把自己當回事19篇

把自己當回事19篇

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生活垃圾分類制度實施方案

很多人為了尋求方便，將所有垃圾就丟在一起，這樣會給垃圾清理人造成很大工作量，同時也會造成環境污染更嚴重。下面小編帶來的是關于市生活垃圾分類制度實施方案。

加快推動生活垃圾分類治理，有效改善城市人居環境，促進資源回收利用，提高新型城鎮化質量和生態文明建設水平，結合我市實際，特制定本實施方案。
1 工作目標
（一）總體要求

深入貫徹黨的十九大精神，以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，牢固樹立和貫徹落實新發展理念，不斷完善城市管理和服務，按照建設國家生態文明試驗區要求，加快建立生活垃圾分類管理機制，建立完善分類投放、分類收集、分類運輸、分類處置的生活垃圾處理系統，著力形成以法治為基礎、政府推動、全民參與、城鄉統籌、因地制宜的垃圾分類制度，努力提高生活垃圾減量化、資源化、無害化處理水平，不斷改善全市人居環境。
（二）主要原則

堅持政府推動，落實主體責任；堅持因地制宜，合理確定實施路徑；堅持立法先行，建立完善垃圾分類法規體系；堅持教育引導，動員全民參與；堅持黨政機關、企事業單位帶頭示范，縣（市、區）建成區為單位，帶動居民小區連線成片整體推進，逐步擴大垃圾強制分類范圍。
（三）目標任務

加快實施生活垃圾強制分類，建陽區于2019年底前開展生活垃圾強制分類，延平區于2019年底前開展生活垃圾強制分類。到2019年底，基本建立我市生活垃圾分類投放、分類收集、分類運輸、分類處置的管理和運行體系，基本形成可復制、可推廣的生活垃圾分類模式，實施生活垃圾強制分類的城市生活垃圾回收利用率達到20%以上。2?范圍標準
（一）主體范圍

2019年底前延平區、建陽區建城區范圍內先行實施生活垃圾強制分類，有條件的縣（市）參照施行，以轄區為單元，居住區域、單位區域、公共區域連線成片推進生活垃圾強制分類，建立政府、社區、企業和居民“四位一體”機制。
（二）分類標準

居住區域， 包括居住小區、公寓區、別墅區等生活住宅區域，一般分為可回收物、廚余垃圾、有害垃圾、其他垃圾四類； 單位區域， 包括政府機關、學校、企事業單位、大廈等辦公場所，有集中供餐的一般分為可回收垃圾、廚余垃圾、有害垃圾、其他垃圾四類；無集中供餐的一般分為可回收垃圾、有害垃圾、其他垃圾三類； 公共區域， 包括車站、公園、體育場館、商場等公共場所，一般分為可回收垃圾、其他垃圾兩類。有條件區域，可在此基礎上進行精分、細分。

按照我市日常產生的生活垃圾品種類別及投放、收運、處置等方面的要求，將生活垃圾分為可回收物、餐廚垃圾、有害垃圾、其他垃圾四大類。各類垃圾品種如下：

可回收物： 廢紙（報紙、傳單、雜志、舊書、紙板箱等），廢塑料（除塑料袋外的塑料制品、塑料瓶、硬塑料等），廢金屬（易拉罐、鐵、銅、鋁等制品），廢包裝物（包裝袋、編織袋、膠帶、泡沫塑料等），廢棄電器電子產品（電視、手機、電腦等），廢玻璃（玻璃瓶罐、平板玻璃及其他玻璃制品等）,廢舊紡織物（紡織衣物和紡織制品、廢棄衣服、桌布、洗臉毛巾、書包等），廢紙塑鋁復合包裝物（牛奶飲料、化妝品、日化用品等）等。

餐廚垃圾： 相關單位食堂、賓館、飯店等產生的餐廚垃圾，農貿市場、農產品批發市場產生的蔬菜瓜果垃圾、腐肉、肉碎骨、蛋殼、畜禽產品內臟等。

有害垃圾： 廢電池（含鎳氫、鎳鉻電池、充電電池、紐扣電 池、蓄電池等），廢熒光燈管（日光燈、節能燈等），廢舊含汞用品（廢濕度計、血壓計等），廢藥品及其包裝物，廢油漆、溶劑及其包裝物，廢殺蟲劑、消毒劑及其包裝物，廢膠片及廢相紙等。

其他垃圾： 不包含在上述垃圾分類中的其他可焚燒的生活垃圾。3?工作任務
（一）建立與垃圾分類相匹配的投放體系

實施居民生活垃圾中有害垃圾分類投放。居民社區應通過設立宣傳欄、垃圾分類督導員等方式，引導居民單獨投放有害垃圾。針對家庭源有害垃圾數量少、投放頻次低等特點，可在社區設立固定回收點或設置專門容器分類收集、獨立儲存有害垃圾，由居民自行定時投放，社區居委會、物業公司等負責管理，并委托專業單位定時集中收運。

居住社區可探索按照有害垃圾、可回收物、廚余垃圾和其他垃圾實施“四分類”。引導居民將“濕垃圾”（濾出水分后的廚余垃圾）與“干垃圾”分類投放。“濕垃圾”由環衛部門、專業企業采用專用車輛運至餐廚垃圾處理場所，做到“日產日清”。鼓勵居民和社區對“干垃圾”深入分類，將可回收物交由再生資源回收利用企業收運和處置。單獨設置大件垃圾和裝修垃圾臨時堆放場所，探索推動建筑垃圾和園林綠化垃圾的資源化利用處理。對餐廚垃圾，按規定建立臺賬制度（農貿市場、農場品批發市場除外），記錄餐廚垃圾的種類、數量、去向等。
（二）配備與分類品種相配套的收運體系

各試點區域單位根據生活垃圾的產生量及種類配備標志清晰的分類收集容器，同種類的垃圾進行分類投放，由相關專業單位定時收運。垃圾收集容器要滿足垃圾分類清運需求，清運車輛要密封性好、標志明顯、節能環保，避免垃圾分類投放后重新混合收運。加快垃圾無害化基礎設施建設，提升垃圾無害化處理能力。對產生的其他垃圾，由環衛部門收集轉運垃圾焚燒廠進行焚燒處理，做到日產日清。
（三）建立與再生資源利用相協調的回收體系

健全再生資源回收利用網絡，合理布局布點，提高建設標準，清理取締違法占道、私搭亂建、不符合環境衛生要求的違規站點。強化產品制造企業與銷售企業的產品及包裝物回收再利用責任，通過“以舊換新”、“押金退換”等方式，利用現有物流體系，推進垃圾收運處置系統與再生資源回收利用系統銜接。
（四）完善與垃圾分類相銜接的終端處理設施

加快危險廢物處理設施建設，建立健全非工業源有害垃圾收運處理系統。如暫時無法完成危險廢物處理設施建設，由環保部門負責指定危險物臨時存儲點，并指定相關單位進行定時收運，確保分類后的有害垃圾得到安全處置。加快生活垃圾應急衛生填埋場建設，確保未能進行焚燒處理的垃圾及焚燒后飛灰得到無害化處置，避免二次污染。鼓勵利用易腐垃圾生產工業油脂、生物柴油、飼料添加劑、土壤調理劑、沼氣等，或與秸稈、糞便、污泥等聯合處置。有條件的大型農貿市場、果品批發市場、機關事業單位、學校和大型企業等有機易腐垃圾產生量較大的單位自行建設相對集中的處理設施，避免分類后易腐垃圾直接進入城市焚燒廠或填埋場。嚴厲打擊和防范“地溝油”生產流通。嚴禁將城鎮生活垃圾直接用作肥料。加快培育大型龍頭企業，推動再生資源規范化、專業化、清潔化處理和高值化利用。鼓勵回收利用企業將再生資源送鋼鐵、有色、造紙、塑料加工等企業實現安全、環保利用。

2019年底前，延平區、建陽區建立健全餐廚垃圾和非工業源有害垃圾收集、運輸、處置系統。2019年底前，按照《**省城鄉生活垃圾無害化處理設施建設“十三五”規劃》要求完成具體項目建設。4?保障措施

（1）加強組織領導。 市政府建立南平市生活垃圾分類工作聯席會議，聯席會議召集人由市政府分管副市長擔任，聯席會議副召集人由市政府分管副秘書長、市住建局局長擔任。聯席會議成員由市委宣傳部、文明辦，市發改委、經信委、衛計委、旅發委、教育局、財政局、環保局、住建局、交通運輸局、商務局、國資委、工商局、質監局、食藥監局、規劃局、公安局（交警支隊）、行政執法局等單位組成，聯席會議辦公室設在市住建局，負責日常工作，辦公室主任由市住建局局長兼任（詳見附件）。各縣（市、區）政府要切實承擔起推動生活垃圾分類工作的主體責任，加快制定本地區生活垃圾分類工作方案并組織實施；建立協調機制，統籌協調區域內生活垃圾分類收運、處置設施建設和工作推進，研究解決重大問題；加強監督檢查，將垃圾強制分類工作作為年度考核的重要內容，建立季通報、年考核制度，對年度目標任務未完成的通報批評，對工作力度大、成效明顯的單位和個人給予通報表揚。市直有關部門要密切配合，加大對生活垃圾分類工作的指導協調力度，強化督促檢查，將城市生活垃圾分類和治理工作納入各類創建活動的考核評價體系。

（2）完善政策法規。 加快推進立法，明確生活垃圾強制分類要求，發布生活垃圾分類指導目錄，完善生活垃圾分類及站點建設相關標準。加大公共財政投入，制定完善引導政策和收費政策，保障垃圾分類、收運處理等所需經費 。按照污染者付費原則，完善垃圾處理收費制度，探索開展垃圾“計量收費”。積極爭取中央基建投資政策，采取投資補助、貸款貼息等方式，支持相關城市建設生活垃圾分類收運處理設施。嚴格執行城市生活垃圾處理稅 收優惠政策，鼓勵企業投資生活垃圾、建筑垃圾等資源化和再生產品應用項目。出臺相關市場推廣引導機制，促進低值廢品回收。

（3）創新體制機制。 實行生活垃圾投放管理責任人制度，明確各類型區域管理責任人及其職責，制定相關考評激勵辦法。項目資金由縣、市政府統籌安排，延平區、建陽區項目資金由市本級財政與區級財政協商解決。鼓勵社會資本參與生活垃圾分類收集、運輸和處理。積極探索政府和社會資本合作（PPP）、特許經營、承包經營、租賃經營、政府購買服務等方式，引入專業化服務公司。加快城市“智慧環衛”系統研發和建設，通過“互聯網+”等模式提升垃圾分類回收整體水平。逐步將生活垃圾強制分類主體納入環境信用體系，推動建設一批以企業為主導的生活垃圾資源化創新戰略聯盟及技術研發基地，提升分類回收和處理水平。通過建立居民“綠色賬戶”、“環保檔案”等方式，對正確分類投放垃圾的居民給予可兌換積分獎勵。探索“社工+志愿者”等模式，推動企業和社會組織開展垃圾分類服務。探索引入第三方專業機構實施監管。

（4）動員社會參與。 充分發揮報刊、廣播、電視、網絡等新聞媒體的作用，開展多種形式的宣傳教育活動，及時報道垃圾分類工作實施情況和典型經驗，形成良好社會氛圍。引導公眾樹立垃圾分類人人有責的綠色環保理念，普及垃圾分類知識，從身邊做起，從點滴做起。共青團、婦聯要動員團員青年、基層婦女積極參與垃圾分類工作，發揮黨支部、居委會、老人會、志愿者協會等基層力量，建立垃圾分類督導員及志愿者隊伍，引導公眾分類投放。強化國民教育，著力提高全體學生的垃圾分類和資源環境意識，建設一批生活垃圾分類示范教育基地，開展垃圾分類專業知識和技能培訓。
南平市生活垃圾分類工作聯席會議制度
一、主要職責
（一）聯席會議

貫徹落實國家、省、市關于加強生活垃圾分類的工作部署，統籌協調解決制約生活垃圾分類工作推進的重大問題，以及相關部門職責銜接問題；加強生活垃圾分類工作的督促指導；及時評估工作推進情況，總結好的做法和經驗，提出推廣意見和建議；辦理市政府交辦的其他事項。
（二）聯席會議辦公室

承擔聯席會議日常工作，收集擬定會議議題并報會議召集人審定，負責籌備召開聯席會議，召開成員單位聯絡員會議，起草印發相關工作會議紀要，辦理聯席會議交辦的其他事項。

二、組成人員

召集人：

副召集人：
成員：市發改委、經信委、衛計委、旅發委、教育局、財政局、環保局、住建局、交通運輸局、商務局、國資委、工商局、質監局、食藥監局、規劃局、公安局（交警支隊）、行政執法局。

聯席會議辦公室設在市住建局，辦公室主任由市住建局楊新儀局長兼任。聯席會議成員隨工作崗位變更而自動變更，不再另行發文。聯席會議設聯絡員，由各成員單位有關科室負責人擔任。聯席會議辦公室不刻印章，若工作需要，由市住建局代章。

三、工作規則

（1）聯席會議由召集人或召集人委托的副召集人主持召開，根據工作需要定期或不定期召開，視情邀請其他相關部門參加。

（2）聯席會議的時間、議題及相關事宜，由聯席會議辦公室統籌匯總提出，報召集人確定。聯席會議辦公室可召集成員單位聯絡員召開會議，討論研究聯席會議議題和需要提交聯席會議議定的事項及其他相關事項，統籌協調解決聯席會議相關籌備工作，布置交辦聯席會議議定的工作任務。
四、工作要求

各成員單位要按照職責分工，主動研究推進生活垃圾分類工作中存在的重大問題；參加聯席會議和聯絡員會議，按要求報送相關會議材料，認真落實會議確定的工作任務；主動研究相關政策措施，提出具有操作性的工作建議；密切配合、互通信息，發揮各成員單位職能作用，形成工作合力。聯席會議辦公室要密切跟蹤、督促落實聯席會議議定事項，并及時通報進展情況。

把自己當回事(4)

工匠精神優秀文章6篇

我們為什么需要工匠精神？

匠人志

【很多人認為工匠是一種機械重復的工作者，其實工匠有著更深遠的意思。他代表著一個時代的氣質，堅定、踏實、精益求精。工匠不一定都能成為企業家。但大多數成功企業家身上都有這種工匠精神。】

工作是一種修行，世間只有必然性沒有偶然性！

截止2012年，壽命超過200年的企業，日本有3146家，為全球最多，德國有837家，荷蘭有222家，法國有196家。為什么這些長壽的企業扎堆出現在這些國家，是一種偶然嗎？他們長壽的秘訣是什么呢？我們研究了他們都在傳承著一種精神——工匠精神！

很多人認為工匠是一種機械重復的工作者，其實工匠有著更深遠的意思。他代表著一個時代的氣質，堅定、踏實、精益求精。工匠不一定都能成為企業家。但大多數成功企業家身上都有這種工匠精神。

“工匠精神”可以從瑞士制表匠的例子上一窺究竟。瑞士制表商對每一個零件、每一道工序、每一塊手表都精心打磨、專心雕琢、他們用心制造產品的態度就是工匠精神的思維和理念。在工匠們的眼里，只有對質量的精益求精、對制造的一絲不茍、對完美的孜孜追求，除此之外，沒有其他。正是憑著這種凝神專一的工匠精神，瑞士手表得以譽滿天下、暢銷世界、成為經典。

工匠精神不是瑞士的專利，日本式管理有一個絕招：用精益求精的態度，把一種熱愛工作的精神代代相傳。這種精神其實就是“工匠精神”。

所謂“工匠精神”其核心是：不僅僅是把工作當作賺錢的工具，而是樹立一種對工作執著、對所做的事情和生產的產品精益求精、精雕細琢的精神。在眾多的日本企業中，“工匠精神”在企業領導人與員工之間形成了一種文化與思想上的共同價值觀，并由此培育出企業的內生動力。

在獲得奧斯卡日本影片《入殮師》里。一個大提琴師下崗失業到葬儀館當一名葬儀師，通過他出神入化的化妝技藝，一具具遺體被打扮裝飾得就像活著睡著了一樣。他也因此受到了人們的好評。這名葬儀師的成功感言是：當你做某件事的時候，你就要跟它建立起一種難割難舍的情結，不要拒絕它，要把它看成是一個有生命、有靈氣的生命體，要用心跟它進行交流。

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格林童話好詞好句

　　格林童話好詞好句　　

　　格林童話好詞：

　　一動不動垂頭喪氣又吵又鬧死氣白賴一鉆一跳機靈精明急急忙忙哈哈大笑四面八方仔仔細細回心轉意干干凈凈老老實實閃閃發光無影無蹤風采動人悶悶不樂心滿意足心肝欲裂糊里糊涂無精打采紅翅綠鳩嘟嘟囔囔勃然大怒束手無策爽爽快快火冒三丈各種各樣舒舒服服穩穩當當老老實實美味佳肴精神十足七嘴八舌火光熊熊七零八落普普通通高高興興各式各樣謝天謝地 天塌地陷暴風狂雨 暴跳如雷不慌不忙大吃一驚爭先恐后糊里糊涂齊心協力一模一樣笨頭笨腦若有所思白里透紅人見人愛美麗動人驕傲自負自我欣賞 標致漂亮艷麗奪目楚楚動人荒無人際撕成碎片井井有條 整潔干凈善良樸實翻山越嶺誠實可愛一動不動迫不急待 血氣翻涌夜幕降臨悲痛欲絕栩栩如生陰冷黑暗黑又亮真心誠意富麗堂皇富貴典雅勃然大怒無可奈何自我煎熬

　　格林童話好句：

　　1、國王聽到這些話，馬上找來兩個壞姐姐。她們發現罪行已經給揭穿了，只好說出了實情。國王發現了自己的錯誤，立刻下令放出王后，并處死了兩個姐姐。從此，他們一家人快樂地生活在一起。

　　2、第二天早上，女孩醒來找圣約瑟，他已不見了。但在門的后面女孩發現了一個巴掌大的錢袋，上面寫著：給昨晚在這睡覺的孩子。女孩拿起錢袋小跑著回了家，把錢袋交給了媽媽，卻私自留了兩塊。

　　3、國王把這可愛的姑娘放到馬背上，把她帶回了王宮，并且在那里舉行了盛大的婚禮。她現在成了王后，和國王一起幸福地生活了許多年。小鹿受到了細心的照料，在王宮的花園里跑來跑去。

　　4、從前，一個農夫養了一頭驢。這頭驢為他辛勤勞作已經有許多年了，但無情的歲月加上多年的勞作，使他現在衰老了，干活一天不如一天，越來越難以勝任以前的工作了。因此，他的主人不想再留著他，準備將他殺掉。可是，驢子卻看出了主人的心意，于是悄悄地跑了出去，一路向城里行進。

　　5、做完了彌撒，牧師走到階梯下的可憐人面前，發現他已經死了，一手握著玫瑰，一手握著百合，在他身旁還有一張紙，上面寫著他的經歷。當他下葬時，墳墓的一側長出了一株玫瑰，一側長出了一叢百合。

　　6、他們走呀走，終于來到了一座小屋前。小姑娘朝里面望了望，看到里面是空的，便想："我們可以留下來，住在這里。"于是，她找來許多樹葉和青苔，給小鹿鋪了一張柔軟的床。她每天早晨出去，為自己采集草根、漿果和堅果，還給小鹿帶回來一些嫩草。小鹿吃著她手里的草，總是高興地圍著她跳來跳去。到了晚上，累了一天的小姐姐做完祈禱后，便把頭靠在小鹿的背上，像靠著枕頭一樣安靜地睡覺。要是她的弟弟還保持著人的形狀，這種生活倒也挺美！

　　7、啊，不舒服極了！"公主說，"我差不多整夜沒有合上眼！天曉得我床上有件什么東西？有一粒很硬的東西硌著我，弄得我全身發青發紫，這真怕人！"

　　8、最后，王子爬上古塔，在一個房間里發現了沉睡一百年的玫瑰公主。公主實在太漂亮了，她的皮膚像陶瓷一樣光滑，臉頰像蘋果一樣紅潤。王子忍不住親了公主一下。他的唇剛剛碰到公主的臉頰，公主就醒過來了。她睜開雙眼，看著王子，露出迷人的微笑。

　　9、王后生下了兩個小王子和一個小公主，王后的兩個壞姐姐就把他們放進木桶里扔進了小河。兩個壞姐姐就跑到國王面前誣告王后，說她害死了三個孩子。國王聽后非常生氣，便把王后關進了監獄。

　　10、小鹿吃著她手里的草，總是高興地圍著她跳來跳去。到了晚上，累了一天的小姐姐做完祈禱后，便把頭靠在小鹿的背上，像靠著枕頭一樣安靜地睡覺。要是她的弟弟還保持著人的形狀，這種生活倒也挺美！

　　11、可是那個邪惡的繼母，自從兩個孩子因為她而離家出走之后，以為小姐姐肯定在森林中被野獸撕成了碎片，小弟弟也肯定被獵人們當做小鹿射死了，可現在聽到他們生活得很幸福、很美滿，嫉妒和怨恨像兩把烈火在她的心中燃燒，使她片刻也不得安寧。她成天盤算著怎么再次給姐弟倆帶來不幸。

　　12、可是他們那壞心腸的繼母是個女巫，知道兩個孩子逃跑了，便和所有的女巫一樣，偷偷地跟在他們的后面，把森林里所有的小溪都使了妖術。

　　13、到了半夜，強盜們從遠處看見房子沒了燈光，一切都顯得很安靜，想到自己在驚慌中是否逃得太匆忙了。

　　14、城里不是一天能走到的，所以當天黑下來時，他們只好走進一片樹林去安歇。驢子和狗睡在了一棵大樹下，貓爬上樹睡在樹杈上，而公雞則認為待的地方越高越安全，因此他飛到了樹頂上，他還有一個習慣，就是在睡覺前要看看周圍的每個東西是不是有什么不對勁。

　　15、然后，老婆子拉著她的女兒，給她戴上一頂睡帽，讓她躺到王后的床上。她還讓她的女兒有了王后一樣的身材和長相，只是她無法給女兒一只眼睛。為了不讓國王看出破綻，她只好側著身子，向著沒有眼睛的那一邊睡。

　　16、過了一年，王后果然生下了一個漂亮的公主。國王和王后都十分高興，特別舉辦了一個盛大的宴會，不僅邀請了所有的朋友和熟人，還專門派人邀請了全國的預言家，希望預言家能夠給公主帶來美好的祝福。國家里的預言家有十三個，但是，由于用來吃飯的金碟只有十二個，所以，他們當中的一個沒有接到邀請。

