見《八·7》“動詞的非謂語形式”;從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的“狀語從句”。
(3) 多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、后短語,先地點、后時間,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見“狀語從句”。
(5) 注意:由于狀語屬于修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。
7、賓語補足語:
(1) 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當。如:Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來!)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況,詳見《八·7》“動詞的非謂語形式”相關內容。
十二、簡單句五種基本句型:句子包含主要句子成分(主語、謂語)和次要句子成分(表語、賓語、賓語補足語),按照動詞的性質將英語簡單句劃分為以下五種基本句型:
1、基本句型的詞序:
2、劃分符號(沒有統一規定,僅供參考):
3、例句:Jim is working [very hard] [now].(他現在正非常努力地工作。)
She is young. (她年輕。) It looks like rain. (天看上去要下雨。)
The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet]. (這男孩老是用腳踢那只狗。)
He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year]. (從去年起他沒給我買過一個玩具。)
He felt something (cold) .(他感到有個冰冷的東西順著腿上爬。)
4、英語詞類與句子成分關系圖:
句子成分 詞類或短語
主語*
謂語
賓語*
表語*
定語*
狀語*
賓語
補足語
名詞
√√√
×
√√√
√√
√
×
√
代詞
√√√
×
√√√
√√
√√
×
×
形容詞
×
×
×
√√√
√√√
×
√√
數詞
√
×
√
√
√√√
×
√
動
詞
時態語態形式
×
√√√
×
×
×
×
×
動詞不定式
√√
×
√√
√
√
√√
√√√
動名詞
√√
×
√√√
√
√
×
×
動詞現在分詞
×
×
×
√
√
√√
√√√
動詞過去分詞
×
×
×
√
√
√√
√√
副詞
×
×
×
√
√
√√√
√
介詞短語
×
×
×
√√
√
?√√
√
[注釋] 1、“√”表示某種詞類可以充當某個成分, “√√”表示某種詞類經常充當某個成分, “√√√”表示某種詞類最經常充當某個成分。 “×”表示某種詞類不能充當某個成分。
2、“ * ”表示該成分可以由從句充當,如主語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句等。
十三、并列復合句1、基本概念:
并列復合句是由兩個或兩個以上并列而又獨立的簡單句構成。兩個簡單句常由并列連接詞連在一起;但有時不用連接詞,只在兩個簡單句之間用一逗號或分號。
2、常見的并列句:
(1) 用來連接兩個并列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關系、遞進關系。前后分句的時態往往保持一致關系,若第一個分句是祈使句,那么第二個分句用將來時。
(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個, 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的時態往往保持一致關系,若第一個分句是祈使句,那么第二個分句用將來時。
(3) 表明兩個概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時態一致。
(4) 說明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時態一致。
(5) 表示結果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時態一致。
十四、主從復合句1、概念:
主從復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個次要成分,不能獨立成為一個句子。從句通常由關聯詞引導,并由關聯詞將從句和主句聯系在一起。如:While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時對他們也嚴格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來會議沒完沒了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you"ll be late.(快點, 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)
2、分類:
從句按其在復合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。(參見以下各條)
3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法:
(1) 表語從句:在句子中作連系動詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動詞之后。
例如:That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 賓語從句:在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。
①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語+從句謂語+...