　　17、這個沒心肝的鞋匠還是拿起刀子又把他的左眼挖掉了，然后給了他一塊面包吃，又遞給他一根棍子，拉著他往前走。太陽落山的時候，他們走出了森林，森林前邊的田野上立著一個絞架。鞋匠領著瞎裁縫朝絞架走去，然后讓他躺下，自己就走了。由于勞累、疼痛和饑餓，這個不幸的人睡著了，睡了整整一夜。

　　18、他正是這樣。他們旅行了一段時間以后，來到了一座大森林旁，到京城去就要穿過這座森林。可是有兩條路，一條要走七天，另一條只要兩天；但是他們倆誰也不知道哪條路近。這兩個旅行的人坐在一棵橡樹底下商量如何準備，要帶多少天的面包。

　　19、她把那邪惡的巫婆和巫婆的女兒對她犯下的罪行告訴了國王。國王立刻命令審判她倆，對她們作出了判決。女兒被帶到了森林里，被野獸撕成了碎片；老巫婆被投進火里可悲地燒成了灰燼。就在老巫婆被燒成灰燼的一剎那，小鹿也變了，重新恢復了人的形狀。從此，姐姐和弟弟一直幸福地生活在一起，直至白發千古。

　　20、第二天早上，她問清楚路怎么走，就告別家人，到森林里去了。哪知獅子本是一位王子，只因中了魔法，白天才變成雄獅的模樣，他身邊的所有人也變了獅子，但一到夜里又全部恢復人形。

　　21、旅行袋里有很多裝著各種顏色甜豌豆的小口袋，王后把豌豆分給各位小公主。最大的公主沒有得到豌豆，卻得到了一個快活的裁縫做丈夫。

　　22、一切歸于平靜后，這幾個闖蕩江湖的不速之客坐了下來，匆匆吃起了強盜們留下的食物，那狼吞虎咽的樣子就像他們已經一個月沒吃東西似的。他們吃飽之后，把燈滅了，各自依自己的習慣找到了休息的地方，驢子躺在院子里的一堆草上，狗趴在門后面的一個墊子上，貓蜷曲在仍有爐灰余熱的壁爐前，公雞棲息在房頂的屋梁上。他們走了這許多路，已相當困倦，不久就睡著了。

　　23、過了一些時候，他又踏上了歸途，井已經為大的兩個女兒買到珍珠和鉆石，可到處尋找小女兒要的會唱會跳的百靈鳥卻沒找著，心里感到挺遺憾，因為他最疼愛他的小女兒嘛。

　　24、現在大家就看出來了，她是一位真正的公主，因為壓在這二十床墊子和二十床鴨絨被下面的一粒豌豆，她居然還能感覺得出來。除了真正的公主以外，任何人都不會有這么嫩的皮膚的。

　　25、小姑娘到達時受到很親切的接待，()被領進了王宮中。夜幕降臨，他變成一位英俊的青年，和姑娘舉行盛大的婚禮。他們倆一起過著幸福的生活，白天睡覺，夜里醒著。

　　26、這時候，盛大的婚禮開始了，當人們從教堂回來，打著許多火把舉著許多蠟燭從廳堂前經過，一絲亮光落到了王子身上，就在這一瞬間，他已變了。當妻子回來找時，已不見丈夫，在丈夫坐的地方卻蹲著只白色的鴿子。

　　27、王子和公主一起走下古塔，發現整個王宮都隨著公主蘇醒了。國王和王后正在交談，馬和狗都站起來了，鴿子從翅膀下拿出自己的頭，蒼蠅飛走了，廚房的廚師打了他的助手一巴掌，女仆面前的雞已經被拔光了毛。整個王宮彌漫著香濃的烤肉味。不久，王子和公主舉辦了盛大的婚禮，開開心心白頭到老。

　　28、回到家，他一踏進門，第一個碰見的不是別的，正是他最小的女兒！她飛快朝父親跑來，又是擁抱又是親吻，一見他帶回來了那會唱會跳的百靈鳥兒，更加喜不自勝。

　　29、他的這番話可把強盜們深深地打動了，他們對自己干過的一切感到了害怕，開始仔細反省，誠心悔悟，決心改過。隱士使這三個人悔悟后，又回到樓梯下躺下了。第二天早上，他們發現他已經死了，就在他頭下枕著的干枝上，高高地長出了三根綠色的嫩枝。原來上帝又發了慈悲，把他收上了天堂。

　　30、因此那位王子就選她為妻子了，因為現在他知道他得到了一位真正的公主。這粒豌豆因此也就送進了博物館。如果沒有人把它拿走的話，人們現在還可以在那兒看到它呢。

　　31、森林里一片寂靜，就像教堂里一樣。沒有風聲，沒有水流聲，也沒有鳥啼聲，樹上長著繁密的葉子，透不過一絲陽光。

最后，小編希望文章對您有所幫助，如果有不周到的地方請多諒解，更多相關的文章正在創作中，希望您定期關注。謝謝支持！

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2014年《生活與哲學》專題復習指要

大田一中 嚴鋼春

哲學是世界觀和方法論的統一

哲學的內涵

哲學是對自然社會和思維知識的概括和總結

一、哲學 思維和存在何者為第一性

（唯物主義、唯心主義）

哲學的基本問題——思維和存在的關系問題

思維和存在有沒有同一性

（可知論、不可知論）

辯證唯物論

辯證唯物主義 認識論

二、馬克思主義哲學 唯物辯證法

歷史觀

歷史唯物主義

人生觀和價值觀

物質決定意識——一切從實際出發，實事求是

物質和意識的辯證關系

意識具有能動作用

三、辯證唯物論 發揮主觀能動性和尊重客觀規律的統一

、

絕對運動與相對靜止的統一

客觀物質性、主觀能動性、社會歷史性

特點

直接現實性 來源

實踐 動力

作用——實踐是認識的基礎 標準

四、辯證唯物主義認識論 目的

真理——客觀性、條件性、具體性

認識——反復性、無限性、上升性

聯系觀

發展觀

五、唯物辯證法 矛盾觀——根本觀點（實質與核心）

否定觀

聯系的普遍性

聯系的客觀性

1、聯系的觀點 聯系的多樣性

整體與部分的統一

系統優化的方法

發展的普遍性

發展的實質

2、發展的觀點 發展的途徑——前進性和曲折性的統一

發展的狀態——量變和質變的統一

發展的原因——內因和外因的統一

矛盾的同一性和斗爭性

堅持承認矛盾，全面地看問題

矛盾的普遍性和特殊性 堅持具體問題具體分析

3、矛盾的觀點 堅持共性和個性的統一

主次矛盾的辯證關系——抓重點中心關鍵

兩點論和重點論的統一

矛盾主次方面的辯證關系——把握主流本質

辯證否定觀

樹立創新意識

辯證法的革命批判精神

4、否定的觀點

推動社會生產力發展

創新的社會作用 推動生產關系和社會制度的變革

推動人類思維和文化的發展

分歧：是否用聯系、發展、全面的觀點看問題

5、辯證法和形而上學的分歧

根本分歧：是否承認矛盾，

是否承認事物的內部矛盾是事物發展的源泉和動力

社會存在和社會意識的辯證關系

生產力和生產關系的辯證關系

六、歷史觀 社會基本矛盾運動及其規律

（社會主義社會基本矛盾的特點） 上層建筑和經濟基礎的辯證關系

人民群眾是歷史的創造者——堅持群眾觀點和群眾路線

自我價值

人生價值

社會價值——人生的真正價值在于對奉獻

自覺遵循

價值觀具有導向作用——樹立正確價值觀

自覺站在

七、人生觀和價值觀 客觀性

價值判斷和價值選擇的特點 社會歷史性（時代性）

主體性（相對性）

實現人生價值的途徑——根本途徑、客觀條件、主觀條件

注：《生活與哲學》一論十觀：

總論、物質觀、意識觀、實踐觀、聯系觀、發展觀、矛盾觀、否定觀、歷史觀、人生觀、價值觀

把自己當回事(9)

染色布 - 染整工藝流程 練漂去除天然纖維里含有雜質，以及在紡織加工過程中又加入了各漿料、油劑和沾染的污物等。這些雜質的存在，既妨礙染整加工的順利進行，也影響織物的服用性能。練漂的目的是應用化學和物理機械作用，除去織物上的雜質，使織物潔白、柔軟，具有良好的滲透性能，以滿足服用要求，并為染色、印花、整理提供合格的半制品。 純棉織物練漂加工的主要過程有：原布準備、燒毛、退漿、煮練、漂白、絲光。 1) 原布準備： 原布準備包括原布檢驗、翻布（分批、分箱、打印）和縫頭。原布檢驗的目的是檢查坯布質量，發現問題能及時加以解決。檢驗內容包括物理指標和外觀疵點兩項。前者包括原布的長度、幅度、重量、經緯紗線密度和密度、強力等，后者如紡疵、織疵、各種班漬及破損等。通常抽查總量的10%左右。原布檢驗后，必須將原布分批、分箱，并在布頭上打印，標明品種、加工工藝、批號、箱號、發布日期和翻布人代號，以便于管理。為了確保連續成批的加工，必須將原布加以縫接。 2) 燒毛： 燒毛的目的在于燒去布面上的絨毛，使布面光潔美觀，并防止在染色、印花時因絨毛存在而產生染色不勻及印花疵病。織物燒毛是將織物平幅快速通過高溫火焰，或擦過赤熱的金屬表面，這時布面上存在的絨毛很快升溫，并發生燃燒，而布身比較緊密，升溫較慢，在未升到著火點時，即已離開了火焰或赤熱的金屬表面，從而達到燒去絨毛，又不操作織物的目的。 3) 退漿： 紡織廠為了順利的織布，往往對經紗上漿以提高強力和耐磨性。坯布上的漿料即影響織物的吸水性能，還影響染整產品的質量，且會增加染化藥品的消耗，故在煮練前應先去除漿料，這個過程叫退漿。棉織物上的漿料可采用堿退漿、酶退漿、酸退漿和氧化劑退漿等方法，將其從織物上退除。堿退漿使漿料膨化，與纖維粘著力下降，經水洗從織物上退除。酶、酸、氧化劑使淀粉降解，在水中溶解度增大，經水洗退除。由于酸、氧化劑對棉纖損傷大，很少單獨使用，常與酶退漿、堿退漿聯合使用。 4) 煮練： 棉纖維生長時，有天然雜質（果膠質、蠟狀物質、含氮物質等）一起伴生。棉織物經退漿后，大部分漿料及部分天然雜質已被去除，但還有少量的漿料以及大部分天然雜質還殘留在織物上。這些雜質的存在，使綿織布的布面較黃，滲透性差。同時，由于有棉籽殼的存在，大大影響了棉布的外觀質量。故需要將織物在高溫的濃堿液中進行較長時間的煮練，以去除殘留雜質。煮練是利用燒堿和其他煮練助劑與果膠質、蠟狀物質、含氮物質、棉籽殼發生化學降解反應或乳化作用、膨化作用等，經水洗后使雜質從織物上退除。 5) 漂白： 棉織物經煮練后，由于纖維上還有天然色素存在，其外觀不夠潔白，用以染色或印花，會影響色澤的鮮艷度。漂白的目的就在于去除色素，賦于織物必要的和穩定的白度，而纖維本身則不受顯著的損傷。棉織物常用的漂白方法有次氮酸鈉法、雙氧水法和亞氯酸鈉法。次氯酸鈉漂白的漂液PH值為10左右，在常溫下進行，設備簡單，操作方便、成本低，但對織物強度損傷大，白度較低。雙氧水漂白的漂液PH值為10，在高溫下進行漂白，漂白織物白度高而穩定，手感好，還能去除漿料及天然雜質。缺點是對設備要求高，成本較高。在適當條件下，與燒堿聯合，能使退漿、煮練、漂白一次完成。亞氯酸鈉漂白的漂液PH值為4～4.5，在高溫下進行，具有白度好，對纖維損傷小的優點，但漂白時易產生有毒氣體，污染環境，腐蝕設備，設備需要特殊的金屬材料制成，故在應用上受到一定限制。次氯酸鈉和亞氯酸鈉漂白后都要進行脫氯，以防織物在存在過程中因殘氯存在而受損。 6）染色 染色是一個比較復雜的工藝，不同品質的布染色的工藝就不同，全棉、滌棉、麻棉、毛紡呢絨、絲綢制品 化纖制品、混紡制品、等等有的使用軋染、卷染就可以了，有的就必須使用高溫高壓染色，有的只染一次，有的要多次上色。使用不同的染料也有不同的工藝，僅以基本的全棉布為例： 雖然染色通過一臺軋車就可以了,但也是最難的一道工序,因為染色的顏色控制除了已知的,還有許多的未知東西在里面,比如染料在不同溫度下的穩定性,蒸汽的控制,軋車壓力的控制等,都是很精細的活. 。 染色的長車分為兩個部分,前車染色,后車固色. 染色方式根據選用染料品種的不同而有差異,染料一般有活性,士林,硫化,涂料.它們各有優缺點,一般情況下看要求的顏色而定,而且不可互相替換,其中,士林的色牢度最好,但價格貴,不適宜染深色,淺色的顏色不夠艷.除了因為染深色會增加成本,還有染深色相對活性染料教難控制,容易出現布面花等現象.活性的色牢度相比士林要差,但是染淺色比較艷麗,深色教容易控制,成本相應教少.硫化最差,色牢度不怎么好,禁AZO還不達標,但現在有一種液體硫化(也叫水硫化)禁AZO可以達標,但價格跟士林接近,染色不易控制還不能普及,只有少數的人追求它的褪色效果而采用.涂料不具有可比性,它的掉色很嚴重,是服裝洗后追求褪色效果的最佳選擇.可以與士林,活性靈活應用,得到不同的水洗效果(一般士林或活性打底,涂料套面色,可以解決單染涂料的白點問題,成本相應增加). 活性,士林和硫化的染色前車基本相同,要說差異,就是紅外線預烘開一組,兩組或者不開.后車則完全不同.活性的采用鹽和純堿固色,士林的采用雙氧水還原固色(所以士林也叫還原染料),硫化的則要高溫蒸煮固色,水溫必須95度以上. 涂料的染色以后根據色牢度的褪色要求決定是否培烘固色.培烘溫度195-210度左右. 染色不可能百分百好的,修色,剝色再所難免.輕微的調整比如淺了套涂料,深了用純堿洗.。 7) 絲光： 絲光是指棉織物在室溫或低溫下，在經緯方向上都受到張力的情況下，用濃的燒堿溶液處理，以改善織物性能的加工過程。棉織物經過絲光后，由于纖維膨化，纖維縱向天然扭轉消失，橫截面成橢圓形，對光的反向更有規律，因而增進了光澤。纖維無形定區的增加，使染色時染料的上染率增加。取向度的提高，使織物強力增加，同時還有定形作用。絲光后，一定要采用沖吸去堿或蒸箱去堿，或平洗地去堿等方法充分去堿，直至織物呈中性。 染色染色是借染料與纖維發生物理或化學的結合，或用化學方法在纖維上生成顏料，使整個紡織品具有一定色澤的加工過程。染色是在一定溫度、時間、PH值和所需染色助劑等條件下進行的。染色產品應色澤均勻，還需要具有良好的染色牢度。織物的染色方法主要分浸染和軋染。浸染是將織物浸漬于染液中，而使染料逐漸上染織物的方法。它適用于小批量多品種染色。繩狀染色、卷染都屬于此范疇。軋染是先把織物浸漬于染液中，然后使織物通過軋輥，把染液均勻軋入織物內部，再經汽蒸或熱熔等處理的染色方法。它適用于大批量織物的染色。 8）后整理 后整理就是賦予服裝面料服用性能和美觀的紡織技術工程。以下是目前常見的紡織后整理的種類:，主要設備有：燒毛機、退漿機、絲光機、液氨機、定型機、預縮機、軋光機、水洗機、磨毛機、抓毛機、涂層機等。 主要作用： 1、磨毛 2、軋光或者叫壓光 3、軋花或者叫壓花 4、植絨 、轉移燙花。 5、涂層（a，干法涂層；b，濕法涂層；c，轉移涂層也叫離心紙涂層） 6、PVC壓延 、壓花處理 7、復合（a，TPU膜貼膜 PTFE膜貼膜；b，面料復合） 8、洗水、石磨、噴墨、固色處理。 9、防水、防風、防絨處理。 10、抗靜電處理 11、阻燃處理 12、防紫外線處理 13、拉絨 、磨絨、抗起球處理 14、壓皺 起皺、發泡處理 15、拉幅定型、柔軟預縮等等處理 紡織后整理工藝對于開發一些具有特殊功能的面料，對賦予面料特殊的功能和提升服用效果有著極其重要的作用。隨著技術的進度，還會不斷地出現后整理的新工藝，新材料。 染色布 - 色牢度 染色牢度是染色布最重要的指標。 印染紡織物經受外界的作用而保持原來色澤的能力，也稱色牢度。紡織物經過染色、印花以后，有時還要經過其他工序，如毛織物的縮絨、合成纖維紡織物的熱定形等；在服用過程中要接觸大氣、汗漬，經受洗滌、摩擦和熨燙等外界作用。這些都能使印染紡織品發生不同程度的褪色、變色。影響印染紡織物染色牢度的工藝主要是縮絨、炭化、氯漂、升華等。染料或顏料在紡織物上的染色牢度，與它們的化學結構、在纖維上的濃度和所處狀態以及纖維的性質有關。各項染色牢度的測試方法，是模擬各種服用或工藝條件制訂的。 國際標準化組織 (ISO)參照英國和美國的染化學會（SDC和AATCC）以及歐洲大陸牢度協會(ECE)等組織(見紡織標準)所定的標準,陸續制訂了各項染色牢度的國際標準和測試、評定方法。中國也訂有各項主要染色牢度的國家標準,如：①日曬牢度，也稱耐光牢度，分為8級，以1級最不耐曬，8級牢度最好。各級都有一個用規定的染料按規定的濃度染成的藍色羊毛織物參比標樣，稱為藍色標樣。試驗時,將試樣和8個藍色標樣按規定條件一起曝曬相當時間后，與藍色標樣作比較，評定試樣的日曬牢度級別。由于日曬試驗的時間較長并受到氣候變化的限制，一般多采用人工光源，常用的是氙氣燈和碳弧燈，氙氣燈的光譜能量分布與日光比較接近。②耐洗牢度，分為褪色和沾色兩種，分別用規定的灰色標樣，分5級進行評定,逐級的色差成幾何級距。試驗時，將試樣和白布疊縫在一起，在規定條件下進行洗滌，洗后晾干。將試樣與白布分開，褪色牢度根據試樣洗滌前后的色差，用灰色褪色樣卡對比評定。1級色差最大，5級目測無色差。將白布的沾色與灰色沾色樣卡進行對比，評定試樣對白布的沾色牢度。1級沾色最嚴重，5級目測無沾色。耐洗牢度的測試溫度有95℃、60℃、50℃和40℃四種，按印染紡織物的使用要求而定。③耐摩擦牢度，也分為5 級。試驗時，將試樣按規定條件用干態和濕態的白布分別對試樣進行摩擦，然后將白布上的沾色程度與灰色沾色樣卡分別比較評定。對干態白布摩擦所得的結果為干摩擦牢度；對濕態白布摩擦所得的結果為濕摩擦牢度。其他染色牢度可按照規定條件進行試驗，將試驗結果與灰色褪色樣卡或灰色沾色樣卡對比評定級數。

人過四十，已然不惑。我們聽過別人的歌，也唱過自己的曲，但誰也逃不過歲月的審視，逃不過現實的殘酷。如若，把心中的雜念拋開，茍且的日子里，其實也能無比詩意。

　　借一些時光，尋一處寧靜，聽聽花開，看看花落，翻一本愛讀的書，悟一段哲人的贈言，原來，日升月落，一切還是那么美。

　　洗不凈的浮沉，留給雨天；悟不透的凡事，交給時間。很多時候，人生的遺憾，不是因為沒有實現，而是沉于悲傷，錯過了打開心結的時機。

　　有人說工作忙、應酬多，哪有那么多的閑情逸致啊？記得魯迅有句話：“時間就像海綿里的水，只要擠總是有的。”

　　不明花語，卻逢花季。一路行走，在漸行漸遠的時光中，命運會給你一次次洗牌，但玩牌的始終是你自己。

　　坦白的說，我們遇到困擾，經常會放大自己的苦，虐待自己，然后落個遍體鱗傷，可憐兮兮地向世界宣告：自己沒救了！可是，那又怎樣？因為，大多數人關心的都是自己。

　　一個人在成年后，最暢快的事，莫過于經過一番努力后，重新認識自己，改變自己。學會了獨自、沉默，不輕易訴說。因為，更多的時候，訴說毫無意義。

　　傷心也好，開心也好，過去了，都是曾經。每個人都要追尋活下去的理由，心懷美好，期待美好，這個世界，就沒有那么糟糕。

　　或許，你也會有這樣的情節，兩個人坐在一起，雜亂無章的聊天，突然你感到無聊，你渴望安靜，你想一個人咀嚼內心的悲與喜。

　　透過窗格，發著呆，走著神，搜索不到要附和的詞。那一刻，你明白了，這世間不缺一起品茗的人，缺的是一個與你同步的靈魂。

　　沒有了期望的懂，還是把故事留給自己吧！每個人都是一座孤島，顛沛流離，浪跡天涯。有時候，你以為找到了知己，其實，你們根本就是兩個世界的人。

　　花，只有在凋零的時候，才懂得永恒就是在落紅中重生；人，只有在落魄的時候，才明白力量就是在破土中崛起？.