② 關于賓語從句連詞的選擇:
若從句來源于一個陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;
若從句來源于一個一般疑問句,連詞則用if 或whether;
若從句來源于一個特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)
例如:They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計算機終將代替人類。) (從句本來就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長跟前說點什么。) (從句來源于一般問句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來源于特殊問句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 賓語從句的時態問題:如果主句是現在時,從句則用現在某一時態,甚至可以用過去時;
如主句是過去時,從句則相應地使用過去某一時態,遇到客觀真理時仍然用現在時。如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學期我的英語會學得好點。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問那個男孩地球是不是圓的。)
④ 下列結構后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待:
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如:I’m sorry I’m late. (對不起,我遲到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 狀語從句:在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導。
時間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導。時間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。如: When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來了我才會走。)
地點狀語從句通常由 where, wherever等引導。如:Go back where you came from! (哪里來還滾到哪里去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠也不會忘記去抓住那個偷我項鏈的賊,無論他會在哪里。)
原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導,一般放在句首或句尾。如:He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國了,因為他父親給他找了一所好大學。)
目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導,往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態動詞。如:He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。)
結果狀語從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導,放在句尾。結果狀語從句一般表示已經發生的事情,故多為過去時態。如:He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。)
比較狀語從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導,一般省略從句的謂語部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如:Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有你多)
讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導。如:Even if you pay the debt(債務) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會感謝你,因為它與我毫無關系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)
條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導,條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應該用現在時替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意] 1、because與so;(al)though與but;if與so不可以同在一個句子中成對出現。
2、時間、條件、原因,讓步狀語從句放在句首時需要用逗號與主句隔開。
(4) 定語從句:在復合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
① 定語從句的位置:放在名詞或代詞的后面。如:The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)
② 語法術語的改變:被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞;引導定語從句的連接詞稱為關系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關系代詞,where、when、how稱為關系副詞。
③ 關系代詞或關系副詞的作用:
關系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。which指物that多指物, 有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。定語從句中關系代詞作從句賓語時可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找一間足夠大能住下我們全體的房間。)
關系副詞when或where引導定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點狀語。如:This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠不會忘記第一次見到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是一種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如:She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個晚上都在談論她最近的書,我們一個人都沒有聽說過那本書。)
[注解]
1、關系代詞只能用that的情況:當先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數詞時,不能用其他的關系代詞,只能用that. 如:All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點里面沒有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運行于我市的雙層公交車。)
2、關系代詞在從句中作主語時一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如:Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認識那個在角落里哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關的話,請一個字也不要說。)
3、關系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關系代詞常常省略。如:Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個談話的人。)
4、當關系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時,必須用which或whom,而當介詞移到句尾時,則又可以使用that或who. 如:This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經居住過的房間。)
(5) 主語從句:在句子中充當句子主語的從句叫主語從句。位于謂語動詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問連詞引導。一般情況下,常用it替代主語從句,而將主語從句移到句尾。如:When we should start is still a question. (我們該在什么時候開始還是個問題呢。)
十五、直接引語和間接引語(初中不作特別要求)1、直接引語和間接引語:在陳述句中,直接引用說話人原來的語句,稱為直接引語。在書寫時,直接引語用引號。用自己的詞語來轉述表達原來說話人說的內容,稱為間接引語。
2、直接引語改變為間接引語:
1、直接引語如果是陳述句,變為間接引語時應注意以下各點:
①不用引號,而用連接詞that,但有時可省略。
②人稱作相應變化;
③主句里的動詞如果是過去時,間接引語中的時態一般應作相應改變: 一般現在時變一般過去時;一般將來時變過去將來時;現在進行時變過去進行時;現在完成時變成過去完成時;一般過去時變成過去完成時;但一般過去時如與一個具體的過去時間連用,則時態不變。
如:He says,"I am not from the USA.”→He says that he is not from the USA.
Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven’ t seen you for a long time.”
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.
2、直接引語如果是一般疑問句,變為間接引語時,需用從屬連接詞whether或if引導,詞序要改變。如:Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?” →Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.
3、直接引語如果是特殊疑問句,變為間接引語時,需用疑問詞引導,詞序是:連詞+主語+謂語。
如:Lucy said to me, “How can I help?” →Lucy asked me how she could help.
4、直接引語如是祈使句,變間接引語時,須將祈使句變為動詞不定式,并在動詞不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如:He said to the little boy,“ Come here, young man! ”
→He asked the little boy to go there.
十六、倒裝句: 謂語的一部分或者全部放在主語之前的句子稱為倒裝句。1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there開頭的句子。如: There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展覽室里有許多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交車來了。) / There goes the bell. (鈴響了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門開了,李先生走了進來。)
2、用“So / Nor / Neither + 助動詞 + 主語”倒裝結構表示第二個人物的情況與上文的人物情況相同。如:Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上個星期去了海灘,我也是。) / Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅沒有在店里買什么,Jim也沒有買。)
3、在疑問句中,通常使用在主語之前安放助動詞的倒裝方法,對主語提問除外。如:How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么樣找到丟失的書的?) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他們打算到哪兒過暑假?)
4、感嘆句中通常將被感嘆的部分前移,而將句子的主謂語整體后置。 如:What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花!)