　　因為防備，因為經歷，我們學會了掩飾，掩飾自己內心的某些真實，也在真實中，揚起無懈可擊的微笑，解決一個又一個的困擾。

　　人生最容易犯的一個錯誤，就是把逝去的當作最美的風景。所以，不要活在虛妄的世界，不要對曾經存在假設，不要指望別人太多。

　　有些情，只可隨緣，不可勉強；有些人，只可淺交，不可入深；有些話，只可會意，不可說穿。

　　或許，有這么一段情，陪你度過漫長冰冷的寒冬；有那樣一個人，給你抑郁的天空畫上了溫暖的春陽。

　　但時光，總會吹散很多往事，把過去一片片分割，移植到不同區域，并貼上標簽，印著不同的定義，也定義著自己的人生態度。

　　正如莊子所說：“唯至人乃能游于世不避，順人而不失己。”外在的世界，只是一個形式，而你內在的世界，才是真正的江山。

把自己當回事(10)

把自己當回事(11)

把自己當回事(12)

八年級上數學期末模擬試題1

　班級_______________姓名___________________總分____________________

一．選擇題（共12小題）

1．已知△ABC中，∠A=20°，∠B=∠C，那么三角形△ABC是（　　）

A．銳角三角形 B．直角三角形 C．鈍角三角形 D．正三角形

2．用矩形紙片折出直角的平分線，下列折法正確的是（　　）

3．從下列不等式中選擇一個與x+1≥2組成不等式組，如果要使該不等式組的解集為x≥1，那么可以選擇的不等式可以是（　　）

A．x＞﹣1 B．x＞2 C．x＜﹣1 D．x＜2

4．根據下列表述，能確定位置的是（　　）

A．紅星電影院2排 B．北京市四環路

C．北偏東30° D．東經118°，北緯40°

5．在利用太陽能熱水器來加熱水的過程中，熱水器里的水溫隨所曬時間的長短而變化，這個問題中因變量是（　　）

A．太陽光強弱 B．水的溫度 C．所曬時間 D．熱水器

6．下列命題中：

（1）形狀相同的兩個三角形是全等形；

（2）在兩個全等三角形中，相等的角是對應角，相等的邊是對應邊；

（3）全等三角形對應邊上的高、中線及對應角平分線分別相等，其中真命題的個數有（　　）

A．3個 B．2個 C．1個 D．0個

7．如圖，△ABC中，D為AB上一點，E為BC上一點，且AC=CD=BD=BE，∠A=50°，則∠CDE的度數為（　　）

A．50° B．51° C．51.5° D．52.5°

8．若關于x的不等式組無解，則a的取值范圍是（　　）

A．a≤3 B．a≥3 C．a＜3 D．a＞3

9．如圖，將△PQR向右平移2個單位長度，再向下平移3個單位長度，則頂點P平移后的坐標是（　　）

A．（﹣2，﹣4） B．（﹣2，4） C．（2，﹣3） D．（﹣1，﹣3）

10．如圖，邊長分別為1和2的兩個等邊三角形，開始它們在左邊重合，大三角形固定不動，然后把小三角形自左向右平移直至移出大三角形外停止．設小三角形移動的距離為x，兩個三角形重疊面積為y，則y關于x的函數圖象是（　　）

11．在如圖所示的5×5方格中，每個小方格都是邊長為1的正方形，△ABC是格點三角形（即頂點恰好是正方形的頂點），則與△ABC有一條公共邊且全等的所有格點三角形的個數是（　　）

A．1 B．2 C．3 D．4

12．如圖，AD是△ABC的角平分線，DF⊥AB，垂足為F，DE=DG，△ADG和△AED的面積分別為50和39，則△EDF的面積為（）

A． 11 B． 5.5 C． 7 D． 3.5

二．填空題（共6小題）

13．不等式3x+1＜﹣2的解集是　　．

14．如圖，AC⊥BC，AD⊥DB，要使△ABC≌△BAD，還需添加條件　　．（只需寫出符合條件一種情況）

15．如圖，△ABC≌△A′B′C′，其中∠A=36°，∠C′=24°，則∠B=　　．

16．在平面直角坐標系中，對于平面內任一點（a，b），若規定以下三種變換：

①△（a，b）=（﹣a，b）；

②○（a，b）=（﹣a，﹣b）；

③Ω（a，b）=（a，﹣b），

按照以上變換例如：△（○（1，2））=（1，﹣2），則○（Ω（3，4））等于　　．

17．函數y=中，自變量x的取值范圍為　　．

18．如圖，把Rt△ABC放在直角坐標系內，其中∠CAB=90°，BC=5，點A、B的坐標分別為（1，0）、（4，0），將△ABC沿x軸向右平移，當點C落在直線y=2x﹣6上時，線段BC掃過的面積為　　cm2．

　

三．解答題（共8小題）

19．解不等式組，并把解集在數軸上表示出來．

20．在四邊形ABCD中，AB=AD=8，∠A=60°，∠D=150°，四邊形周長為32，求BC和CD的長度．

21．寫出如圖中“小魚”上所標各點的坐標并回答：

（1）點B、E的位置有什么特點；

（2）從點B與點E，點C與點D的位置看，它們的坐標有什么特點？

22．如圖所示，直線AB，CD相交于點O，P是CD上一點．

（1）過點P畫AB的垂線段PE．

（2）過點P畫CD的垂線，與AB相交于F點．

（3）說明線段PE，PO，FO三者的大小關系，其依據是什么？

23．如圖，正比例函數y=2x的圖象與一次函數y=kx+b的圖象交于點A（m，2），一次函數圖象經過點B（﹣2，﹣1），與y軸的交點為C，與x軸的交點為D．

（1）求一次函數解析式；

（2）求C點的坐標；

（3）求△AOD的面積．

24．四邊形ABCD中，AD=BC，BE=DF，AE⊥BD，CF⊥BD，垂足分別為E、F．

（1）求證：△ADE≌△CBF；

（2）若AC與BD相交于點O，求證：AO=CO．

25．某電器超市銷售每臺進價分別為200元，170元的A、B聯眾型號的電風扇，表中是近兩周的銷售情況：

（進價、售價均保持不變，利潤=銷售收入﹣進貨成本）

（1）求A、B兩種型號的電風扇的銷售單價；

（2）若超市準備用不多于5400元的金額再采購這兩種型號的電風扇共30臺，求A種型號的電風扇最多能采購多少臺？

（3）在（2）的條件下，超市銷售完這30臺電風扇能否實現利潤為1400元的目標？若能，請給出相應的采購方案；若不能，請說明理由．

26．高鐵的開通，給衢州市民出行帶來了極大的方便，“五一”期間，樂樂和穎穎相約到杭州市的某游樂園游玩，樂樂乘私家車從衢州出發1小時后，穎穎乘坐高鐵從衢州出發，先到杭州火車站，然后再轉車出租車去游樂園（換車時間忽略不計），兩人恰好同時到達游樂園，他們離開衢州的距離y（千米）與乘車時間t（小時）的關系如圖所示．

請結合圖象解決下面問題：

（1）高鐵的平均速度是每小時多少千米？

（2）當穎穎達到杭州火車東站時，樂樂距離游樂園還有多少千米？

（3）若樂樂要提前18分鐘到達游樂園，問私家車的速度必須達到多少千米/小時？

　

參考答案與試題解析

　

一．選擇題（共12小題）

1．分析:根據已知條件和三角形的內角和是180度求得各角的度數，再判斷三角形的形狀．

解：∵∠A=20°，

∴∠B=∠C=（180°﹣20°）=80°，

∴三角形△ABC是銳角三角形．

故選A．

　

2．分析:根據圖形翻折變換的性質及角平分線的定義對各選項進行逐一判斷．

解：A．當長方形如A所示對折時，其重疊部分兩角的和中，一個頂點處小于90°，另一頂點處大于90°，故A錯誤；

B．當如B所示折疊時，其重疊部分兩角的和小于90°，故B錯誤；

C．當如C所示折疊時，折痕不經過長方形任何一角的頂點，所以不可能是角的平分線，故C錯誤；

D．當如D所示折疊時，兩角的和是90°，由折疊的性質可知其折痕必是其角的平分線，故D正確．

故選：D．

　

3．分析:首先計算出不等式x+1≥2的解集，再根據不等式的解集確定方法：大大取大可確定另一個不等式的解集，進而選出答案．

解：x+1≥2，

解得：x≥1，

根據大大取大可得另一個不等式的解集一定是x不大于1．

故選：A．

　

4．分析:根據在平面內，要有兩個有序數據才能清楚地表示出一個點的位置，即可得答案．

解：在平面內，點的位置是由一對有序實數確定的，只有D能確定一個位置，

故選：D．

　

5．分析:函數的定義：設在某變化過程中有兩個變量x、y，如果對于x在某一范圍內的每一個確定的值，y都有唯一的值與它對應，那么稱y是x的函數，x叫自變量．函數關系式中，某特定的數會隨另一個（或另幾個）會變動的數的變動而變動，就稱為因變量．

解：根據函數的定義可知，水溫是隨著所曬時間的長短而變化，可知水溫是因變量，所曬時間為自變量．

故選：B．

　

6．分析:根據全等三角形的概念：能夠完全重合的圖形是全等圖形，及全等圖形性質：全等圖形的對應邊、對應角分別相等，分別對每一項進行分析即可得出正確的命題個數．

解：（1）形狀相同、大小相等的兩個三角形是全等形，而原說法沒有指出大小相等這一點，故（1）錯誤；

（2）在兩個全等三角形中，對應角相等，對應邊相等，而非相等的角是對應角，相等的邊是對應邊，故（2）錯誤；

（3）全等三角形對應邊上的高、中線及對應角平分線分別相等，故（3）正確．

綜上可得只有（3）正確．

故選：C．

　

7．分析:根據等腰三角形的性質推出∠A=∠CDA=50°，∠B=∠DCB，∠BDE=∠BED，根據三角形的外角性質求出∠B=25°，由三角形的內角和定理求出∠BDE，根據平角的定義即可求出選項．

解：∵AC=CD=BD=BE，∠A=50°，

∴∠A=∠CDA=50°，∠B=∠DCB，∠BDE=∠BED，

∵∠B+∠DCB=∠CDA=50°，

∴∠B=25°，

∵∠B+∠EDB+∠DEB=180°，

∴∠BDE=∠BED=（180°﹣25°）=77.5°，

∴∠CDE=180°﹣∠CDA﹣∠EDB=180°﹣50°﹣77.5°=52.5°，

故選D．

　

8．分析:原不等式組無解，即組成不等式組的兩個不等式的解集沒有交集．

解：∵關于x的不等式組無解，

∴a≤3．

故選：A．

　

9．分析:直接利用平移中點的變化規律求解即可．

解：由題意可知此題規律是（x+2，y﹣3），照此規律計算可知頂點P（﹣4，﹣1）平移后的坐標是（﹣2，﹣4）．

故選A．

　

10．分析:根據題目提供的條件可以求出函數的解析式，根據解析式判斷函數的圖象的形狀．

解：①x≤1時，兩個三角形重疊面積為小三角形的面積，

∴y=×1×=，

②當1＜x≤2時，重疊三角形的邊長為2﹣x，高為，

y=（2﹣x）×=x2﹣x+，

③當x=2時，兩個三角形沒有重疊的部分，即重疊面積為0，

故選：B．

　

11．分析:根據全等三角形的判定分別求出以BC為公共邊的三角形，以AB為公共邊的三角形，以AC為公共邊的三角形的個數，相加即可．

解：以BC為公共邊的三角形有3個，以AB為公共邊的三角形有0個，以AC為公共邊的三角形有1個，

共3+0+1=4個，

故選D．

　

12．分析： 作DM=DE交AC于M，作DN⊥AC，利用角平分線的性質得到DN=DF，將三角形EDF的面積轉化為三角形DNM的面積來求．

解：作DM=DE交AC于M，作DN⊥AC于點N，

∵DE=DG，

∴DM=DG，

∵AD是△ABC的角平分線，DF⊥AB，

∴DF=DN，

在Rt△DEF和Rt△DMN中，

，

∴Rt△DEF≌Rt△DMN（HL），

∵△ADG和△AED的面積分別為50和39，

∴S△MDG=S△ADG﹣S△ADM=50﹣39=11，

S△DNM=S△EDF=S△MDG=×11=5.5．

故選B．

二．填空題（共6小題）

13．分析:利用不等式的基本性質，將兩邊不等式同時減去1再除以3，不等號的方向不變．得到不等式的解集為：x＜﹣1．

解：解不等式3x+1＜﹣2，得3x＜﹣3，解得x＜﹣1．

　

14．分析:本題要判定△ABC≌△BAD，已知AC⊥BC，AD⊥DB，即∠C=∠D=90°，AB為公共邊，故添加AC=BD或BC=AD或∠DAB=∠CBA或∠CAB=∠DBA后可分別根據HL、HL、AAS、AAS判定△ABC≌△BAD．

解：∵AC⊥BC，AD⊥DB，

∴∠C=∠D=90°

∵AB為公共邊，要使△ABC≌△BAD

∴添加AC=BD或BC=AD或∠DAB=∠CBA或∠CAB=∠DBA后可分別根據HL、HL、AAS、AAS判定△ABC≌△BAD．

　

15．分析:根據全等三角形的性質求出∠C的度數，根據三角形內角和定理計算即可．

解：∵△ABC≌△A′B′C′，

∴∠C=∠C′=24°，

∴∠B=180°﹣∠A﹣∠C=120°，

故答案為：120°．

　

16．分析:根據三種變換規律的特點解答即可．

解：○（Ω（3，4））=○（3，﹣4）=（﹣3，4）．

故答案為：（﹣3，4）．

　

17．分析:根據二次根式有意義的條件就是被開方數大于或等于0，分式有意義的條件是分母不為0；可得關系式1﹣x＞0，解不等式即可．

解：根據題意得：1﹣x＞0，

解可得x＜1；

故答案為x＜1．

　

18．分析:根據題意，線段BC掃過的面積應為一平行四邊形的面積，其高是AC的長，底是點C平移的路程．求當點C落在直線y=2x﹣6上時的橫坐標即可．

解：如圖所示．

∵點A、B的坐標分別為（1，0）、（4，0），

∴AB=3．

∵∠CAB=90°，BC=5，

∴AC=4．

∴A′C′=4．

∵點C′在直線y=2x﹣6上，

∴2x﹣6=4，解得 x=5．

即OA′=5．

∴CC′=5﹣1=4．

∴S?BCC′B′=4×4=16 （cm2）．

即線段BC掃過的面積為16cm2．

故答案為16．

　

三．解答題（共8小題）

19．分析:先求出不等式組組中的不等式①、②的解集，它們的交集就是該不等式組的解集；然后根據“大于向右，小于向左，包括端點用實心，不包括端點用空心”的原則將解集在數軸上表示出來．

解：由①得x＞2

由②得x＜3（4分）

∴不等式組的解集為2＜x＜3

把解集在數軸上表示

　

20．分析:如圖，連接BD，構建等邊△ABD、直角△CDB．利用等邊三角形的性質求得BD=8；然后利用勾股定理來求線段BC、CD的長度．

解：如圖，連接BD，由AB=AD，∠A=60°．

則△ABD是等邊三角形．即BD=8，∠1=60°．

又∠1+∠2=150°，則∠2=90°．

設BC=x，CD=16﹣x，由勾股定理得：x2=82+（16﹣x）2，解得x=10，16﹣x=6

所以BC=10，CD=6．

　

21．分析:根據圖象可直觀看出點B和點E在y軸上，且到x軸的距離都是2個單位長度所以它們關于x軸對稱；點C與點D也是關于x軸對稱，所以它們的橫坐標相同縱坐標互為相反數．

解：（1）點B（0，﹣2）和點E（0，2）關于x軸對稱；

（2）點B（0，﹣2）與點E（0，2），點C（2，﹣1）與點D（2，1），它們的橫坐標相同縱坐標互為相反數．

　

22．分析:（1）作PE⊥AB，垂足為E；

（2）過點P作∠DPF=90°，其中PF交AB于點F；

（3）利用垂線段最短，即可作出判斷．

解：（1）（2）如圖所示．

（3）PE＜PO＜FO，其依據是“垂線段最短”．

　

23．分析:（1）首先根據正比例函數解析式求得m的值，再進一步運用待定系數法求得一次函數的解析式；

（2）根據（1）中的解析式，令x=0求得點C的坐標；

（3）根據（1）中的解析式，令y=0求得點D的坐標，從而求得三角形的面積．

解：（1）∵正比例函數y=2x的圖象與一次函數y=kx+b的圖象交于點A（m，2），

∴2m=2，

m=1．

把（1，2）和（﹣2，﹣1）代入y=kx+b，得

，

解，得

，

則一次函數解析式是y=x+1；

（2）令x=0，則y=1，即點C（0，1）；

（3）令y=0，則x=﹣1．

則△AOD的面積=×1×2=1．

　

24．分析:（1）根據已知條件得到BF=DE，由垂直的定義得到∠AED=∠CFB=90°，根據全等三角形的判定定理即可得到結論；

（2）如圖，連接AC交BD于O，根據全等三角形的性質得到∠ADE=∠CBF，由平行線的判定得到AD∥BC，根據平行四邊形的性質即可得到結論．

證明：（1）∵BE=DF，

∴BE﹣EF=DF﹣EF，

即BF=DE，

∵AE⊥BD，CF⊥BD，

∴∠AED=∠CFB=90°，

在Rt△ADE與Rt△CBF中，，

∴Rt△ADE≌Rt△CBF；

（2）如圖，連接AC交BD于O，

∵Rt△ADE≌Rt△CBF，

∴∠ADE=∠CBF，

∴AD∥BC，

∴四邊形ABCD是平行四邊形，

∴AO=CO．

　

25．分析:（1）設A、B兩種型號電風扇的銷售單價分別為x元、y元，根據3臺A型號5臺B型號的電扇收入1800元，4臺A型號10臺B型號的電扇收入3100元，列方程組求解；

（2）設采購A種型號電風扇a臺，則采購B種型號電風扇（30﹣a）臺，根據金額不多余5400元，列不等式求解；

（3）設利潤為1400元，列方程求出a的值為20，不符合（2）的條件，可知不能實現目標．

解：（1）設A、B兩種型號電風扇的銷售單價分別為x元、y元，

依題意得：，

解得：，

答：A、B兩種型號電風扇的銷售單價分別為250元、210元；

（2）設采購A種型號電風扇a臺，則采購B種型號電風扇（30﹣a）臺．

依題意得：200a+170（30﹣a）≤5400，

解得：a≤10．

答：超市最多采購A種型號電風扇10臺時，采購金額不多于5400元；

（3）依題意有：（250﹣200）a+（210﹣170）（30﹣a）=1400，

解得：a=20，

∵a≤10，

∴在（2）的條件下超市不能實現利潤1400元的目標．

　

26．分析:（1）利用路程除以時間得出速度即可；

（2）首先分別求出兩函數解析式，進而求出2小時樂樂行駛的距離，進而得出距離游樂園的路程；

（3）把y=216代入y=80t，得t=2.7，進而求出私家車的速度．

解：（1）v==240．

答：高鐵的平均速度是每小時240千米；

（2）設y=kt+b，當t=1時，y=0，當t=2時，y=240，

得：，

解得：，

故把t=1.5代入y=240t﹣240，得y=120，

設y=at，當t=1.5，y=120，得a=80，

∴y=80t，

當t=2，y=160，216﹣160=56（千米），

∴樂樂距離游樂園還有56千米；

（3）把y=216代入y=80t，得t=2.7，

2.7﹣=2.4（小時），=90（千米/時）．

∴樂樂要提前18分鐘到達游樂園，私家車的速度必須達到90千米/小時．

　

把自己當回事(13)

一.J曲線：一國貨幣貶值或升值時，該國貿易收支及經常帳戶收支狀況一般并不能立即改善或惡化，往往要經過一段時間。由于這種經常帳戶收支變動的軌跡成英文字母J的形狀，所以被稱為J曲線。

二.J曲線效應:本國貨幣貶值后，最初發生的情況往往正好相反，經常項目收支狀況反而會比原先惡化，進口增加而出口減少。這一變化被稱為“J曲線效應”。

三．原因分析:其原因在于最初的一段時期內由于消費和生產行為的“粘性作用”，進口和出口的貿易量并不會發生明顯的變化，但由于匯率的改變，以外國貨幣計價的出口收入相對減少，以本國貨幣計價的進口支出相對增加，從而造成經常項目收支逆差增加或是順差減少。經過一段時間后，這一狀況開始發生改變，進口商品逐漸減少，出口商品逐漸增加，使經常項目收支向有利的方向發展，先是抵消原先的不利影響，然后使經常項目收支狀況得到根本性的改善。這一變化過程可能會維持數月甚至一兩年，根據各國不同情況而定。因此匯率變化對貿易狀況的影響是具有“時滯”效應的。

四．效應的實際應用:在實際經濟生活中，當匯率變化時，進出口的實際變動情況還要取決于供給對價格的反應程度。即使在馬歇爾-勒納條件成立的情況下，貶值也不能馬上改善貿易收支。相反，貨幣貶值后的頭一段時間，貿易收支反而可能會惡化。為什么貶值對貿易收支的有利影響要經過一段時滯后才能反映出來呢？這是因為，第一，在貶值之前已簽訂的貿易協議仍然必須按原來的數量和價格執行。貶值后，凡以外幣定價的進口，折成本幣后的支付將增加；凡以本幣定價的出口，折成外幣的收入將減少，換言之，貶值前已簽訂但在貶值后執行的貿易協議下，出口數量不能增加以沖抵出口外幣價格的下降，進口數量不能減少以沖抵進口價格的上升。

于是，貿易收支趨向惡化；第二，即使在貶值后簽訂的貿易協議，出口增長仍然要受認識、決策、資源、生產等周期的影響。至于進口方面，進口商有可能會認為現在的貶值是以后進一步貶值的前奏，從而加速訂貨。

西方經濟學家認為，本幣貶值對貿易收支狀況產生影響的時間可劃分為三個階段：貨幣合同階段、傳導階段、數量調整階段。在貨幣合同階段，進出口商品的價格和數量不會因貶值而發生變化，以外幣表示的貿易差額就取決于進出口合同所使用的計價貨幣。如果進口合同一外幣計值，出口合同以本幣計值，那么本幣貶值會惡化貿易收支。在傳導階段，由于存在種種原因，進出口商品的價格開始發生變化，且數量變化遠大于價格變化，國際收支狀況開始改善，最終形成順差。因此，J曲線效應產生原因在于短期內進出口需求彈性ηx + ηm 1，本幣貶值能使一國貿易收支狀況得到改善

五.短期的原因分析：在短期內，由于上述種種原因，貶值之后有可能使貿易收支首先惡化。過了一段時間以后，待出口供給（這是主要的）和進口需求作了相應的調整后，貿易收支才慢慢開始改善。出口供給的調整時間，一般被認為需要半年到一年的時間。整個過程用曲線描述出來，成字母J 形。故在馬歇爾-勒納條件成立的情況下，貶值對貿易收支改善的時滯效應，被稱為J 曲線效應。在J曲線效應圖中，Bt2 > At1，表示貶值后貿易收支首先惡化，逆差擴大，然后，隨時間的推移，再經過C 點和D 點得到改善。

根據國際收支的彈性分析法，一般來說，本幣升值會使本國出口商品以外幣表示的價格上漲，不利于出口的擴大，在超過一定范圍后，會導致出口的下降；另一方面，本幣升值會使進口商品以外幣表示的價格下降，有利于進口的擴大，同理，在超過一定范圍后，會導致進口的增加。從長期來看，上述的情況是成立的，但是在短時期來看也許不能得到滿足，可能會出現J曲線效應。