5、有引號引用某人的原話時,引號外面的主謂一般采用倒裝形式放在句尾,但是,若主語是代詞則不倒裝。如:“What on earth are you doing up there?” said the father. (父親說:“你在上邊到底干什么?”) / “What on earth are you doing up there?”he said. (他說:“你在上邊到底干什么?”)
十七、附加注釋die、dead、death的用法:die是動詞,可以獨立做謂語,有各種時態變化,也可以變成非謂語形式作句子的其他成分;dead是形容詞,作句子的定語、表語或賓語補足語;death是名詞,作句子的主語、賓語等。如:I’m going to die! (我要死了!) / The man has been dead for about three months. (那個人死了三個月左右。) / He is worried to death. (他急得要死。)
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初中英語(7)
初中英語作文批改范文批改初中英語作文
1.課堂上限時完成作文
每周的作文課,本人先創設能夠激發學生興趣的場景,如孩子們感興趣的一首歌或者喜歡的某個時尚明星,要求學生在規定的時間內完成作文,并且鼓勵學生到黑板上寫下他們的勞動成果。
2.委婉的評改學生們的勞動成果
完成黑板上的例文后,在老師的指導下,請同學們對黑板上的例文進行評改,可以從單詞評寫,語法規則,短語運用,內容涵蓋,過度是否自然等等方面著手。當堂批改例文,不僅僅讓例文的作者有了直接深刻的認識,也讓在座的其他學生對作文的要求有了更深層次的認識。教師在總結歸納的時候也不忘發掘該文章中的閃光點,要盡量做到語氣委婉,適當的時候要給予鼓勵的言語和評價。
3.自我修改作文
通過對例子文的批改,同學們大體知道了怎么樣批改一篇作文,可以先讓同學們說一說一篇優秀的作文該從哪幾個方面著手:作者的觀點是否明確;各個段落是否符合該觀點的論述; 段與段之間的過渡是否自然;語言的表達是否流暢; 結尾是否做到了首尾呼應或深化主題, 或提出了解決問題的建議等。再讓學生對照標準, 評價自己的作文。這樣做的目的在于讓學生明白作文評分要從內容( 思想和材料) 、語言和結構。從而,讓自己有一個深刻的認識以及獲得最直接最快速的反饋。
英語寫作有多方面需要注意,當然可以從簡單的幾個大方面入手。1.標點符號及大小寫。2.單詞的選擇與搭配。3. 文章的邏輯和結構安排。4. 語法方面的關注,時態語態等等的運用。
In English class, we need to treat it seriously.
First of all, it is very important to follow our teachers" instructions. If you miss a class, you will find it difficult to keep up with the next lesson . When you have some questions related to the missed lesson, you need to work them out with the help of your teacher or classmates. Otherwise, it will keep appearing until you figure them out.
Second of all, we should take part in activities about English after class. We can still speak English in the public. We do not need to be afraid of making mistakes. It is normal and necessary for us to improve our English. We will learn our lessons from making errors. The more you speak, the better you can speak and the more you want to speak.
Last but not the least, taking notes is a great way to learn English. As we all know, when we go to universities, we will listen to a lot of lectures and note-taking is a very important skill.
Let"s try these out./Let"s give it a shot!
倉促完成,不足之處,請多指教。
小時候,我常常聽媽媽講一些貝多芬、莫扎特等音樂家的故事,啊,多偉大呀!他們把一生獻給了音樂,他們對音樂的那份酷愛,深深地感動了我。這也使我從小立志:長大后要當一名出色的音樂家!
我常常空閑時一個人呆呆地坐著,似乎看見了許多美好的片段
:我漫步在海灘邊,看著一望無際的大海,在尋找著音樂的靈感。突然,我的臉上露出了歡快的笑容,我想到了!于是,我又匆匆地趕回家,迅速地把曲子記錄下來。我輕輕地奏出了美妙的歌曲,好極了!我對于自己的作品非常滿意。又過了幾天,我的個人演奏會開幕了。在舞臺上,我出神入化地為觀眾演奏歌曲,是那樣悅耳動聽,臺下不時傳來一陣陣雷鳴般的掌聲,大家聽得是那樣陶醉……
假如我夢想成真,我一定要寫更多的曲
Winter holiday is approaching. What am I going to do?I want to go to Bei ___g which I have never been to.