六．長期的原因分析：那么在短時期內，進出口數量變化較小，而長時期內變化較大的主要原因在于：

　　1、消費者反應態度和反應時間滯后。

　　對于消費者來講，相對匯率變化需要花費一定時間來調整自己的消費行為。對于出口來說，當外幣匯率貶值后，國外消費者除了要考慮貶值因素外，還把變得較貴的外國商品和較便宜的國內同種商品在質量可靠性、實用性和信譽等方面進行比較后，根據個人喜好，才逐步轉向購買國內商品

　　2、生產者反應態度和反應時間滯后。

　　雖然升值后，出口商品的競爭實力和地位稍有下降，但是國外生產廠商一方面可能會順勢通過調高自身價格，獲得超額利潤，特別是依賴進口的行業；另一方面，需要時間來調整以達到擴大生產進而搶占市場的目的。此外，在正常情況下，進出口合同有很多都在升值前都已經簽定，不可能在短時間內取消，廠商也不愿意隨意取消對主要生產投入和原材料的定單。

　　3、利潤空間的大小。

　　這點特別明顯的表現在出口方面，在某種程度上，利潤空間的多少決定了J曲線變化的幅度，如果處于不完全競爭狀態，即進出口雙方廠商是否存在超正常的利潤可以削減，以促進使它能夠接受成本的提高。如果國外廠商處在高度競爭狀態和僅能獲得正常利潤，那么，它就無力承擔過高的成本價格。

　　4、國家內部經濟環境及在生產鏈中所處地位。

在外國市場上份額較大的出口廠商，不會輕易放棄通過耗費時間和成本建立的市場，而且這樣的廠商由于在國民經濟結構中占有比較重要的地位，在生產鏈中處于舉足輕重的地位，因此可以壓低上游成本，降低價格，也可以爭取到國家政策和各類稅費上的優惠，形成隱性壁壘。在某種程度短期內可以抵消部分消極影響。

七．外貿企業的應用

　　對于J曲線在外貿企業現階段的運用在于：

　　1、把悲觀理念變成發展動力，清晰認識自身位置，抓住J曲線變化較小的時段，加強與各職能部門的交流和溝通，相互協調，共謀發展。

　　雖然升值會使出口增長受到一定拖累，但是這是建立在目前出口高速增長的基礎上的調整，而且人民幣升值有利于優化出口結構，降低貿易不平衡和改善貿易條件。因此，小幅度升值本身對企業發展的影響并不顯著。根據調查，人民幣升值后，以出口為主的企業大多數能夠通過內部挖潛消化2%的升值幅度所帶來的負面影響，但當前對企業經營影響最大的是配額和出口退稅率調整這兩個因素。因此，應避免盲目對人民幣升值壓力的悲觀，冷靜分析自身位置，將壓力變為動力，通過與通關各個職能部門的溝通和協調，將上述因素的影響引導至有利于發展的角度上。以紡織品和服裝行業為例，能否獲得出口配額是決定企業生死的核心問題，只要能夠獲得配額，在人民幣升值幅度不大的情況，企業就能存活，乃至取得更大的發展。

　　2、把握時機，進行有效改革，特別是技術革新，不斷提高產品技術含量。

　　由于我國企業習慣了人民幣匯率穩定，對經營中突來的匯率風險始料不及。長期以來，我國傳統的出口行業主要是依靠成本優勢，缺乏技術含量、附加值低，但隨著目前土地、資金和勞動力等生產要素價格不斷上升，能源和原材料價格高居不下，使企業生產成本高漲，而終端產品又因市場競爭激烈令通過漲價轉嫁成本的行為受到制約，只能擠壓企業的利潤。進入生產高成本時代后，對于習慣了長期保持生產工藝，以求穩定的進出口企業也是一個機會，在這樣的壓力面前，對于原有為求穩定，而未能進行技術改造的項目，應著力進行技術革新，提高產品技術含量，通過高科技、高技術、高附加值的方式，提高產品質量，變相降低產品價格，以抵消人民幣升值帶來的壓力。

　　3、通過數量效應與價格效應的相互影響，提高邊際利潤。

　　因為價格上漲而出口下降的劣勢，也許會被國外市場沒有足夠量產廠商，和缺少足夠替代品，而形成價格優勢。因此，對于人民幣升值后，進出口產品的數量和定價，是進出口企業應仔細分析的關鍵問題。對于出口，在價格提高，銷量降低的情況下，只有通過對國內外市場和競爭對手的分析，理智判斷，找到適合的價格和適當的數量，進而保證收入和利潤的正常化和最大化。

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把自己當回事(15)

老畢辱毛事件，著名教授公正評價讓中國人炸鍋！（必轉）

問題：怎么才能每天都收到這種文章呢？？答案：只需要點擊圖片上邊的《精英必讀》即可！廣受推崇的微信公眾號。微信號：jybd86小編私人微信號：lin328823677很高興有機會與在座的老中青各位同志交流匯報我的思想認識。謹以此紀念緬懷偉大領袖和導師毛主席。我是一名高校教師，一個教授。我對毛主席的認識分為三個階段。第一階段：1960—1980自然相信與肯定階段　　 1960年我出生在一個普通的工人家庭，這時年輕的人民共和國剛剛慶祝過她的第10個生日。我們這代人生在紅旗下、長在紅旗下，在整個中小學即少年兒童時期，沐浴著新中國的陽光健康成長，無憂無慮，有一個幸福、快樂、完整的童年。　　 我們這代人從小自然地、天經地義地熱愛新中國、熱愛社會主義、熱愛毛主席。毛主席是我心中自然的偶像。我們對革命先輩、英雄、工農兵勞模充滿了敬仰與愛戴。第二階段：1980—1999懷疑與否定階段1976年毛主席去世。到了70年代末期，社會上一小部分人悄然刮起了否定文革、否定反右、否定公有制之風。這一小部分人在社會上雖然是少數（其人數不超過人口總數的5%），但他們有權有勢，有的還身居要職，掌握著話語權，所以影響很大。他們抓住新中國革命和建設中的某一點不足或不完善，攻其一點、不及其余。進行所謂的反思、批判，進而否定公有制、否定社會主義、否定新中國、否定毛主席、否定中國傳統文化。一時之間，社會上懷疑過去、否定新中國之風甚囂塵上。我于高考恢復后的第一年即1977年以知青的身份考入云南大學本科學習，是改革開放的第一批受益者，正好趕上這一期間的“否定”“懷疑”熱。青年人單純熱情、容易跟潮流、接受“新”事物快，我差不多全盤接受了這波“否定熱”。　　 我很快也學著“主流話語”的腔調，否定這，否定那，鄙視毛主席，痛批毛主席，抱怨他為什么不這樣，為什么不那樣，似乎我比毛主席高明不知道多少倍。儼然一副“新青年”的架勢。惟恐不否定過去、不非毛，就被人說趕不上潮流、不時髦。這一階段的我對毛主席和毛澤東思想產生了動搖甚至否定。這實際上是不經思考分析的盲目的跟潮流。在近20年的時間內，我變成了大海上一艘隨風飄動的小船。我與毛主席之間剩下的唯一紐帶就是“毛主席詩詞”，記得大約是1990年，我與一位摯友因為對毛主席詩詞的評價問題進行了長達半天之久的辯論。這一期間，隨著西方文化在我國的長驅直人，我對西方文化推崇備至、趨之若騖，甚至到了言必稱美英法德的程度。同時也開始了我新的尋偶之旅。我閱讀了不少的西方名著、人物傳記，我先后崇拜過拿破侖、俾斯邁、克倫威爾、華盛頓、林肯等。但是，近20年過去了，我并沒有發現和找到真正值得我崇拜的偶像。我開始懷疑世界上是否真的有值得人們崇拜的偶像和英雄！？　　 第三階段：2000年－至今否定之否定階段1999年5月發生了美國悍然轟炸我住南聯盟大使館、導致我三名使館工作人員死亡多名受傷的嚴重事件。事發后，美國始終拒絕正式道歉。這件事深深刺痛了我麻木已久的心。這期間，我正好在美國楊伯翰大學做訪問學者，8月份我提前結束了在美的訪學計劃，回到香港大學繼續攻讀博士學位。2001年又發生了在南中國海上空美國間諜飛機撞毀我空軍戰斗機及其飛行員的嚴重事件，事后美國再次拒絕正式道歉。這件事又一次震撼刺痛了我的心。以上兩件事使我陷入了長久的、深深的思考，我怎么都搞不明白，近20年來，中國一直待若上賓、甚至被某些人視為“戰略盟友”和“救世主”的美國為何對中國如此蠻橫殘暴、毫不講理？這是朋友嗎？？這樣的朋友值得交嗎？？？美國是否真像某些精英權貴學者所說的那樣“民主”“自由”“博愛”？是捍衛秩序的世界警察？？在這一期間，互聯網幫助我打開了視野。在香港大學，我開始經常瀏覽應該由海外華人主辦的“XXX”網站，其中的“毛澤東”和“中國”兩個專欄一下子就吸引了我的注意力，我由此接觸到了很多在內地看不到的關于文革、反右、新中國、毛主席的文章。這些文章主要發表于海外網站上，多由海外華人撰寫，也有一部分是國外學者寫的研究報告。這些文章和報告仿佛一下子為我打開了一扇天窗，再結合自己少年兒童時期的親身經歷，使我對毛主席和他的時代有了前所未有的認識。這些認識包括：毛主席所接手的中國是一個沒有石油，沒有重工業，連火柴鐵釘甚至都沒辦法生產的國家！一個剛剛遭受了百年戰亂、一窮二白、滿目創痍的世界最貧窮的大國！在全國人口中，90％以上是文盲半文盲，人均壽命不過35歲！而全國僅有的一點財富又被蔣介石集團洗劫一空，劫持去了臺灣！就是這樣一個破破爛爛的中國，還沒等建設開始，一周年國慶都還沒到，美國人就打上門來了。換成今天的一些人，可能就學了卡扎菲上校，“識時務者為俊杰” 了。但毛主席不是卡扎菲，從1840年起受盡洋人欺壓的中國人也再不肯彎下自己剛剛挺直的腰桿，于是我的父輩們“拿起槍、跨過江、打敗美帝野心狼”！一個破破爛爛的中國，一支幾乎完全由農民組成的軍隊，在毛主席的統帥下，竟把當時世界上最強大的美國及其盟友所組成的聯軍從鴨綠江邊一舉打回了38線以南，并從此再也無法越雷池一步，即使其它一切都不談，僅憑此一點，就足以令我對毛主席敬佩無比！接下來，美國人自然惱羞成怒，與最發達的西方國家后來還包括前蘇聯勾結一體、南北夾擊，開始了對中國長達幾十年的封鎖。然而在鐵桶一般的封鎖中，毛主席率領他的人民交出的是怎樣一份建設成績單呢？這份成績單主要包括：　　 新中國于1964年爆炸成功第一顆原子彈； 　　 1967年爆炸成功第一顆氫彈；　　 1970年成功發射了第一顆人造衛星；　　 1975年發射成功了第一枚洲際導彈；二彈一星！ 　　 1965年研制成功人工合牛胰島素 　　 1971年研制成功復方蒿甲醚 　　 1975年研制成功雜交水稻 　　 1978年研制成功漢字激光照排－－四大新發明！！以上八大成果完成時間：1960-1978年，共計18年！！！此外，　　 1959成功發現并開采了我國第一個世界級大油田-大慶油田； 　　 1971年，第一艘萬噸巨輪下水。　　 1975年中國人90％以上接受了初等以上教育； 　　 1975年中國人均壽命達到65歲；還有，1978年以后“需要進行改革”的成千上萬“國有企業”都是誰留下來的？如果沒有毛澤東時代工業革命所建立的門類齊全、獨立完整的現代工業體系，后來的某些“精英”、“權貴”、“學者”們甚至連改革的對象都找不到。君不見，快30年了，連廁所都已經被私有化了的“精英”們卻至今還云里霧里找不著北！所以，我要說，認為毛澤東時代除了政治運動其他乏善可陳的人，如果不是道聽途說、說話思考不過大腦，上了主流話語壟斷勢力的當，就一定是別有用心。至于說什么毛澤東“革命有功、建設有過”，更是奇談怪論，邏輯不通，匪夷所思。對拋出這種論調的人，我不禁想問：在那樣一個一窮二白的基礎上，在那樣一個強敵環伺的環境中，是誰帶領億萬中國人民獨立自主、自力更生，把中國從地地道道的農業國建成了世界第六工業大國、第三軍事強國？難道不是毛主席嘛？！怎么毛主席一死，這一切就忽然都和他老人家不沾邊、只剩下“過”才是屬于他老人家了呢？！把毛澤東時代的問題統統放大，肆意渲染，然后全都記在毛主席的名下；把毛澤東時代的成就統統撇開，閉口不提，或者干脆記到別人身上，請問，這是誰家的邏輯？！當然，毛主席在抓建設的同時，確實搞過不少運動，其矛頭主要指向領導干部、知識分子，還有階級敵人，其人數不超過人口總數的5%。但這些運動需不需要搞呢？我們不妨先看一看今天干部隊伍的頑疾“腐敗問題”吧；看一看今天一些“經濟學家”、“法律學家”以及這個“家”、那個“家”，看看他們的寡廉鮮恥吧。在看過這一切之后，我們難道還會認為毛主席“永保江山不變色”的思路、策略有什么錯嘛？至少我個人認為，沒有錯，只有憾！遺憾的是天不假年，毛主席沒有把他該做的工作做完，給了一些人“反戈一擊”的機會！于是，20多年來，差不多只聽到一種聲音，就是那些所謂“挨過整”的大小“官.僚”、“知識分子”訴苦的聲音，清算的聲音！而有關偉人的真象卻長期在民間和海外流傳…….2002年，在海外學習、訪學5年之后，我回到云南高校重執教鞭。五年來，我親身耳聞目睹了社會現實的方方面面，扶今思昔，縱橫比較，上下求索，感慨良多。我深深感到現實比人強，現實比理論強。現實以無可辯駁的事實教育了我，我更加堅定不移地相信毛主席、相信毛澤東思想。最后，做為結束語，我把千言萬語匯成幾句話： 　　 毛主席是五千年中國歷史上古往今來第一人！ 　　 毛澤東思想是當代中國最新、最先進的文化！　　 只有毛澤東思想能夠救中國！！　　 只有毛澤東思想能夠解決當前中國的疑難雜癥！！！

把自己當回事(16)

回味童年作文800字

　　緩緩翻開那專屬于童年的相冊，厚厚的灰塵，似乎意蘊著，童年已經走遠了。一張張泛黃的相片，勾起了我無盡的思念。
　　童年就像一首優美的鋼琴曲，緩緩流淌著，美好而又短暫，一個個音符，流瀉于指尖，也跳躍在回憶中。童年的記憶，的確是回味無窮。
　　記得小時候，我喜歡躺在外婆家門前的草地上，仰望著天空，看著那白云朵朵、繁星點點，心里總是有著無限的懷想，做著未來的夢。有時伸出手，想要觸碰陽光，卻被陽光穿透，流瀉于指尖，反倒把眼睛刺得酸疼。也許虛幻，也許幼稚，卻承載著一份童真。
　　無數次，經過外婆家門前的小橋，總是喜歡趴在橋上，看著那流淌的河水，清澈而明亮，有時還要與魚兒們打聲招呼。“豬油糕喂！又甜又軟的豬油糕喂！”每到此時，我便會奔到那賣豬油糕的小攤前，攤開手掌，交出身上唯一的1元錢，雖然有些不舍，但當看到那松軟的豬油糕時，一切不愿就又拋到九霄云外去了。
　　我還喜歡坐在外公的腿上，聽他講森林里的故事。在故事里，有溫順的小羊，兇惡的老狼，善良樸實的大象，調皮的猴子。故事情節都是一樣的，可我仍然不厭其煩地要求外公為我講，也許是貪戀外公溫暖慈祥的懷抱吧。
　　還記得那年的大雪，似乎是出生以來看到的第一場雪，一片片雪花緩緩從天空飄落，平時只能在書中讀到的“雪的世界”居然第一次在眼前如此真實地出現了。于是平時愛好賴床的我第一次主動起床了。還記得當時觸到雪的感覺，冰冰的，涼涼的，放到嘴里，又立即化成了水。還記得與小伙伴們打雪仗的情景，明明全身都已濕透，卻仍興致不減，將一個個雪球用力擲出，然后聽著伙伴們的尖叫聲，驚恐之余，卻是滿滿的歡樂。
　　……
　　掐指一算，離真正的童年，似乎已經很遠了。如今的自己，整天處在學習中，早已沒有真正玩樂的時間了。再次回首，心中是滿滿的向往與無奈。童年畢竟已經過去了，即將面臨的，是中考的壓力，社會的競爭，童年時的那份簡單心境，恐怕是再也無法擁有了。
　　童年過去了，但我并不后悔，至少我曾經擁有過這段美好的時光，我擁有一段值得回味的記憶，這就足夠了。而我的人生還有一大段的美好時光，我會盡自己最大的努力去珍惜它，讓我的人生散發出一份獨特的光芒！

把自己當回事(17)

(2012昌平一模)C.

The number one game in the app chart Draw Something has been sold out.

The drawing game by company OMGPOP is now top spot in the Apple and Android charts in 84 countries.

US company Zynga is reported to have paid $200m (￡120m) for the app.

Players draw pictures on their mobiles competing against each other, guessing what the pictures are from drawing clues.

Head of Zynga Mark Pincus said once: "The OMGPOP team has created a game that"s fun and expressive."

The app has become such a big hit in the gaming world in the last few weeks. It has knocked off long running Zynga titles Words with Friends and Cityville from top spots in the mobile apps charts.

Industry tracker App Data reported that 13.3 million people a day used Draw Something.

It wasn"t overnight success for OMGPOP, the New York based developer started in 2009 and created 35 other social games before hitting the gaming jackpot.

The story is similar to that of Angry Birds, the most popular game ever on a smartphone. Creators Rovio developed 51 games before finally making it big.

Draw Something is now the most downloaded game on Facebook and players draw a total of a billion pictures each week.

53. Which of the following is NOT a game according to the passage?

A. Cityville. B. Angry Birds. C. Words with Friends. D. OMGPOP.

54. Why is Draw Something so popular?

A. It’s exciting and funny.

B. It’s interesting and creative.

C. It’s an overnight success.

D. It’s similar to other games.

55. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Angry Birds was successful because of the creators’ hard work.

B. Draw Something was successful because of the creative idea.

C. Players like Draw Something because they like drawing.

D. The OMGPOP team is the strongest game team in USA.

(2012昌平一模)D.

Spending time online is normal behavior for teenagers. But too much Internet use by teens – or too little, for that matter – might be related to depression (抑郁), a new study finds.

The findings, reported in the Journal of Pediatrics, do not mean that the Internet is to blame. For one, teens in the study who spent no time online were also at increased risk of depression symptoms (癥狀). Instead, the researchers say that both heavy Internet use, and non – use, could show that a teenager is having a hard time.

For the study, Dr. Pierre – Andre Michaud and his colleagues at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, surveyed 7, 200 individuals ages 16 to 20 about their Internet use.

Those who were online more than two hours per day were considered “heavy” Internet users, while those online anywhere from several times per week to two hours per day were considered “regular” users.

The teenagers also answered a number of health – related questions, including some standard questions about “depressive tendencies” (抑郁傾向) that show how often a person feels sad or hopeless. Compared with regular Internet users, the study found, kids who were heavy users or non – users were more likely to be depressed or very depressed.

Among boys, heavy users and non – users were both around one – third more likely to have a high depression score, compared to “regular” users. Among girls, heavy Internet users had an 86 percent greater chance of depression, while non – users had a 46 percent compared to regular users.

Since teenagers typically go online to connect with friends. The researches find that those who are never online may be more socially isolated.

56. Which is TRUE according to the passage?

Teenagers never go online are good students.

Teenagers never go online may get depression.

Surfing the Internet for teenagers is bad behavior.

Internet is the reason of teenager’s depression.

57. How long does the writer suggest teens to go online per week?

Less than 14 hours.

More than 14 hours.

More than 20 hours.

Less than 20 hours.

58. The purpose of Dr. Michaud and colleagues’ study is to know ______________.

the actual time of teenagers learning online

the actual number of teenagers playing online

the influence on school study about teenagers online

the relationship between Internet use and depression

59. What’s the meaning of the word isolated in the last paragraph?

A. Independent. B. United. C. Separate D. Humorous.

（2012朝陽一模）C

When I moved to the country 20 years ago, I took a job as a school bus driver. I’d never had any interest in driving schoolchildren to and from school, but 10 years later, I was still working on the school bus.

There are so many good reasons why I stayed. Firstly, it was the conversations that brought me different kinds of information. I also got to hear all the family secrets of the newcomers who were afraid to be starting at a new school. I have a toy bear who was a great comforter for the little ones. The kids got to look after him on the trip to school and he waited patiently for them to get on for the trip home.

Our bus would often pass a place where we could see some alpacas (羊駝) in front of a farm house. Little Michael would cry excitedly from the seat, “Look, Miss! Look at the camels!” He used to put his head out of the bus window. When I warned him that a fly would come into his nose if he wasn’t careful, he smartly gave up the habit.

I remember a little girl got on the bus one morning 5 years ago and cried loudly all the way to school. We arrived at the school gate. As she waited to get down the bus stairs, she threw her arms around my neck and sobbed (抽泣) that her grandfather had died the night before.

A school bus driver needs to keep one eye on the road and the other on the mirror to watch what the little ones are doing down the back. My catchphrase (口頭禪) each day was that I was “taking the monsters (怪獸) to their mothers”.

Now, it’s necessary to think how many lives I’ve been responsible for throughout the years, and how many kilometers I’ve driven in order to get my passengers home safely. I’ve enjoyed it, but after 20 years, it’s time to rest and park my school bus for good. Long live the school bus driver!

53. When did the writer begin to be a school bus driver?

A. 5 years ago. B. 10 years ago. C. 20 years ago. D. 30 years ago.

54. The writer enjoyed her job because ______.

A. driving was her hobby B. children made her valuable

C. drivers were paid well D. she liked the environment

55. What is the writer’s future plan?

A. She decides to give up the job. B. She tries to go on driving.

C. She wants to have a holiday. D. She hopes to have more kids.

（2012朝陽一模）D

Not long ago, I opened an interesting e-mail from Jennifer in Canada. We became friends. One day, she invited me and 11 other women to a “Movie Night” to be held every six weeks at her house. We’d talk, eat and watch feel-good movies. I e-mailed her back immediately: I was in.

Research shows that gatherings such as Jennifer’s make sense. In a US study, researchers measured (測量) the happiness of 4739 people over 20 years. The study found that a person’s happiness depends on the happiness of people he connects with. Surprisingly, it also found that happiness spreads not only between direct friends, but also among friends of your friends’ friends! And those good feelings seem to have the greatest influence among friends of the same sex (性別).

“People with more good friends are less likely to develop depression (情緒低落) and worry,” says Dr. Toupey Luft. “Though you can’t choose your family or workmates, you do have control over friendships.” With a little effort, you can add more positive (正面的) relationships to your social circle. Here’s how:

“Nobody is all positive or all negative,” says Luft. “But there are people you may feel more positive. Use that as your way to check people and keep records.” When spending time with others, pay attention to your feeling. Are you feeling tired and unhappy？To help you keep records, Luft suggests taking a moment when you get home to write down what your feeling is when around them.

While it’s great to gather with positive friends, it’s also good to stay with others in the same life situations. “But if you’re all just complaining (抱怨) and nothing is changing, it’s not healthy,” says Luft. Are your friends negative, or are you doing most of the complaining? Considering the answers to these questions can help you decide if you want to stand in front of them. Or you could let the relationship disappear slowly.

Sometimes your hobbies can lead to true friendships. Check out newspapers and websites to find a group or class for something you enjoy. These friends can always be there for you and can care each other through difficulties, illness and death.

Not into groups? Look for individual (個人的) communication instead. Luft says, “Set small goals, such as having coffee with one new person, and develop friendship according to a plan. If someone suggests going for lunch sometime, set a date.”

“If you’re feeling disappointed (失望) with a friend, try talking about what you both need,” says Luft. For example, tell her what you want during hard times in your lives. While your friend may need to be left alone, you may want caring phone calls. With some friends you laugh and have fun together at the movies—and that can be enough. With others, you pay attention to your deep connection.

56. What does your happiness depend on, according to the passage?

A. How many friends you have. B. How people you connect with feel.

C. What situation you are in now. D. What kind of friends you have.

57. What does the first suggestion want us to do?

A. To measure our happiness. B. To check people around.

C. To join a group for hobbies. D. To leave negative friends.

58. Which of the following is true?

A. All the suggestions tell us to add positive relationship to our social circle.

B. It’s necessary to complain about something but not right to do so for long.

C. Joining a group can bring better friendship than making individual friends.

D. We often have many friends during good times but few during hard times.

59. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means that ______.

A. when your friend leaves you, you need comfort

B. when your friend is sad, you should call her up

C. people may behave differently during hard times

D. friends’ needs may be quite different sometimes

（2012大興一模）C

I love my iPhone---it’s my little connection to the larger world that can go anywhere with me. I also love my computer, as it stores all of my writing and thoughts. Though I love these devices(裝置) of technology, I know that there are times when I need to move away from them and truly communicate with others.

I teach history in a high school. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes(主題) and ideas. Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and share their ideas with each other in the classroom. I have a rule---no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule before class, some of them were not happy at all.

Most students think that my reasons for this rule include unpleasant experiences in the past with students misusing technology. There’s a bit of truth to that. Some students believe that I am anti-technology. There’s no truth in that at all. I love technology and try to keep up with it so I can relate to my students.

The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations. Interruptions(打斷) by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas. I want students to dig deep within themselves for ideas. I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.

I’ve been teaching my history class in this way for many years and students realize that with deep conversation, they learn at a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.

I’m not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.

53. What’s the second paragraph mainly about?

A. The reasons why students should use computers or iPads in class.

B. The advantages of using cell phones and computers in the classroom.

C. What the writer is trying to do and what rule has been made in class.

D. A new learning style that the teacher enjoys using in history class.

54. According to the writer, the use of technology in the classroom may _____.

A. improve teaching and offer more help

B. allow students to get on well with each other

C. help students concentrate on what they learn

D. keep students from making deep conversations

55. What can we infer from the passage?

A. The teacher will carry on the success in the future.

B. The teacher will have to cancel the rule in class.

C. Some students will be punished according to the rule.

D. More and more students will be absent in history class.

（2012大興一模）D

The ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way. Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.

“Have you ever been on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group in Scotland. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”

Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity. The United States and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy, and it is already being used in Scotland.

Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The winds start out by making little ripples (波紋) in the water, but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”

When waves come towards the coast, people can set up dams(大壩) to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(渦輪). The turbine can then power an electrical generator(發電機).

We will never run out of wave power. Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as oil and coal do.

Oceans cover three quarters of the earth’s surface. That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world. But there are some disadvantages that need us to pay more attention to.

Jamie Taylor said that wave power still cost too much money. He said that its influence on animals in the sea is still unknown. Besides, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.

With more research, “Many of these problems might be solved,” Taylor said. “Finding more energy sources(資源) is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”

In the future, when you turn on a light button, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!

56. We can learn from the passage that__________________.

A. almost every country is making use of the wave power at present

B. it is necessary for us to develop wave power instead of oil and coal

C. wave power will be sure to make some bad influence on sea animals

D. scientists are making efforts to find new ways of fishing and boat traffic

57. What does the fourth paragraph tell us?

A. Why scientists are doing the research on wave power.

B. What experience that scientists have achieved so far.

C. How the wave energy forms and grows bigger.

D. Which countries are trying out wave power.

58. What’s the writer’s attitude towards wave power?

A. The writer believes that wave power will be used widely by man.

B. The writer doubts if wave energy can be changed into electricity.

C. The writer is sure the experiments will come to the end some day.

D. The writer thinks that wave power isn’t worth researching at all.

59. What can be the best title for the passage?

A. Sea Animals and Wave Power. B. How Do We Get Wave Energy?

C. The Advantages of Wave Power. D. Can Waves Make Electricity?

（2012 東城一模）C

Florida school children chose the panther as the state animal. Florida panthers are a type of mountain lion. The Florida panther is the only group of mountain lions east of the Mississippi River. The panther stands for beauty and power of life.

Is the Florida panther endangered?

In 1967 the government listed the Florida panther as endangered. Endangered means that without human help an animal or plant will become extinct. Extinct means that the animal or plant will never again stay alive on earth.

What do Florida panthers look like?

Panthers are about 10 times as big as a housecat. Like all cats they have very sharp claws and teeth. They need sharp claws and teeth to kill and eat their food. Florida panthers are tawny (the same color as deer). The fur on their bellies and the inside of their legs is lighter, and the fur on their backs, tails, and legs is darker. These are Florida panther paw prints:

What do Florida panthers eat?

Panthers only eat meat. Panthers eat deer, wild hogs, raccoons, armadillos, and rabbits. Sometimes they eat birds and even alligators. No panther has ever even killed a person.

What kinds of families do panthers have?

Panther females and kittens make up the panther family. The father does not help take care of the kittens. Panthers may have from 1 to 4 kittens. Panthers leave their mothers when they are about 2 years old. Growing up is harder for boy panthers than girl panthers. Girls often stay near their mother. Boys must try to find a home range of their own.

Where do Florida panthers live?

Panthers need lots of land. The area where a panther hunts is its home range. They prefer hardwood hammocks and pine forest with lots of palmettos for their range. Panthers usually rest during the day hidden in thickets of palmetto. At dusk they begin to travel and hunt. Unless you are very lucky, you will probably never see a panther in the wild. But you can help them by protecting the lands they need to keep alive. You can support efforts to recover the panther from being endangered.

53. Which of the following looks like the panther most?

A. B. C. D.

54. The underlined word “extinct” means “________”.

A. dead B. dangerous C. bright D. natural

55. The panther was chosen as the state animal mainly because ______.

A. no panther has ever killed a person

B. the panther is beautiful and full of energy

C. people may never see a panther in the wild

D. panthers leave their mothers at an early age

56. How do people protect the panther in Florida?

A. They take panthers to the zoo.

B. They give panthers enough meat.

C. They keep the land safe for panthers.

D. They help to look after small panthers.

（2012 東城一模）D

When we found Tony, he was a sorry sight. His clothes were dirty. There was blood all over his right arm. Before we reached him, we saw him fall. He lay a moment. Then he pulled himself to his feet, walked a few yards with difficulty through the woods and fell again. When we lifted him off the ground, he tried to break away and run, like a wild animal.

After we got him out, we went back to find the gun that he had thrown down. His footprints showed that for two days he had circled in the forest, within 200 yards of the road. His senses were so weak by fear that he did not hear the cars going by or see the lights at night. He was very tired. We found him just in time. This man, like others before him, was full of fear when he knew he was lost.

Whatever sense of direction that a man may have, it’s still largely a question of watching out. An experienced woodsman always keeps an eye on the things around him. He notes the shape of a mountain, the direction that water flows through the mountain, and everything along with him when he travels—how a tree leans across it and how a rock stands. He sees the way and the general flows of water. With these in mind, he may be turned around many times, but his way is seldom lost.

There are exceptions, of course, and once in a while a man does get into some strange difficulty that puts him into the “lost” column. A rainstorm may catch him without a compass to show him the direction. Darkness may find him in a very hard situation, where travel is dangerous without a light.

When this happens, the normal first reaction is the fear of difficulty as a result of this poor woodsmanship. He may also worry about the trouble that he will cause his friends when he doesn’t show up. If he is short of experience, he may keep on the move in an effort to find the camp against all bad happenings. And the result is that he might walk in circles or in the wrong direction and in the end beat himself out physically and mentally—he will be found mad and crazy.

57. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Tony went to look for a wild animal.

B. Tony found his gun in the circle he walked.

C. A man will be full of fear when he gets lost.

D. A man won’t get lost if he has a sense of direction.

58. The word “woodsmanship” refers to ______.

A. ways of protecting the forest

B. the art of traveling in the forests

C. the experience of finding a lost man

D. skills of helping people in the woods

59. What can be the best title for the passage?

A. Don’t Be Mad B. Fears in the Forest

C. Easy to Get Lost D. What to Do in the Forest

（2012房山一模）C

　　A newspaper reporter’s job can be very interesting. He meets all kinds of people and lives quite a busy life. He is on the rush for news all the time, then after several years he may get a desk job, and life becomes a bit more settled. Let’s look at his work a little more closely. In a day he may have to interview the president of a foreign country, and the next day he may be writing about a football match. Sometimes he may be so busy that he has hardly any time to sleep. And at other times he may go on for days looking out for news materials yet return empty-handed.

　　In the beginning, a reporter has to cover a very wide field. After the early years he becomes more specialized in his work. For example, he may finally be asked to write only politics or sports. Some reporters may become so specialized that they are asked only to write on a special thing: horse racing, for example. In most newspaper houses there is at least one special racing correspondent(通訊記者、特派員). Some newspapers have book reviews. Their job is to make people pleasant. They read the latest book and then write reviews on the ones they like. Then there are those who write on films, so they get to see them even before they are shown in the cinema. How lucky, you would say!

　　A reporter’s job can also be very dangerous. A number of them have died rushing from one task to another, and if there is a flood or a riot(暴亂) they may get hurt or even be killed. Three years ago there was a reporter whose camera was destroyed by a group of men, because they were angry with him for taking their picture. Dangerous or not, one thing is certain, and that is, their job is never boring!

53. Reporters who write on films are said to be lucky because they _____.

A. can write anything they like because the film stars like them

B. can see the films before most people see them in the cinema

C. can pay less than other people because they know the film stars

D. can see more film stars before most people see them in the cinema

54. A reporter’s work can be dangerous when _____.

　　A. there is a flood or a riot B. he is seeing a frightening film

C. there is a football match D. he is interviewing the president

55. From the passage we can infer that, to be a good reporter, he must be all of the following except _____.

　　A. brave　 B. strong　　 C. quick in mind　　 D. good at writing

（2012房山一模） D

Imagine, getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours, and then, after a full day of work, going back home to Beijing and having dinner there.

Sounds unusual, doesn"t it? But it has come true, with the development of China’s high-speed railway system(系統). And that’s not all. China has an even greater high-speed railway plan—to connect the country with Southeast Asia, and finally Eastern Europe.

China is negotiating(協商) to spread its own high·-speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 10 to 15 years, at the end reaching London and Singapore.

China has proposed three such projects. The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore through Vietnam and Malaysia. Another could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and possibly to Germany. The third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe.

China’s plan for the high-speed railway goes forward, people could zip over from London to Beijing within two days. The new system would still follow China’s high-speed railway standards.

China’s high-speed train, the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou, already has the World’s fastest average speed. It covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours.

Of course, there are some technical challenges we have to face. There are so many things to be improved, for example, safety. So, it’s important to pay attention to every tiny thing.

But the key point is really money. China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on the railway system in the country.

China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources(資源) rather than with capital investment(投資). Resources from those countries could stream into China to its long-term development.

It’ll be a win-win project. For other countries, the railway network will surely create more chances for business, tourism and so on, not to mention the better communication among those countries.

For China, such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources, but would also help develop China’s far west. We foresee that in the near future, millions of people will move to the western areas, where the land is empty and resources rich. With high-speed trains, people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for all. And they’ll trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries.

56. Which of the following is true?

A. China’s far western areas need to be further developed.

B. China plans to connect Southeast Asia with Eastern Europe.

C. There is enough money for China to carry out high-speed railway plan.

D. Safety problem of the high-speed railway has been completely solved.

57. What does the underlined sentence “It will be a win-win project” in the passage mean?

A. China will win for ever in the project.

B. The project will win China a lot of money.

C. Chinese will arrive wherever they want to go with the project.

D. The project will do good to both China and the countries mentioned.

58. What’s the writer’s attitude towards China’s high-speed railway plan?

A. He agrees. B. He doesn’t care about it.

C. He disagrees. D. He doubts whether it will come true.

59. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A. New Railway Standards B. Big Railway Dreams

C. International Railway Network D. High-speed Trains

(2012豐臺一模)C

DO you have a lucky number? What is it? Many people have a special number that they hope will bring them good luck.

In Chinese culture, some numbers are believed to be lucky or unlucky based on the Chinese word that the number sounds similar to.

For example, the word for the number 8 sounds similar to the word for “making a fortune”. So, people consider it a very lucky number. Some people will even spend a lot of money to have 8s in their phone numbers or vehicle license plate (車牌照) numbers. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics began at 8:08 p.m. on August 8, 2008.

The number 9 is also a lucky number because of its connection to the emperors of China. There were nine dragons on emperors’ robes (龍袍) and Chinese myth held that the dragon has nine children. The number 9 also stands for “long lasting”. That’s why a man always proposes to a woman with 99 or 999 roses.

So what’s a “bad luck” number in China? It might be 4. Many Chinese people see 4 as a “bad luck” number because it sounds similar to the character for “death”.

Because of this, many buildings skip the fourth floor, and simply call it the fifth floor. In Hong Kong, some buildings even skip all floors numbered with 4, such as, 4, 14, 24, 34 and all 40-49 floors. Some buildings also skip the 13th floor, as this is considered an unlucky number in many Christian countries. As a result, a building whose highest floor is 50 may have only 35 physical floors. 275 w

[來源:學。科。網]

53. How do lucky or unlucky numbers come in Chinese culture?

They come mostly of __. C

A. people’s hope for good luck B. people’s belief in certain numbers

C. similar sounds of Chinese numbers and words D. Chinese traditions

54. What can we learn from the passage? D

A. Many people like the number 8 because it can bring them much money.

B. Much money is sometimes spent on 8s in people’s car numbers in China.

C. 9 is a lucky number in Chinese culture for only one reason.

D. 4 is an unlucky number because it predicts death to the Chinese.

55. What is the passage mainly about? B

A. Good luck and bad luck in China.

B. Lucky and unlucky numbers in China.

C. Some facts with lucky or unlucky numbers.

D. Lucky and unlucky numbers in culture.

(2012豐臺一模)D

The webs that spiders build to catch insects seem weak. However, the strength of spider thread is greater than steel. Webs can even stand up to very strong storms.

Now a team, headed by Markus Buehler, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has worked out why the spider web is so strong. It is not just the strength of the thread, but the clever design of the web. The key to a web’s success is its ability to keep its shape and strength even after some of the threads break, says Buehler. The scientists found the thread itself has the ability to become softer or firmer. So it can hold different types of heavy things and bear a localized damage (損壞). This localized damage can simply be repaired, rather than replaced, or even left alone if the web continues to work as before.

Buehler’s research is mostly theoretical (理論上的), based on computer modeling of material properties (特性) and how they respond to stresses. But in order to test the findings, he and his team literally went into the field. They tested actual spider webs by poking and pulling at them. In all cases, damage was limited to the immediate area they disturbed.

In tests, scientists also used three other strong materials made into the same webs. The spider thread was six times stronger than any other material. More surprisingly, when the scientists took away up to 10 percent of the threads from different places, the web didn’t become any weaker. Actually, it became up to 10 percent stronger.

The spider web’s clever design gives scientists many new ideas. The findings might be used not just for physical objects such as safer buildings, but also in the design of networked systems. For example, a computer experiencing a virus attack could be designed to shut down at once, before its problems get worse. “It’s a really good chance,” said Buehler. “It may give us some new ideas for engineering.” 384 w

56. Where does the strength of the web threads come from? D

A. Their high stickiness. B. Their high firmness .

C. Their clever design. D. Their ability to change in quality.

57. Which word is closest in meaning to the word “disturb” in the 3rd paragraph? A

A. Upsetting. B. Changing. C. Moving. D. Hitting.

58. How many different experiments did Buehler’s team do to test their findings? C

A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.

59. What can be the best title for the passage? B

A. Spider Webs Are Stronger than Steel B. Spider Webs Hold Valuable Secrets

C. How Spider Webs Get Their Strength D. What Strong Spider Webs Mean to Us

（2012海淀一模）C

There"s a lot of focus on trans fats（反式脂肪）these days. We read about it in the news, and there"s talk of passing laws against trans fats. We are bombarded with the word. Unfortunately, most people don’t know what trans fats truly are and why they are so bad for us. A lot of food production companies want to get your dollars by printing "Trans Fat Free" on their label (標簽). Sadly, they may not be telling the truth.

So what is a trans fat really? A trans fat is a liquid (液體) fat that is turned into a solid. Although there are very small amounts of natural trans fats in meat and dairy products, most of them are created by adding hydrogen to liquid fat. Food-makers do this because it makes the product last longer on the shelf. Have you ever wondered why cookies can still be crispy and "tasty" after six months to a year on a store shelf? It"s because of trans fats. Trans fats are typically found in things like donuts, French fries, cookies, microwave popcorn, and potato chips.

Why are trans fats bad for you? Trans fats raise the bad cholesterol（膽固醇）in your body and lower the good cholesterol that the body needs. Fatty foods do cause overweight. Trans fats build up in the body and block blood flow to the heart. People whose diet contains a high percentage of trans fats are at risk of heart disease and stroke.

Why can the food-makers label trans fat free when it isn"t? Because of the way the nutrition labeling laws work, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has allowed that if a food has less than 0.5 grams per serving (一份) it can be classified as trans fat free. Read the label and you may discover that the package actually contains 6 servings, and if you just ate three of them, you might have eaten 1.49 grams of trans fats.

Besides, in most fast food restaurants, ingredient and nutrition information are not listed. You may be shocked if you know what you are eating. An article in Men’s Health magazine pointed that in KFC, hydrogenated(氫化的) oils appeared 91 times among the ingredients from the menu list.

How do you really know if there are trans fats in the food you are eating? One way to truly understand what you are eating is to read the label. Another is to understand your ingredients. Anything on the label that says hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, even if the package states "Trans Fat Free", has trans fats in it. You had better not buy that product. Make a different choice, a choice for your health.

53. The expression “are bombarded with” in Paragraph 1 probably means_______.

A. are tired of B. hear much of

C. are connected with D. know clearly about

54. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Trans fats can make food last long and keep people fit.

B. Food-makers use trans fats because they make food delicious.

C. The amount of trans fat in food is clearly written on the label.

D. Trans fat can be found in the food with package saying trans fat free.

55. What can be the best title for the passage?

A. Danger of Eating Trans Fats Food

B. Truths and Facts about Trans Fats

C. Buy Trans Fats Free Products Now!

D. Don’t Eat in Fast Food Restaurants!

（2012海淀一模）D

The “halo effect” is a classic finding in social psychology. It is the idea that general evaluations (評價)　about a person (e.g. she is likeable) influence judgments about their specific traits（品質）(e.g. she is intelligent). Hollywood stars give the perfect example. Because they are often attractive and likeable, we naturally consider they are also intelligent, friendly and so on. That is, sometimes, not true.

In the 1970s, well-known social psychologist Richard Nisbett set out to prove the fact that we actually pay little attention to our thought processes in general, especially to the halo effect.

Nisbett wanted to examine the way students made judgments about teachers. They had been divided into two groups to watch two different videos of the same teacher, who happened to have a strong Indian accent. One group watched the teacher answer a series of questions in an extremely warm and friendly manner. The second group saw exactly the same person answer exactly the questions in a cold and distant manner. In one the teacher appeared to like teaching and students, and in the other he came across as someone powerful who didn’t like teaching at all.

After each group of students watched the videos they were asked to evaluate the teacher on physical appearance, mannerisms and even his accent (mannerisms were kept the same across both videos). The same as the halo effect infers, students who saw the “warm” one evaluated him more attractive, his mannerisms more likeable and even his accent as more pleasing. This was unsurprising as it backed up the ideas on the halo effect. At the same time, for those who had seen the other video, the result was just the wrong way around.

The surprise is that students had no clue why they gave one teacher higher evaluations. Most said that how much they liked the teacher had not influenced their evaluation of his individual traits at all.

The halo effect is fascinating and now well-used in the business world. For example, books that have “Harvard Classics” written on the front can ask twice the price of the exact same book without it. The same is true in the fashion industry.

So, the next time you consider buying a pair of designer jeans or decide whether you like someone, ask yourself whether the halo effect is operating. Are you really evaluating the traits of the person? This simple check could save you wasting your money or refusing a loyal friend. Or perhaps, even if you do check, you’ll still never know.

Why does the author mention Hollywood stars in the first paragraph?

A. To help us to evaluate others.

B. To explain what the halo effect is.

C. To show us the background of the story.

D. To tell us Hollywood stars are not truly friendly.

57. Which one do you think is NOT an example of the halo effect?

You make friends with the people who have good judgments.

You prefer to buy the products advertised by a movie star.

You pay more for a simple T-shirt with a famous designer’s name on it.

You believe your teachers are intelligent because they appear likeable.

58. What can we learn from the passage?

People can do nothing to avoid the halo effect.

People use the halo effect widely in the business world.

People often wonder how the halo effect works before shopping.

D. People sometimes don’t realize the halo effect when they make judgments.

59. The passage is mainly about _____.

the cause of the halo effect

the development of the halo effect

the evaluation of the halo effect

the influence of the halo effect

（2012懷柔一模）C

Do you still remember the terrible earthquake in 2008 in Sichuan, which killed at least 87,000 people and left millions homeless? On the twelfth day after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao said, “A new Wenchuan will rise from the ruins（廢墟）.” Now his words have come true. Four years has passed and the worst-hit areas in Sichuan have risen from the ruins.