As living in the south, I seldom saw snow before. So I want to go to Bei ___g especially for the snow. And I also want to feel the different winter.
Bei ___g is the capital city of China with lots of places of interests, Such a s forbidden city and the great wall. I am imagining how these place would look like in winter and they must be a great scene. So I want to go to Bei ___g in winter vacation.Hope to have pletely holidays.
My name is Li Ming.My hobby is collecting and making kites (像兩個HOBBY啊).I think it"s bery(very吧?打錯了) interesting.I have more than 100 kites now.I collect and make kites at the age of 9(九歲用不用過去式?).I have some different kinds of kites with(in) different colours.The biggest kite is 6 metres and the smallest one is as big as a book.I think hobbies is(hobbies是復數,后面還有is,再后面還有it,還是用hobby吧) very important for us,because it can make you grow as a person,develop your interests and help you learn new skills.
總體來說很不錯啊O(∩_∩)O
畫圖這不好用。基本沒大礙,就是小錯誤、
。。。
能幫忙指出來嗎
剛剛忘了上傳圖片了、
I don"t like studying and I think nobody likes studying at school. ( at school比in school更常見,因為school不是一個大地點,所以用at。如果是一個大地點,例如一個城市,我們說in)
However, if I don"t study, I won"t have a good mark. (寫作時,however比but更為正式。But更偏向口語)
I must study very hard, although I don"t like it.
Sometimes I want to have some fun, so I don"t study hard. (中文說“有時我想玩”,但是英文卻不是用Play來解釋的,英語里說have fun.如果說i want to have fun,就是我想要找點樂趣,也就近乎與“玩”了)
My parents are a bit worried about me, and they always urge me, "Don"t watch TV and don"t go online! You must study!" (這里你也可以說they always say to me, 不過我覺得Urge是“勸”,可能更有那種你想表達的意思)
I appreciate that they help me so much(thank是一個動詞(有時也做名詞),所以應該是i thank...he thanks,不過即使你用了i thank them,這種表達也是幾乎沒人說的。有一種可以是,i thank them for helping me so much.但是我覺得thank them,聽起來多多少少別扭。所以你可以用一個更高級的詞,appreciate,感激。還有一個問題就是,they help me more.如果前面你有提到他們幫主你什么,你可以說more,這里只要說很多就可以了。)
They love me, I know.
I always talk to myself, (跟誰說話的時候,可以說talk to someone,talk with someone,但是talk with someone是和一個人說話,當你想表達“對自己說”的時候=talk to myself) and promise myself that i must do well. (不要前面用現代時,后面用過去時。前面說talk to myself,又說say to myself太過重復。所以換成Promise)
But I can"t stick to my promise for many days or even months.
Maybe this is why I don"t usually get a good mark.
(it"s about why...如果你換成this is why...強調性會更強)
(寫好作文的一個因素就是,一個詞不要一直重復著用。你可以換換別的詞。你這里用了很多的always,其實代替always的,還有often,usually,frequently等等。你可以換一換。一種意思用很多方法說,才可以避免重復)
Dear Dad(更為親切),
How are you these days?Father"s Day is ing.(不需加soon. are u okey的確是語意有重復)l miss you very much at this special time of the year.(點明特殊時間更好)l know that you have to be away from our family because of your job.l also realize that you want to offer me a better life.(原句不是很通順這樣改我認為比較清晰~)And it seems that you are always in my mind.(用mind更好)Thank you for making my life so perfect (give一般指實在的物,不適合用在這里。)The love you show me is as deep as sea.(講父親對我的愛應該放在一起,然后再談自己。)l am very happy with you. l will work hard to make you feel gratified.(欣慰的意思)
Finally,please take good care of yourself.(少了care)Remember,l always love you.(always通常是一般現在時)
Love,
Mingming
要多注意句語句之間的聯系哦~加幾個銜接詞會使文章更緊湊。總得來說一些語句用得還不錯,gogo!~看在我這么辛苦的分上選我吧!~
**********樓下的同學有些內容都是從我這搬過去的吧~還是自己來修改比較好~
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