So far, 95% of the reconstruction projects（重建項目）have been completed. Nearly 3,000 schools, 1,000 hospitals and more than 5 million homes have been built. Now everyone has been provided（提供） with a home, a job and social security.

Dong Xinjun, a villager in Qingchuan, said volunteers from Zhejiang taught him how to grow mushrooms and now he makes about 3,000 yuan more than before every year.

Zhu Lihu, the headmaster of a village primary school in Qingchuan, told us that teaching equipment had been greatly improved. Now they have new classrooms, a library and a computer room with 20 computers.

On May 8th, 2011, Premier Wen Jiabao made his 10th visit to Sichuan Province after the earthquake. He visited a lot of middle schools and neighborhoods. At Beichuan Middle School, Premier Wen embraced a student named Zheng Haiyang, who lost both of his legs in the earthquake. The students told Premier Wen that their new school was very beautiful. And they would never forget that it was built with the hearts and strength of people across the whole country.

Premier Wen believes that the people in Wenchuan have a “strong will” and a “bright future”. They will never back down, but stand bravely on this land.

53. What is NOT provided for everyone in the earthquake-hit areas?

A. A home. B. A job. C. A computer. D.Social security.

54. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Nearly 1,000 schools have been built.

B. Dong Xinjun makes about 3,000 yuan every year.

C. Zhu Lihu’s new school has a new large gym.

D. Zheng Haiyang is a student of Beichuan Middle School.

55. How does the passage show us “Wenchuan has risen from the ruins”?

A. By giving facts and examples. B. By comparing different places.

C. By describing people’s looks. D. By using volunteers’ words.

（2012懷柔一模）D

Recognized as the largest desert in the world, the Sahara Desert runs across North Africa. Except for an occasional oasis（綠洲）, this vast land is mainly made up of sand, stones, and worn out mountains. The burning sun causes daytime temperatures to rise to nearly 70 degrees in the shade, and days without rain commonly last for years.

Paintings found on the walls of caves in the Sahara Desert suggest that a few thousand years ago, large quantities of plants grew there and covered the desert floor. Many curious and unusual insects, birds and animals got enough food that allowed them to grow and reproduce. At that time, huge river systems and many oases supported growing communities（社團，社區） where a large number of people lived.

Research scientists believe that the land became a desert for several reasons. For centuries people there have wandered(徘徊) from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing（吃草）land for their animals. These people have always considered the number of animals they have as a sign of wealth. The large herds（群）have been allowed to go freely and graze on desert plants and grass. Over time, large sections of land have been left uncovered. In addition to allowing over grazing, these people cut down whatever trees they could find and used them for firewood. The sand was unable to hold on to the great heat of the day, so nighttime temperatures often drop below freezing and nothing was left to hold the soil together.

Scientists have been studying different ways to bring back the green desert. Through research and experiments, they hope to be able to produce plants that will once again support the life there. Huge holes filled with much water lie under the desert surface. By making use of the sun’s power, scientists in the Sahara have made experiments in which they got huge amount of electricity. This electricity was then used to operate drilling machines and pumps to pull the rainwater from the underground tanks.

Scientists have had some success turning this wasteland into useful farmland. Today the desert is dotted(點綴) with huge wheat fields watered by a system of pipes that carry water from the underground tanks. Farmers have also learnt that plants grow better if seeds are planted next to stones which could provide protection from the sun. In addition to that, greenhouses have been built to protect plants from the sunshine so that less water is needed. Another idea is to grow plants that can live on a diet of salt water, since the ocean is so near to the desert.

56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. The desert is rich in beautiful color and scenery.

B. Allowing over grazing is the only reason to make the land became a desert.

C. The Sahara will one day become a beautiful garden.

D. Large river systems once supported many communities.

57. From the passage, we can infer that scientists are ______.

A. pleased by the progress but do not have the money to continue

B. discouraged by the poor results of their experiments

C. hopeful about the chances of life coming back to the desert

D. troubled by the lack of water found underground

58. From paragraph 4 and 5, we can know that______.

A. Animals have learnt to survive in the desert by lying next to rocks away from sunshine.

B. Through experiments, a desert may become a food-producing land.

C. Water supply will dry up before it can be used to grow crops.

D. Saltwater seeds will grow in the desert sand.

59. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Drilling machines help to water the desert floor and make plants and animals alive.

B. Scientists have been able to turn this large wasteland into a successful farming community.

C. So much soil has become sand that the desert will never be able to support life as it once did.

D. The desert no longer supports plenty of life, but researchers hope to change it with new scientific techniques.

（2012門頭溝一模）C

　　When someone wants to have a new life, he/she is more willing to make some changes in his/her life and in his/her outlook(人生觀). Actually slight(微小的) changes can make one’s life different.

　　Those slight changes are more easily to put into action. To change the small parts rather than carry out a big plan for a series of big stuff can make people more likely to focus on(集中) it. Take changing the hair style for example. It is a pretty easy task to finish. When I feel happy, I am more willing to change the sheets, clean out some clutter(雜物) to make my house look better and so on. After doing that, I can feel more control over my life.

　　The small changes we achieve can also give us more confidence to achieve the big goals. The good results we get from the small changes can bring us a taste of successful completion. Once a behavior has been developed into a habit, we are more likely to do it unconsciously(無意識地). So start with small goals, for example to read five to ten pages of the book you think boring but really useful for you every day rather than force yourself to finish it in one day. That’s a wiser way to achieve the big goal.

　　On the other hand, by making small changes, we may ask ourselves, “How can I apply(應用) this process to the bigger thing that I want?” and then keep on going, especially when we find those changes can make us feel the power to make positive(積極的) changes.

　　Start with a small decision. Who knows where we will go far in the end?

54. Why does the author advise us to make slight changes first if we want to lead a new life?

A. Because slight changes are more important.

B. Because slight changes are easy to carry out.

C. Because slight changes don’t need planning.

D. Because slight changes are only half a success.

55. The author takes reading a book for example to show readers __________.

A. reading is an important task B. how to become wiser by reading

C. how a hard task can become easy D. reading is very interesting and useful

56. The author mainly tells us to __________ if we want some changes in our life.

A. start with small changes B. read more books every day

C. make a difference in the future D. make great progress at a time

（2012門頭溝一模）D

　　”Most experiences of absent-mindedness, forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just went into a room, are caused by a simple lack(缺乏) of attention,” says Schacter, a scientist from New York University. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded(編碼) it deeply.”

　　Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impression(印象) on recalling(回想起) it later. Failure to encode properly can create troublesome situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved(參加) in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your cupboard. “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter, “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.”

　　Lack of interest is another reason which can lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite(列舉) sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, another scientist from New York University, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory depends on just that.

　　”Visual cues(視覺提示) can help prevent absent-mindedness,” says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available(有用的).” If you want to remember to take a medicine with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine box and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.

　　Another common experience of absent-mindedness is: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. “The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember.”

57. The writer of the passage thinks that encoding properly is very important because ________.

　　A. it helps us to get back to where we were

　　B. it slows down the process of losing our memory

　　C. it helps us understand our memory system better

　　D. it makes us able to recall something from our memory

58. One possible reason why women have a little better memories than men is that __________.

　　A. they rely more on the environment

　　B. they have a wider range of interests

　　C. they have an unusual power of focusing their attention

　　D. they are more interested in what is happening around them

59. The passage is mainly about __________.

　　A. the memory system of persons

　　B. a way of encoding and recalling

　　C. the causes of absent-mindedness

　　D. the impression of the environment on memory

（2012平谷一模） C

I have become very interested in the importance of memory in our lives. Most people know that the brain controls how the body works. The brain also controls what the mind thinks, how we feel, how we work on information, and how we understand things. I am interested in how people remember, what they remember, and how they use and improve their memories.

Memory plays an important role in learning and thinking. People have different abilities to remember. Stress, fatigue, emotional problems, and illness can decrease the ability to remember. General good health contributes to good memory. Practice also improves memory. People gather and remember information in different ways. Some people remember colors or smells or sounds. Other people find it easier to remember spoken words. While still others remember printed words easily.

We have two kinds of memory — long-term memory and short-term memory. Long-term memory is the ability to remember events from the distant past. Long-term memory is often the strongest and lasts throughout a person’s life. One kind of long-term memory is called “screen memory.” This means that many experiences we get are put together in the mind as one memory.

Short-term memory is the ability to remember events in the recent past, for example, the name of someone you met at a party last night. Short-term memory is often challenged by stress, illness, and aging. Many of us have, or have had, grandparents who’re able to remember events from their childhood , but are unable to remember what happened yesterday. Most people can only remember seven items in order. This is why telephone numbers, for example, are seven digits ( digits: 0-9 ) long.

Not all memories are correct, but they all tell us something about the person who is doing the remembering. The memory may tell us what the rememberer likes or dislikes, what he or she wishes, and it may also tell us about his or her fears. The study of memory may also provide information about the health or illness of a person. This is a very exciting frontier in biological science. There is still a lot for us to learn.

53. What does the underlined word “decrease” mean ?

A. improve B. destroy

C. go down to a lower level D. make more effort

54. Why are the old unable to remember what’s happened recently?

A. Because they don’t want to.

B. Because the events are not in the past.

C. Because the old age affects short-term memory.

D. Because short-term memory lasts a few days.

55．What can you infer from the fourth paragraph?

A. Nine digits are used for telephone numbers.

B. People can remember more than seven items in order.

C. Telephone numbers will still keep seven digits long.

D. Stress affects short-term memory less than illness.

56. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?

A. We should go on studying memory in the future.

B. Some memories can provide us more information .

C. Memories can tell us something about what one remembers.

D. We can know something else about the person by his memory.

（2012平谷一模）D

Someone says that it is unfair to judge the book by its cover, or the man’s intelligence and abilities by his looks. It is true that Albert Einstein was not a picture of elegance (優雅) in his shapeless sweaters and baggy pants; and his refusal to wear ties and socks never hid his genius. But genius has its own special advantages, and Einstein never had to worry about people’s opinions about him. Among ordinary people, looks do mean something. While a man’s clothes don’t say anything about his intelligence, they say plenty about his personality, about his judgment （判斷力）and about the opinion that he has of himself.

“If that man had any sense,” reasons a possible employer(雇主), “Wouldn’t he try to look attractive enough to make me want to hire him? Is he too lazy to make the effort? What kind of a worker can he be? Does he feel so bad about himself, and could his judgment be correct? Perhaps he doesn’t really want to work, or like to be taken seriously. Is he a trouble maker? Or is it just that he is, after all, stupid?”

The same kind of question will come to the mind of anyone who sees a person wearing, by chance, the wrong kind of clothes for any special events. The man who appears at a party or a reception in a not-too-clean shirt, without tie, or at a business meeting with two-days growth of beard (胡須)will never be mistaken for an absent-minded genius. People will think it is true that he is rude, arrogant (傲慢的), or anxious to be “different”. Right or not, everyone reaches a decision about his personality and situation. If the decision is wrong, the man has nobody to blame but himself; he has delivered the wrong message.

57. What does the underlined phrase “had any sense ” mean?

A. understood well B. had a clear meaning

C. realized D. felt

58. Which of the following is NOT true?

A.People are very likely to judge a person by looks.

B. People’s judgment about a person is greatly influenced by his looks.

C. People may make wrong decisions if they judge a person by his looks.

D. A person’s looks can hide his intelligence, personality or something else in some ways.

59. Which of the following can be the title for this passage?

A. How to Look Attractive B. Clothes Make A Man

C. Never Judge A Book by Its Cover D. How Clothes Make A Man

（2012順義一模）C

As space science develops, man has learned more and more about space. Space is not only amazing but also dangerous. While working in space, spacemen are facing danger as well as success.

Scientists have found out that the radiation（輻射） is the greatest danger to spacemen in space. When spacemen are working in space, they are in danger of the radiation from the sun and other stars, which is bad for their health. The harm of the radiation won’t be found until their children even grandchildren are born. Some special medicine may work a little, but no really effective medicine has been found so far.

Space rubbish is also thought to be a great danger to spacemen. It’s reported that there were 9,000 man-made things flying in space. About 30% of these are satellites, 10% are spaceships, and the rest are space rubbish. An explosion（爆炸）in space in 1999 made a cloud of 300,000 fragments, each at least 4mm in size. A small piece of these even knocked a spaceship window and caused some damage.

Scientists are watching and reporting any possible danger all the time. They are working to deal with space rubbish. Although space is really dangerous, it interests many people on the earth. In the near future, it may become possible for people to spend a few days in a space hotel. We may even choose to leave the earth and live in space in a few years. So we should do something to help improve the space environment.

53. ______ shows the man-made things in space in the correct way.

A. B. C. D.

54. The underlined word “fragments” means “______”.

A.泡沫 B. 碎片 C. 煙霧 D. 飛碟

55. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. Every one of us can have a travel to space in ten years.

B. Scientists have found out ways to solve any problem in space.

C. The harm of the radiation may be found in the spacemen’s children.

D. Space is really dangerous, so it doesn’t interest anyone on the earth.

（2012順義一模）D

In England recently three foreign gentlemen came to a bus stop and waited . About five minutes later, the bus they wanted came along. They were just going to get on when suddenly there was a loud noise behind them. People rushed onto the bus and tried to push them out of the way . Someone shouted at them. The bus conductor came rushing down the stairs to see what all the trouble was about. The three foreigners seem all at sea and looked embarrassed. No one had told them about the British custom of lining up for a bus that the first person who arrives at the bus stop is the first person to get on the bus .

　 Learning the language of a country isn"t enough. If you want to have a pleasant visit, find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your host country. You will probably be surprised just how different they can be from your own. A visitor to India would do well to remember that people there consider it impolite to use the left hand for passing food at table. The left hand is supposed to be used for washing yourself. Also in India, you might see a man shaking his head at another to show that he doesn"t agree. But in many parts of India a shake of the head means agreement. Nodding your head when you are given a drink in Bulgaria will most probably leave you thirsty .

　　In that country, you shake your head to mean "yes"- a nod means "no" . At a meal in countries on the Arabic Peninsula, you will find that your glass is repeated refilled as soon as you drink up . If you think that you have had enough , you should take the cup or glasses in your hand and give it a little shake from side to side or place your hand over the top.

In Europe it quite usual to cross your legs when you are sitting talking to someone even at an important meeting. Doing this in Thailand, however, could bring about trouble . Also, you should try to avoid touching the head of an adult --it"s just not done in Thailand .

　56. The British people tried to push the three gentlemen out of the way, because the gentlemen _______ .

　 A. were foreigners　 B. didn"t have tickets

C. made a loud noise D. didn"t line up for the bus

　57. In India it is considered impolite _______.

A. to help yourself at table.

B. to eat food with your hands.

C. to pass food with the left hand.

D. to use the right hand for passing food at table.

　58. To cross one"s legs at an important meeting in Europe is _______.

A. a bad manner

　　B. a common habit　　　

　　C. a serious trouble 　

　　D. an important manner

　59. According to the article, if you want to have a pleasant journey in a foreign country, you should _______.

A. have enough time and money

　　B. learn the language of the country

C. make friends with the people there

D. understand the manners and customs of the country

(2012西城一模)C

Does it seem like everyone you know is, too busy, or tired? Do you feel like you never have time to just relax? Do you daydream about being on vacation? Well, you are not alone. Most people have too much to do, and too little time. It is not surprising that stress (壓力) is a common part of everyone’s life.

We often think that a vacation will help us relax. But most of us find that after a few days back at work or school, we feel the usual stress. The question is: how can we make relaxation and leisure (休閑) time part of our daily lives? Here are some ways to reduce stress in your everyday life.

Exercise! Exercise is one of the simplest and best ways to reduce stress. When we exercise, our body produces natural relaxants into our bloodstreams. Our stress level is then reduced. If your day is stressful, take 20 minutes or more for a walk, a bike ride, or a sport.

Get enough sleep. If you don’t get enough sleep, you may feel more nervous or get angry more easily. In addition, you will have a harder time concentrating (集中注意力) and doing your work. When you can’t work well, you create stress for yourself.

Enjoy a sense of humor. It is good to have a good laugh about something that relaxes us. Laughter breaks worry and helps us take a break. Take time to read the cartoon stories in the newspaper, watch a funny TV play or movie, or trade jokes with a friend.

Eat properly. If you don’t eat healthy food, your body will feel tired and run down. Eat normal meals, and don’t eat too much sugary food. Sugar gives quick energy, but soon you will feel tired again.

Practice relaxation methods. There are many different relaxation methods that can help you reduce stress. Some methods just take a few minutes, and can be done at any time during the day. Other methods require more time, and space for quiet time. Some common relaxation methods are: deep breathing and thinking, imagining peaceful scenes, massage (按摩), or yoga (瑜伽).

Make time for some free time activity every day. What do you like to do to relax you? Is there something you enjoy doing that always makes you feel less stressful? Think about hobbies or activities that give you pleasure.

53. The purpose of the passage is to ______.

A. explain why many people feel lonely

B. prove that stress is part of our life

C. suggest taking more relaxing exercise

D. introduce some ways to reduce stress

54. From the passage, we can ______ to help us reduce stress.

A. take 5 minutes for a walk

B. trade jokes with our friends

C. try getting less sleep

D. change hobbies and activities

55. The writer may agree ______.

A. a short holiday can’t reduce the stress completely

B. sugary food can provide more energy for people

C. eating proper food can help our body produce natural relaxants

D. deep breathing and thinking are better methods to reduce stress

(2012西城一模)D

Time is not a fixed object. The idea of time in any given culture is largely a product created by beliefs, traditions, and values. In some cases, time is thought of as formless and is based on what is going on at the moment, rather than as a planned object. Others regard time as a machine: a real thing which is fixed, which can be divided into schedules (日程安排) and can be wasted.

Similarly, cultures are also likely to think of the passing of time in different ways as well. A society can be moved towards a specific (特定化的) understanding of history. Many cultures, such as British, Native American, Greek, French, Japanese, and some other Asian cultures, take the past, cultural history, and traditions as having the most importance, and use them as a guide in making present-day decisions. Some cultures see the present moment as the most important. Tradition holds little importance, and planning for the future is not the most important thing, but rather the present time is more valued, and these kinds of lifestyles are relaxed. Other societies can be future-oriented (關注未來的), and place an additional focus on planning and forward movement, and the present activities are treated as a bridge to this future goal. This is the common agreement in the United States.

How a person thinks of time can be understood in the way they work together with others. Someone with a focus on the future will hold schedules and times to be very important, as they are necessary for moving on to the next step. However, someone who lives more in the present may consider a certain meeting time as not fixed. In Italy and in many Arab countries, it is normal for people to be 30 minutes late for a meeting. It is different in the United States or Britain, for example, where lateness is accepted only up to 5 or 10 minutes.

The concept (概念) of time, and its flexibility (靈活多變), meaning, and even the nature of its existence (存在) is something which is deeply laid in the base of any culture. It is very important when entering into an agreement with someone, whether socially, or in a business setting, to realize that they may have a different idea about the importance of deadlines and schedules. No one can be right or wrong in their own way, but still people can be accidentally insulted (冒犯) as a result of a misunderstanding.

56. From the first paragraph, we can know that ______.

A. people think of time as a sign of culture

B. people have different opinions about time

C. time is about what’s going on at the moment

D. time is either a planned object or a machine

57. The past might be thought of as the most important because ______.

A. it helps us to make present decisions

B. it helps us to plan for the future

C. traditions bring us much pride

D. old countries have a long history

58. Which example best describes a present-oriented culture?

A. Making a plan for tomorrow’s work.

B. Planning a tour to the Forbidden City.

C. Eating dumplings during Spring Festival.

D. Never paying attention to the weather report.

59. What is the best title for the passage?

A. The Tradition of Time B. The Importance of Time

C. The Concept of Time D. The Management of Time

（2012延慶一模）C

Your Nose knows

If I were to ask you to close your eyes and I gave you a piece of apple to eat, would you be able to tell me what it is just by tasting it? Of course, you could. Your tongue helps you know what different foods taste like. Do you know that foods would taste different if you did not have a nose?

What You Need

☆a friend to help

☆small pieces of any food like carrot, orange, banana—whatever you have

☆small pieces of apples, raw(uncooked) potato and (if you are brave) onion

What You Do

There are actually three different experiments. You and your friend

should take turns trying them on each other.

Experiment 1:

Have your friend close her eyes and open her mouth. Give her a piece of the food and ask her to taste it. Then, ask her what she thinks it is. She will probably guess correctly.

Experiment 2:

While your friend has her eyes closed, give her a piece of raw potato. At the same time, hold a piece of apple right under her nose. Ask her to eat the potato and tell you what she thinks it is. She will say it is a piece of apple! You can even do it the other way around, and she will think she is eating a potato, or, perhaps, she won’t be able to name what she is eating.

Experiment 3: (for the brave)

Take a piece of raw onion. You don’t have to close your eyes this time. Press your nose closed with your other hand so that no smells can get into your nose. Now eat a small piece of the onion. Surprise! As long as you hold your nose, you will not be able to taste the onion.

The Science Secret

You already know the science secret. Your nose and your tongue work together to make food taste the way it does. Your tongue, however, can taste only certain flavors like salty, bitter, sour, and sweet. All of the other “tastes” are actually “smells”, and you need your nose to taste them.

Oh, you might use this science secret the next time you are forced to eat something you don’t like the taste of. If you hold your nose while you eat it, you won’t “taste” it

at all.

53. In Experiment 1, you should ________ before giving your friend a piece of food.

A. ask her to taste the food B. have her close her eyes

C. see if her guess is correct D. ask her to name the food

54. Why is Experiment 3 for the brave? Because ________.

A. you have to press your nose B. you have to eat a raw onion

C. you do the experiment alone D. you must keep your eyes open

55. What’s the passage mainly about?

A. Why different foods can smell the same.

B. Why some things smell better than others.

C. How smell changes the way we see things.

D. How smell affects the way food tastes.

56. What can we learn from the passage?

A. Knowledge comes from personal experience.

B. Team work helps us to find out science secrets.

C. We should have courage while doing experiments.

D. We can’t draw a conclusion simply from the feeling.

（2012延慶一模）D

“The age of melancholy（悲哀的）” is how Daniel Goleman describes our age. People today experience more depression (feeling of sadness) than older generations, though the technological wonders help us every day. It might be because of them.

Our lifestyles are increasingly driven by technology. Our days are filled with phones, computers and the Internet.

Are we being served by these technological wonders or have we become controlled by them? I study the psychology of technology, and it seems to me that we are sleepwalking into a world where technology is severely affecting our well-being. Technology can be hugely useful in the modern living, but we need to stop it from taking over.

For many of us, it is becoming increasingly difficult to control the impulse(沖動) to check our inbox yet again or see whether the headlines have changed since we looked last time. Our children are in a similar position. In many homes, the computer, with which we work and play, has become the centre of attention.

How does this arise, and what is it doing to us? People who place a high value on material goals are unhappier than those who are less materialistic.

Our culture also reminds us that time is money. This shows a need for total efficiency (效率), which is the reason for us to allow laptop computers and mobile phones to make the separation between work and home unclear. As one unhappy human resource manager in a high-tech company put it, “They gave me a mobile phone so they can own me 24 hours a day, and a handy-held computer, so my office is now with me all the time—I cannot break out of this pressure.” Sound familiar?

Psychologists generally believe that the shortage of a clear separation between work and home greatly damages our relationships with loved ones. It also makes us quite likely to focus on the here and now at the expense of long-term goals.

Modern society is in danger of exchanging standard of living for quality（質量） of life. We need ways to help recover those increasingly large parts of our lives that have been controlled by technology, to regain mastery over technology and learn to use it in a healthy and active way.

57. The writer use Daniel Goleman’s words “the age of melancholy” to ________.

A. prove the point that people are controlled by advanced technology

B. introduce his view about the advantage of technological wonders

C. introduce his idea of a more depressed society because of technology

D. prove that modern people are puzzled by the technological wonders

58. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 mean?

A. We should stop using these technological wonders.

B. We should use these technological wonders wisely.

C. We are completely affected by these technological wonders.

D. We are totally amazed at these technological wonders.

59. What is the best title for the passage?

A. Sad Feeling in Advanced Society

B. Standard of Living or Quality of Life?

C. Technology Wonders Bring New Lifestyle

D. Free Yourself from Control by Technology

（2012燕山一模）C

Compassion (同情) is a desire within us to help others. With effort, we can translate compassion into actions. An experience last weekend showed me this is true. I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly. These old people are our main customers，and it’s easy to lose patience over their slowness. But last Sunday，one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson. This untidy man walked up to my register with a box of biscuits. He said he was out of cash，had just moved into his room，and had nothing in his cupboards. He asked if we could let him have the food on trust. He promised to repay me the next day.

I couldn’t help staring at him. I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before，and what he would be like if luck had gone his way. I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul，all alone in the world. I told him that I was sorry，and the store rules didn’t allow me to do so. I felt stupid and unkind saying this，but I valued my job.

Just then，another man，standing behind the first，spoke up. “If anything,” he looked more pitiable, “charge it to me,” was all he said.

What I had been feeling was pity. Pity is soft，safe and easy. Compassion，on the other hand, is caring in action. I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed，either. Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself. I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.

53. From the first paragraph, we can know the old gentleman was __________.

A．friendly B．disappointed

C．kind and lucky D．poor and lonely

54. The underlined sentence “I valued my job.” means “________”.

A．I didn’t like my present job.

B．I didn’t want to lose my present job.

C．I thought I should pay for the old gentleman.

D．I expected someone else to pay for the old gentleman.

55. What is the main point in this passage?

A．Helping others is easier said than done.

B．Experience is better gained through practice.

C．Wealth is more important than anything else.

D. Obeying the rules means more than compassion.

（2012燕山一模）D

Would you eat a ready meal from the fridge rather than cook by yourself? Have you been doing Internet shopping rather than going to the stores? What can"t you be bothered to do?

A study into how lazy British people are has found more than half of the adults are so lazy that they"d catch the lift rather than climb two flights of stairs.

Just over 2000 people were quizzed by independent researchers at Nuffield Health, Britain"s largest health center. The results were extremely surprising.

About one in six people questioned said if their remote control was broken, they would continue watching the same channel rather than get up.

More than one third of those questioned said they would not run to catch a bus. Worryingly, of the 654 respondents with children, 64% said they were often too tired to play with them.

This led the report to conclude that it"s no wonder that one in six children in the UK are classified as obese (very fat) before they start school.

Dr Sarah Dauncey, medical director of Nuffield Health, said, “People need to get fitter, not just for their own sake, but for the sake of their families, friends and evidently their pets, too.”

“If we don"t start to take control of this problem, a whole generation will become too unfit to perform even the most fundamental tasks.”

And Scotland"s largest city, Glasgow, was shamed as the most idle city in the UK, with 75% questioned admitting they do not get enough exercise, followed closely by Birmingham and Southampton, both with 67%.

The results bring serious challenges for the National Health Service, where obesity-related illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have been on a steady increase for the past 40 years and are costing billions of pounds every year.

56. How many people questioned don"t play with their children?

A. About 330. B．About 420. C．About 654. D．About 1280.

57. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. All the adults in the UK are very lazy.

B. Half of the children are very fat before they go to school.

C. Pets will be in trouble if their owners don’t keep healthy.

D. All people in Glasgow feel ashamed because they don"t get enough exercise.

58. From the last paragraph, we can infer __________ if they keep lazy.

A. people may have heart disease

B. people can work at home all the time

C. people like shopping online

D. people don’t like climbing the stairs

59. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．The health service in the UK.

B．A study of British people"s lifestyles.

C．A study of British people"s laziness.

D．The obesity problem in the UK.

把自己當回事(18)

《傷寒論》方 七

?《傷寒論》113方（附“漢代與現代處方劑量換算表”）

《傷寒論》113方

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1桂枝湯方：12條

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 芍藥三兩 甘草二兩炙 生姜三兩切 大棗十二枚擘

右五味， 咀三味，以水七升，微火煮取三升，去滓，適寒溫，服一升。服已須臾，啜熱稀粥一升余，以助藥力，溫服令一時許，遍身漐漐微似有汗者益佳；不可令如水流離，病必不除。若一服汗出病差，停后服，不必盡劑；若不汗，更服，依前法；又不汗，后服小促其間，半日許令三服盡。若病重者，一日一夜服，周時觀之，服一劑盡，病證猶在者，更作服；若汗不出，乃服至二、三劑。禁生冷、粘滑、肉面、五辛、酒酪、臭惡等物。

2桂枝加掛湯方：117條

　　桂枝五兩，去皮 芍藥三兩 生姜三兩，切 甘草二兩，炙 大棗十二枚，擘

右五味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。本云桂枝湯，今加桂滿五兩。所以加桂者，以能泄奔豚氣也。

3桂枝加芍藥湯方：279條

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 芍藥六兩 甘草二兩，炙 大棗十二枚，擘 生姜三兩，切，右五味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫分三服。本云桂枝湯，今加芍藥。

4桂枝加大黃湯方：279條

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 大黃二兩 芍藥六兩 生姜三兩，切 甘草二兩，炙 大棗十二枚，擘　右六味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。

5桂枝加厚樸杏子湯方：43條

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 生姜三兩，切 芍藥三兩 大棗十二枚，擘厚樸二兩，炙，去皮 杏仁五十枚，去皮尖右七味，以水七升，微火煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，覆，取微似汗。

6桂枝加附子湯方：20

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 芍藥三兩 甘草三兩，炙 生姜三兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘附子一枚，炮，去皮，破八片右六味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。本云桂枝湯，今加附子，將息如前法。

7掛枝去芍藥湯方：21

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 生姜三兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘右四味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，本云桂枝湯，今去芍藥，將息如前法。

8桂枝去芍藥加附子湯方：22

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 生姜三兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘 附子炮，去皮，破八片，一枚右五味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。本云桂枝湯，今去芍藥，加附子，將息如前法。

9桂枝去芍藥加蜀漆牡蠣龍骨救逆湯方：112

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 生姜三兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘 牡蠣五兩，熬蜀漆三兩，洗去腥 龍骨四兩，右七味，

以水一斗二升，先煮蜀漆，減二升；內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。本云桂枝湯，今去芍藥，加蜀漆牡蠣龍骨。

10桂枝甘草龍骨牡蠣湯方：118

　　桂枝一兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 牡蠣二兩，熬 龍骨二兩，右四味，以水五升，煮取二升半，去滓，溫服八合，日三服。

11桂枝人參湯方：163

　　桂枝四兩，另切 甘草四兩，炙 白朮三兩 人參三兩 干姜三兩，右五味，以水九升，先煮四味，取五升；內桂，更煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日再，夜一服。

12桂枝附子湯方：174 （桂枝加白術湯）

　　桂枝四兩，去皮 附子三枚，炮，去皮，破 生姜三兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘 甘草二兩，炙，右五味，以水六升，煮取二升，去滓，分溫三服。

13桂枝去桂加茯苓白朮湯方：28

　　芍藥三兩 甘草二兩，炙 生姜切 白朮 茯苓各三兩 大棗擘，十二枚右六味，以水八升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，小便利則愈。本云桂枝湯，今去桂枝，加茯苓白朮。

14桂枝加芍藥生姜各一兩人參三兩新加湯方：62

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 芍藥四兩 甘草二兩，炙 人參三兩 大棗十二枚，擘生姜四兩，右六味，以水一斗二升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。本云桂枝湯，今加芍藥生姜人參。

15麻黃湯方：35

　　麻黃三兩，去節　　桂枝二兩，去皮　　甘草一兩，炙　

　　杏仁七十個，去皮尖

　　右四味，以水九升，先煮麻黃，減二升，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取二升半，去滓，溫服八合，覆，取微似汗，不須啜粥，余如桂枝法將息。

16大青龍湯方：38

　　麻黃六兩，去節 桂枝二兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 杏仁四十枚，去皮尖 生姜三兩，切大棗十枚，擘 石膏如雞子大，碎右七味，以水九升，先煮麻黃，減二升；去上沫，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，取微似汗。汗出多者，溫粉粉之。一服汗者，停后服；若復服，汗多亡陽，遂（一作逆）虛，惡風、煩躁、不得眠也。

17小青龍湯方：40

　　麻黃去節 芍藥 細辛 干姜 甘草炙 桂枝去皮,各三兩

　　五味子半升 半夏半升，洗

　　右八味，以水一斗，先煮麻黃減二升，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。若渴，去半夏，加栝樓根三兩；若微利，去麻黃，加蕘花，如一雞子，熬令赤色；若噎者，去麻黃，加附子一枚，炮；若小便不利、少腹滿者，去麻黃，加茯苓四兩；若喘，去麻黃，加杏仁半升，去皮尖。

18桂枝麻黃各半湯方：23

　　桂枝一兩十六銖，去皮 芍藥 生姜切 甘草炙 麻黃各一兩，去節 大棗四枚，擘 杏仁二十四枚，湯浸去皮尖及兩仁者右七味，以水五升，先煮麻黃

一二沸，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取

一升八合，去滓，溫服六合。本云桂枝湯三合，麻黃湯三合，并為六合，頓服，將息如上法。

19桂枝二麻黃一湯方：25

　　桂枝一兩十七銖去皮 芍藥一兩六銖 麻黃十六銖，去節 生姜一兩六銖，切杏仁十六個，去尖皮 甘草一兩二銖，炙 大棗五枚，擘右七味，以水五升，先煮麻黃一二沸，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取二升，去滓，溫服一升，日再服。本云桂枝湯二分、麻黃湯一分，合為二升，分再服。今合為一方，將息如前法。

20桂枝二越婢一湯方：27

　　桂枝去皮 芍藥 麻黃 甘草各十八銖，炙 大棗四枚，擘 生姜一兩二銖，切 石膏二十四銖，碎，綿裹右七味，以水五升，煮麻黃一二沸，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取二升，去滓，溫服一升。本云當裁為越婢湯、桂枝湯合之，飲一升。今合為一方，桂枝湯二分、越婢湯一分。

21麻黃細辛附子湯方：301

　　麻黃二兩，去節 細辛二兩 附子一枚，炮，去皮，破八片，右三味，以水一斗，先煮麻黃，減二升，去上沫；內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。

22麻黃附子甘草湯方：302

　　麻黃二兩，去節 甘草二兩，炙 附子一枚，炮，去皮，破八片，右三味，以水七升，先煮麻黃一兩沸，去上沫；內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。

23麻黃杏仁甘草石膏湯方：63

　　麻黃四兩，去節 杏仁五十個，去皮尖 甘草二兩，炙 石膏半斤，碎，綿裹右四味，以水七升，煮麻黃，減二升，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取二升，去滓，溫服一升。本云，黃耳柸

24麻黃連軺赤小豆湯方：206

　　麻黃二兩，去節 連軺二兩，連翹根是 杏仁四十個，去皮尖 赤小豆一升 大棗十二枚，孽 生梓白皮一生，切 生姜二兩，切 甘草二兩，炙，右八味，以潦水一斗，先煮麻黃再沸，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓。分溫三服。半日服盡 。溫服一升。本云，黃耳柸。

25葛根湯方：31

　　葛根四兩 麻黃三兩，去節 桂枝二兩，去皮 生姜三兩，切 甘草二兩，炙芍藥二兩 大棗十二枚，擘右七味，以水一斗，先煮麻黃、葛根，減二升，去白沫，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，覆，取微似汗。余如桂枝法，將息及禁忌，諸湯皆仿此。

26葛根加半夏湯方：33

　　葛根四兩 麻黃三兩去節 甘草二兩，炙 芍藥二兩 桂枝二兩，去皮生姜二兩，切半夏半升，洗 棗十二枚，擘右八味，以水一斗，先煮葛根、麻黃，減二升，去白沫，內諸藥；煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。覆，取微似汗。

27葛根黃芩黃連湯方：34

　　葛根半斤 甘草二兩，炙 黃芩三兩 黃連三兩，右四味，以

水八升，先煮葛根，減二升，內諸藥，煮取二升，去滓，分溫再服。

28桂枝加葛根湯方：14

　　葛根四兩 麻黃三兩，去節 芍藥二兩 生姜三兩，切 甘草二兩，炙 大棗十二枚，擘桂枝二兩法皮右七味，以水一斗，先煮麻黃、葛根，減二升，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。覆取微似汗，不須啜粥，余如桂枝法將息及禁忌。(宋本方后注云:"臣億等僅按，仲景本論，太陽中風，自汗，用桂枝，傷寒無汗用麻黃，今證云，汗出惡風，而方中有麻黃，恐非本意也，第三卷有葛根湯證云，無汗惡風，正與此方同，是合用麻黃也，此云桂枝加葛根，恐是桂枝中但加葛根耳。")

29白虎湯方：219

　　知母六兩 石膏一斤，碎 甘草二兩，炙 粳米六合，右四味，以水一斗，煮米熟，湯成去滓。溫服一升，日三服。

30白虎加人參湯方：168

　　知母六兩 石膏一斤，碎 甘草二兩，炙 人參二兩 粳米六臺，右五味，以水一斗，煮米熟，湯成去滓，溫服一升，日三服。此方立夏后、立秋前，乃可服；立秋后不可服；正月、二月、三月尚凜冷，亦不可與服之，與之則嘔利而腹痛。諸亡血虛家，亦不可與，得之則腹痛利者，但可溫之，當愈。

31竹葉石膏湯方：397

　　竹葉二把 石膏一斤 半夏半升，洗 麥門冬一升，去心 人參二兩 甘草二兩，炙 粳米半升，右七味，以水一斗，煮取六升，去滓；內粳米，煮米熟，湯成去米，溫服一升，日三服。

32調胃承氣湯方：29（甘草干姜湯方、芍藥甘草湯方、四逆湯方）

　　大黃四兩，去皮，清酒洗 甘草二兩，炙 芒消半升右三味，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓，內芒消，更上火微煮令沸，少少溫服之。

33小承氣湯方：208

　　大黃四兩，灑洗 厚樸二兩，去皮，炙 枳實大者，炙，三枚，右三味，以水四升，煮取一升二合；去滓，分溫二服，初服湯當更衣，不爾者盡飲之；若更衣者，勿服之

34大承氣湯：208

　　大黃四兩，酒洗 厚樸半斤，炙，去皮 枳實五枚，炙 芒硝三合，右四味，以水一斗，先煮二物，取五升，去滓；內大黃，更煮取二升，去滓；內芒消，更上微火一兩沸，分溫再服。得下，余勿服。

35桃核承氣湯方：106

　　桃仁五十個，去皮尖 大黃四兩 桂枝二兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙芒消二兩右五味，以水七升，煮取二升半，去滓，內芒消，更上火，微沸下火。先食溫服五合，日三服，當微利。

36抵當湯方：124

　　水蛭熬 虻蟲各三十個，去翅足，熬 桃仁二十個，去皮尖 大黃三兩，酒洗，右四味，以水五升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，不下更服。

37大陷胸湯方：134

　　大

黃六兩，去皮 芒消一升 甘遂一錢匕，右三味，以水六升，先煮大黃，取二升，去滓，內芒消，煮一兩沸，內甘遂末，溫服一升，得快利，止后服。

38小陷胸湯方：138

　　黃連一兩 半夏半升，洗 栝樓實大者一枚，右三味，以水六升，先煮栝樓，取三升，去滓；內諸藥，煮取二升，去滓，分溫三服。

39十棗湯方：152

　　芫花熬 甘遂 大戟，右三味，等分，各別搗為散。以水一升半，先煮大棗肥者十枚，取八合，去滓，內藥末。強人服一錢匕，羸人服半錢，溫服之。平旦服。若下少，病不除者，明日更服，加半錢；得快下利后，糜粥自養。

40桅子鼓湯方：221 76

　　肥桅子十四枚擘 香鼓四合，綿裹，右二味，以水四升，煮桅子取二升半，去滓；內鼓，更煮取一升半，去滓，分二服。溫進一服，得快吐者，止后服。

41桅子甘草豉湯方：76

　　桅子十四個，擘 甘草二兩，炙 香豉，四合綿裹，右三味，以水四升，先煮桅子、甘草，取二升半，內豉，煮取一升半，去滓，分二服。溫進一服，得吐者，止后服。

42桅子生姜鼓湯方：76

　　桅子十四個，擘 生姜五兩 香豉四臺，綿裹右三味，以水四升，先煮桅子、生姜，取二升半，內豉，煮取一升半，去滓，分二服。溫進一服，得吐者，止后服。

43桅子厚樸湯方：79

　　桅子十四個，擘 厚樸四兩，炙，去皮 枳實四枚，水侵，炙令黃右三味，以水三升半，煮取一升半，去滓，分二服。溫進一服，得吐者，止后服。

44桅子干姜湯方：80

　　桅子十四個，擘 干姜二兩，右二味，以水三升半，煮取一升半，去滓，分二服，溫進一服。得吐者，止后服。

45桅子蘗皮湯方：261

　　肥桅子十五個。擘 甘草一兩，炙 黃孽二兩，右三味，以水四升，煮取一升半，去滓，分溫再服。

46茵陳蒿湯方：236

　　茵陳蒿六兩 桅子十四枚，擘 大黃二兩，去皮，右三味，以水一斗二升，先煮茵陳，減六升；內二味，煮取三升，去滓，分三服。小便當利，尿如皂莢汁狀，色正赤，一宿腹減，黃從小便去也。

47枳實桅子鼓湯方：393

　　枳實三枚，炙 桅子十四個，擘 鼓一升，綿裹，右三味，以清漿水七升，空煮取四升；內枳實、桅子，煮取二升；下鼓，更煮五六沸，去滓，溫分再服，覆，令微似汗。若有宿食者，內大黃如博碁子五六枚，服之愈。

48小柴胡湯方：37

　　柴胡半斤 黃芩三兩 人參三兩 甘草炙 生姜各三兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘半夏半升，洗右七味，以水一斗二升，煮取六升，去滓，再煎取三升，溫服一升，日三服。

49大柴胡湯方：103

　　柴胡半斤 黃芩三兩 芍藥三兩

半夏半升，洗 生姜五兩，切 枳實四枚，炙大棗十二枚，擘，右七味，以水一斗二升，煮取六升，去滓再煎，溫服一升，日三服。一方加大黃二兩，若不加，恐不為大柴胡湯。

50柴胡加芒硝湯方：104

　　柴胡二兩十六銖 黃芩一兩 人參一兩 甘草一兩，炙 生姜一兩，切 半夏二十銖（本云，五枚，洗。） 大棗四枚，擘 芒硝二兩，右八味，以水四升，煮取二升，去滓，內芒硝，更煮微沸，分溫再服；不解更作。

51柴胡桂枝湯方：146

　　黃芩一兩半 人參一兩半 甘草一兩，炙 半夏二合半，洗 芍藥一兩半 大棗六枚，擘 生姜一兩半，切 柴胡四兩 桂枝一兩半，去皮，右九味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升。本云人參湯，作如桂枝法，加半夏、柴胡、黃芩，復如柴胡法。今用人參作半劑。

52柴胡桂枝干姜湯方：147

　　柴胡半斤 桂枝三兩，去皮 干姜二兩 栝樓根四兩 黃芩三兩 牡蠣二兩，熬 甘草二兩，炙，右七味，以水一斗二升，煮取六升，去滓，再煎取三升，溫服一升，日三服。初服微煩，復服汗出便愈。

53柴胡加龍骨牡蠣湯方：107

　　柴胡四兩 龍骨 黃芩 生姜切 鉛丹 人參 桂枝去皮 茯苓各一兩半　半夏二合半，洗 大黃二兩 牡蠣一兩半，熬 大棗六枚，擘，右十二味，以水八升，煮取四升，內大黃，切如碁子，更煮一兩沸，去滓，溫服一升。本云柴胡今加龍骨等。

54黃芩湯方：172

　　黃芩三兩 芍藥二兩 甘草二兩：炙 大棗十二枚。擘，右四味，以水一斗，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日再，夜一服。

55黃芩加半夏生姜湯方：172

　　黃芩三兩 芍藥二兩 甘草二兩，炙 大棗擘，十二枚 半夏半升，洗生姜一方三兩，切，一兩半右六味，以水一斗，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日再，夜一服。

56大黃黃連瀉心湯方：154

　　大黃二兩 黃連一兩

右二味，以麻沸湯二升漬之，須臾絞去滓。分溫再服

57附子瀉心湯方：155

　　大黃二兩 黃連一兩 黃芩一兩 附子一枚，炮，去皮破，別煮取汁右四味，切三味，以麻沸湯二升漬之，須臾絞去滓，內附子汁，分溫再服。

58甘草瀉心湯方：158

　　甘草四兩，炙 黃芩三兩 干姜三兩 半夏半升，洗 大棗十二枚。擘 黃連一兩，右六味，以水一斗，煮取六升，去滓，再煎取三升。溫服一升，日三服。

59半夏瀉心湯方：149

半夏半升，洗 黃芩 干姜 人參甘草各三兩，炙 黃連一兩 大棗十二枚，，擘右七味，以水一斗，煮取六升，去滓，再煎取三升，溫服一升， 日三服。須大陷胸湯者，方用前第二法。（一方用半夏一升。）

60生姜瀉心湯方：157

　　生姜四兩，切

甘草三兩，炙 人參三兩 干姜一兩 黃芩三兩 半夏半升，洗黃連一兩 大棗十二枚，擘，右八味，以水一斗，煮取六升，去滓，再煎取三升，溫服一升，日三服。附子瀉心湯，本云加附子，半夏瀉心湯，甘草瀉心湯，同體別名耳。生姜瀉心湯，本云理中人參黃芩湯，去桂枝、朮，加黃連，并瀉肝法。

61干姜黃芩黃連人參湯方：359

　　干姜 黃芩 黃連 人參各三兩，

右四味，以水六升，煮取二升，去滓，分溫再服。

62黃連湯方：173

　　黃連三兩 甘草三兩，炙 干姜三兩 桂枝三兩，去皮 人參二兩 半夏半升，洗 大棗十二枚，擘，右七味，以水一斗，煮取六升，去滓，溫服。晝三夜二。

63旋復代赭湯方：161

　　旋復花三兩 人參二兩 生姜五兩 代赭一兩 甘草三兩，炙半夏半升，洗，大棗十二枚，擘，右七味，以水一斗，煮取六升，去滓，再煎取三升。溫服一升，日三服。

64四逆湯方：29

　　甘草二兩，炙 干姜一兩半 附子一枚，生用，去皮，破八片右三味，以水三升，煮取一升二合，去滓，分溫再服。強人可大附子一枚、干姜三兩

65通脈四逆湯方：317

　　甘草二兩，炙 附子大者一枚，生用，去皮，破八片 干姜三兩，強人可四兩，右三味，以水三升，煮取一升二合，去滓，分溫再服，其脈即出者愈。面色赤者，加蔥九莖；腹中痛者，去蔥，加芍藥二兩；嘔者，加生姜二兩；咽痛者，去芍藥，加桔梗一兩；利止脈不出者，去桔梗，加人參二兩。病皆與方相應者，乃服之。

66通脈四逆加豬膽汁湯方：390

　　甘草二兩，炙 干姜三兩，強人可四兩 附子大者一枚，生，去皮，破八片 豬膽汁右四味，以水三升，煮取一升二合，去滓；內豬膽汁，分溫再服，其脈即來。無豬膽，以羊膽代之。

67干姜附子湯方：61

　　干姜一兩 附子一覆蓋，生用，去皮，切八片，右二味，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓，頓服。

68四逆加人參湯方：385

　　甘草二兩，炙 附子一枚，生，去皮，破八片 干姜一兩半 人參一兩，右四味，以水三升，煮取一升二合，去滓，分溫再服。

69茯苓四逆湯方：69

　　茯苓四兩 人參一兩 附子一枚，生用，去皮，破八片 甘草二兩，炙 干姜一兩半，右五味，以水五升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服七合，日二服。

70四逆加人參湯方：385

　　甘草二兩，炙 附子一枚，生，去皮，破八片 干姜一兩半 人參一兩，右四味，以水三升，煮取一升二合，去滓，分溫再服。

71附子湯方：304

　　附子二枚，炮，去皮，破八片 茯苓三兩 人參二兩 白朮四兩 芍藥三兩，右五味，以水八升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，

日三服。

72真武湯方：316

　　茯苓三兩 芍藥三兩 白朮二兩 生姜切，三兩 附子一枚，炮，去皮，破八片，右五味，以水八升，煮取三升，去滓。溫服七合，日三服。若咳者，加五味子半升，細辛一兩，干姜一兩；若小便利者，去茯苓；若下利者，去芍藥，加干姜二兩；若嘔者，去附子，加生姜，足前為半斤。

73白通湯方：314

　　蔥白四莖 干姜一兩 附子一枚，生，去皮，破八片，右三味，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓，分溫再服。

74白通加豬膽汁湯：315

　　蔥白四莖 干姜一兩 附子一枚，生，去皮，破八片 人尿五合 豬膽汁一合，右五味，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓，內膽汁、人尿，和令相得，分溫再服。若無膽，亦可用。

75當歸四逆湯方：351

　　當歸三兩 桂枝三兩。去皮 芍藥三兩 細辛三兩 甘草二兩，炙 通草二兩，大棗二十五枚，擘。十二枚，一法，右七味，以水八升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。

76當歸四逆加吳茱萸生姜湯方：352

　　當歸三兩 芍藥三兩 甘草二兩，炙 通草二兩 桂枝三兩，去皮 細辛三兩　生姜半斤，切 吳茱萸二升 大棗二十五枚，擘，右九味，以水六升，清酒六升和，煮取五升，去滓，溫分五服。（一方，酒水各四升。）

77甘草湯方：311

　　甘草二兩，右一味，以水三升，煮取一升半，去滓，溫服七合，日二服。

78桔梗湯方：311

　　桔梗一兩 甘草二兩，右二味，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓，溫分再服。

79桂枝甘草湯方：64

　　桂枝四兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙　右二味，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓，頓服。

80甘草干姜湯方：29

　　甘草四兩，炙 干姜二兩右二味，以水三升，煮一升五合，去滓，分溫再服。

81芍藥甘草湯方：29

　　白芍藥 甘草各四兩，炙右二味，以水三升，煮取一升五合，去滓，分溫再服。

82芍藥甘草附子湯方：68

　　芍藥 甘草各三兩，炙 附子一枚，炮，去皮，破八片，右三味，以水五升，煮取一升五合，去滓，分溫三服。

83茯苓甘草湯方：73

　　茯苓二兩 桂枝二兩，去皮 甘草一兩，炙 生姜三兩，切右四味，以水四升，煮取二升，去滓，分溫三服。

84茯苓桂枝甘草大棗湯方：65

　　茯苓半斤 桂枝四兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 大棗十五枚，擘右四味，以甘瀾水一斗，先煮茯苓，減二升，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。作甘瀾水法：取水二斗，置大盆內，以杓揚之，水上有珠子五六千顆相逐，取用之。

85茯苓桂枝白朮甘草湯方：67

　　茯苓四兩 桂枝三兩，去皮 白朮 甘草各二兩，炙，右四味，以水六升，煮取三

升，去滓，分溫三服。

86厚樸生姜半夏甘草人參湯方：66

　　厚樸半斤，炙，去皮 生姜半斤，切 半夏半升，洗 甘草二兩 人參一兩，右五味，以水一斗，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。

87小建中湯方：100

　　桂枝三兩，去皮 甘草二兩，炙 大棗十二枚，擘 芍藥六兩 生姜三兩，切膠飴一升右六味，以水七升，煮取三升，去滓，內飴，更上微火消解。溫服一升，日三服。嘔家不可用建中湯，以甜故也。

88炙甘草湯方：177

　　甘草四兩，炙 生姜三兩，切 人參二兩 生地黃一斤 桂枝三兩，去皮 阿膠，二兩 麥門冬半升，去心 麻仁半升 大棗三十枚，擘，右九味，以清酒七升，水八升，先煮八味，取三升，去滓，內膠烊消盡，溫服一升，日三服。一名復脈湯。

89理中丸方：386

　　人參 干姜 甘草炙 白朮各三兩，右四味，搗篩，蜜和為丸，如雞子黃許大。以沸湯數合，和一丸，研碎，溫服之，日三四、夜二服；腹中未熱，益至三四丸，然不及湯。湯法：以四物依兩數切，用水八升，煮取三升，去滓，溫服一升，日三服。若臍上筑者，腎氣動也，去朮加桂四兩；吐多者，去朮加生姜三兩；下多者還用朮；悸者，加茯苓二兩；渴欲得水者，加朮，足前成四兩半；腹中痛者，加人參，足前成四兩半；寒者，加干姜，足前成四兩半；腹滿者，去朮，加附子一枚。服湯后，如食頃，飲熱粥一升許，微自溫，勿發揭衣被牡蠣熬 澤瀉 蜀漆暖水洗去腥 葶藶子熬 商陸根熬 海藻洗去咸 栝樓根各等分右七味，異搗，下篩為散；更于臼中治之，白飲和服方寸匕，日三服；小便利，止后服。

90烏梅丸方：338

　烏梅三百枚 細辛六兩 干姜十兩 黃連十六兩 當歸四兩 附子六兩炮，去皮 蜀椒出汗，四兩 桂枝六兩，去皮 人參六兩 黃蘗六兩，右十味，異搗篩，合治之。以苦酒漬烏梅一宿，去核，蒸之五斗米下，飯熟搗成泥，和藥令相得。內臼中，與蜜杵二千下，丸如梧桐子大。先食飲服十丸，日三服，稍加至二十丸。禁生冷、滑物、臭食等。

91麻子仁丸：247

　　麻子仁二升 芍藥半斤 枳實半斤，炙 大黃一斤，去皮 厚樸一尺，炙，去皮杏仁一升，去皮尖，熬，右六味，蜜和丸如梧桐子大。飲服十丸，日三服，漸加，以知為度。

92蜜煎導方：233

　　食蜜七合，右一味，于銅器內，微火煎，當須凝如飴狀，攪之勿令焦著，欲可丸，并手捻作挺，令頭銳，大如指，長二寸許。當熱時急作，冷則鞕。以內谷道中，以手急抱，欲大便時乃去之。又大豬膽一枚，瀉汁，和少許法醋，以灌谷道內，如一食頃，當大便出宿食惡物，甚效。

93土瓜根方

（缺）233

94抵當丸方：126

　　水蛭二十個，熬 虻蟲二十個，熬，去翅足 桃仁二十五個，去皮尖 大黃三兩，右四味，搗分四丸。以水一升，煮一丸，取七合服之。晬時，當下血；若不下者，更服。

95大陷胸丸方：131

　　大黃半斤 葶藶子半升，熬 芒硝半升 杏仁半升，去皮尖，熬黑，右四味，搗篩二味，內杏仁、芒硝，合研如脂，和散。取如彈丸 一枚，別搗甘遂末一錢匕、白蜜二合、水二升，煮取一升，溫頓服之，一宿乃下；如不下，更服，取下為效。禁如藥法。

96五苓散方：71

　　豬苓十八銖，去皮 澤瀉一兩六銖 白朮十八銖 茯苓十八銖 桂枝半兩，去皮，右五味，搗為散，以白飲和，服方寸匕，日三服。多飲暖水，汗出愈，如法將息。

97文蛤散方：141

　　文蛤五兩

右一味，為散，以沸湯和一方寸匕服。湯用五合

98白散方：141

　　桔梗三分 巴豆一分，去皮心，熬黑，研如脂 貝母三分右三味為散，內巴豆，更于臼中杵之，以白飲和服。強人半錢匕，羸者減之，病在膈上必吐，在膈下必利，不利，進熱粥一杯；利過不止，進冷粥一杯。身熱、皮粟不解，欲引衣自覆；若以水胺之，洗之，益令熱劫不得出，當汗而不汗則煩，假令汗出已，腹中痛，與芍藥三兩如上法。

99半夏散及湯方：

　　半夏洗 桂枝去皮 甘草炙，右三味，等分，各別搗篩已，合治之。白飲和服方寸匕，日三服。若不能散服者，以水一升，煎七沸，內散兩方寸匕，更煮三沸，

下火令小冷，少少咽之。半夏有毒，不當散服。

100瓜蒂散方：166

　　瓜蒂一分，熬黃 赤小豆一分，右二味，各別搗篩，為散已，合治之。取一錢匕，以香鼓一合，用熱湯七合煮作稀糜，去滓，取汁和散，溫頓服之。不吐者，少少加；得快吐乃止。諸亡血虛家，不可與爪蒂散。

101四逆湯：323

甘草二兩 炙 干姜一兩半 附子一枚，生用，去皮，破八片

上三味，以水三升，煮取一升二合，去滓，分溫再服，強熱可大附子一枚，干姜三兩。

102牡蠣澤瀉散方：395

　　牡蠣熬 澤瀉 蜀漆暖水洗去腥 葶藶子熬 商陸根熬 海藻洗去咸 栝樓根各等分右七味，異搗，下篩為散；更于臼中治之，白飲和服方寸匕，日三服；小便利，止后服。

103燒褌散方：392

　婦人中褌，近隱處，取燒作灰。右一味，水服方寸匕，日三服，小便即利，陰頭微腫，此為愈矣。婦人病取男子褌燒服。

104赤石脂禹余糧湯方：

　　赤石脂一斤，碎 太一禹余糧一斤，碎，右二味，以水六升，煮取二升，去滓，分溫三服。

105桃花湯方：306

　　赤石脂一斤，一半全用，一半篩末 干姜一

兩 粳米一升，右三味，以水七升，煮米令熟，去滓。溫服七合，內赤石脂末，方寸匕，日三服。若一服愈，余勿服。

106豬苓湯方：

　　豬苓去皮 茯苓 阿膠 澤瀉 滑石各一兩，右五味，以水四升，先煮四物，取二升，去滓，內阿膠烊盡。溫服七合，日三服。

107吳萊萸湯方：243

吳茱萸一升，洗 人參三兩 生姜六兩，切 大棗十二枚，擘，右四味，以水七升，煮取二升，去滓，溫服七合。日三服。

108麻黃升麻湯方：357

　　麻黃二兩半，去節 升麻一兩一分 當歸一兩一分 知母十八銖 黃芩十八銖　萎蕤（一作菖蒲），十八銖 芍藥六銖 天門冬六銖，去心 桂枝六銖，去皮 茯苓六銖　甘草六銖，炙 石膏六銖，碎，綿裹 白朮六銖 干姜六銖　右十四味，以水一斗，先煮麻黃一兩沸，去上沫，內諸藥，煮取三升，去滓，分溫三服。相去如炊三斗米頃，令盡，汗出愈。

109黃連阿膠湯方：303

　　黃連四兩 黃芩二兩 芍藥二兩 雞子黃二枚 阿膠（一云三挺），三兩，右五味，以水六升，先煮三物，取二升，去滓；內膠烊盡，小冷；內雞子黃，攪令相得。溫服七合，日三服。

110苦酒湯方：312

　　半夏十四枚，洗，破如棗核 雞子一枚，去黃，內上苦酒，著雞子殼中右二味，內半夏，著苦酒中，以雞子殼置刀環中，安火上，令三沸，去滓。少少含咽之；不差，更作三劑。

111豬膚湯方：310

　　豬膚一斤

右一味，以水一斗，煮取五升，去滓，加白蜜一升，白粉五合，熬香，和令相得，溫，分六服。主之，方九。

112白頭翁湯方：371

　　白頭翁二兩 黃蘗三兩 黃連三兩 秦皮三兩，右四味，以水七升，煮取二升，去滓，溫服一升；不愈；更服一升。

113禹余糧丸88原方缺失

后世：常器之主張：“只禹余糧一味，火煅亦可服”；王日休補方：“用禹余糧、赤石質，生梓皮各三兩，赤小豆半升，共為末，蜜丸彈子大，以水六升，早晚各一服”；《古本傷寒論》補方，藥物組成： 禹余糧四兩，人參三兩 附子二枚 五味子三合，茯苓三兩 干姜三兩 上六味蜜為丸，如梧子大，每服20丸。近代主張用生脈散合六味地黃丸治療。

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附錄：民間中醫網出版的《桂林古本傷寒雜病論》電子版中“漢代與現代處方劑量換算表”

1981 年考古發現漢代度量衡器“權”，以此推算古方劑量，解決了歷史上古方劑量的一大疑案，對仲景學說的教學、科研、攻關、臨床意義重大。我們將互聯網上流傳的資料（整理人包括柯雪帆、李可、郝萬山等）整理如下：

1 石 = 四鈞 = 29760 克

1 鈞 = 三十斤

= 7440 克

1 斤 = 16 兩 = 250 克

= 液體250 毫升

1 兩 = 24 銖 = 15.625 克

1 圭 = 0.5 克

1 撮 = 2 克

1 方寸匕 = 金石類2.74 克

= 藥末約2 克

= 草木類藥末約1 克

半方寸匕 = 一刀圭

= 一錢匕

= 1.5 克

一錢匕 = 1.5-1.8 克

一銖 = 0.65 克

一銖 = 100 個黍米的重量

一分 = 3.9-4.2 克

1 斛 = 10 斗 = 20000 毫升

1 斗 = 10 升 = 2000 毫升

1 升 = 10 合 = 200 毫升

1 合 = 2 龠 = 20 毫升

1 龠 = 5 撮 = 10 毫升

1 撮 = 4 圭 = 2 毫升

1 圭 = 0.5 毫升

1 引 = 10 丈 = 2310 厘米

1 丈 = 10 尺 = 231 厘米

1 尺 = 10 寸 = 23.1 厘米

1 寸 = 10 分 = 2.31 厘米

1 分 = 0.231 厘米

梧桐子大 = 黃豆大

蜀椒一升 = 50 克

葶藶子一升 = 60 克

吳茱萸一升 = 50 克

五味子一升 = 50 克

半夏一升 = 130 克

虻蟲一升 = 16 克

附子大者1 枚 = 20-30 克

附子中者1 枚 = 15 克

烏頭1 枚小者 = 3 克

強烏頭1 枚大者 = 5-6 克

杏仁大者10 枚 = 4 克

梔子10 枚 平均15 克

瓜蔞大小平均1 枚 = 46 克

枳實1 枚 約14.4 克

石膏雞蛋大1 枚 約40 克

厚樸1 尺 約30 克

竹葉一握 約12 克

把自己當回事(19)

必修三：§2.3.2 兩個變量的線性相關

【自主學習】

先學習課本P84-P92然后開始做導學案，記住知識梳理部分的內容；

一、 學習目標：

1．了解相關關系、線性相關、回歸直線、最小二乘法的定義．

2．會作散點圖，并能利用散點圖和定義判斷兩個變量之間是否具有相關關系．

3．會求回歸直線方程，并能用回歸直線方程解決有關問題．

二、 知識梳理：

1．相關關系（1）定義：如果兩個變量中一個變量的取值一定時，另一個變量的取值帶有一定的隨機性，那么這兩個變量之間的關系，叫做相關關系．

（2）.正相關：在散點圖中，點散布在從左下角到右上角的區域，對于兩個變量的這種相關關系，我們將它稱為正相關．

（3）.負相關：在散點圖中，點散布在從左上角到右下角的區域，兩個變量的這種相關關系稱為負相關．

2．線性相關

(1)定義：如果兩個變量散點圖中點的分布從整體上看大致在一條直線附近，我們就稱這兩個變量之間具有線性相關關系，這條直線叫做回歸直線．

(2)最小二乘法：求線性回歸直線方程＝x＋時，使得樣本數據的點到它的距離的平方和最小的方法叫做最小二乘法，其中，的值由以下公式給出：

其中，是回歸方程的斜率，是回歸方程在y軸上的截距．

三、自我檢測：

1.下列變量之間的關系屬于相關關系的是(　　)

A．圓的周長和它的半徑之間的關系

B．價格不變的條件下，商品銷售額與銷售量之間的關系

C．家庭收入愈多，其消費支出也有增長的趨勢 D．正方形面積和它的邊長之間的關系

2．設有一個回歸方程為＝2－1.5x，則變量x增加一個單位時(　　)

A．y平均增加1.5個單位 B． y平均增加2個單位

C．y平均減少1.5個單位 D．y平均減少2個單位

答案： C C

必修三：§2.3.2 兩個變量的線性相關

【課堂檢測】

1.在對兩個變量x，y進行線性回歸分析時，有下列步驟：

①對所求出的回歸直線方程作出解析；②收集數據(xi，yi)，i＝1,2，…，n；

③求回歸直線方程；④求相關系數；⑤繪制散點圖.

如果根據可靠性要求能夠作出變量x，y具有線性相關結論，那么下列操作順序正確的是(　　)

A.①②⑤③④ B.③②④⑤① C.②④③①④ D.②⑤④③①

2.(2013年湖北)四名同學根據各自的樣本數據研究變量x，y之間的相關關系，并求得回歸直線方程，分別得到以下四個結論：

①y與x負相關，且＝2.347x－6.423；　②y與x負相關，且＝－3.476x＋5.648;

③y與x正相關，且＝5.437x＋8.493；　④y與x正相關，且＝－4.326x－4.578.

其中一定不正確的結論的序號是(　　)

A.①② B.②③ C.③④ D.①④

3．(2011·遼寧高考)調查了某地若干戶家庭的年收入x(單位：萬元)和年飲食支出y(單位：萬元)，調查顯示年收入x與年飲食支出y具有線性相關關系，并由調查數據得到y對x的回歸直線方程：＝0.254x＋0.321.由回歸直線方程可知，家庭年收入每增加1萬元，年飲食支出平均增加________萬元．

【拓展探究】

探究一：下表提供了某廠節能降耗技術改造后生產甲產品過程中記錄的產量x(噸)與相應的生產能耗y(噸標準煤)的幾組對照數據：

(1)請畫出上表數據的散點圖；

（2）從散點圖發現產量與生產消耗標準煤噸數之間關系的一般規律；

(3)請根據上表提供的數據，用最小二乘法求出y關于x的線性回歸方程＝x＋；

(4)已知該廠技改前100噸甲產品的生產能耗為90噸標準煤．試根據(2)求出的線性回歸方程，預測生產100噸甲產品的生產能耗比技改前降低了多少噸標準煤？

探究二：.(2012年福建)某工廠為了對新研發的一種產品進行合理定價，將該產品按事先擬定的價格進行試銷，得到如下數據：

(1)求回歸直線方程＝x＋，其中＝－20，＝－；

(2)預計在今后的銷售中，銷量與單價仍然服從(1)中的關系，且該產品的成本是4元/件，為使工廠獲得最大利潤，該產品的單價應定為多少元(利潤＝銷售收入－成本)?

【當堂訓練】

1．(2011·北京豐臺二模，文7)已知x，y的取值如下表：

從散點圖可以看出y與x線性相關，且回歸方程為＝0.95x＋a，則a＝(　　)

A．3.25 B．2.6 C．2.2 D．0

2．(2014·重慶)已知變量x與y正相關，且由觀測數據算得樣本的平均數＝2.5，＝3.5，則由觀測的數據得線性回歸方程可能為(　　)

A.＝0.4x＋2.3 B.＝2x－2.4

C.＝－2x＋9.5 D.＝－0.3x＋4.4

3．某單位為了解用電量y(度)與氣溫x(℃)之間的關系，隨機抽查了某4天的用電量與當天氣溫，并制作了對照表：

由表中數據得線性回歸方程＝x＋中＝－2，預測當氣溫為－4℃時，用電量約為________度．

小結與反饋：1.回歸直線過樣本數據的中心即過點(，）．

2.如果樣本數據對應的點具有線性相關關系，從回歸直線方程來看，當系數b＞0時，直線單調遞增，此時這兩個變量正相關；當b＜0時，直線單調遞減，此時這兩個變量負相關．

【課后拓展】

1.某產品的廣告費用x與銷售額y的統計數據如下表：

根據上表可得回歸方程＝x＋中為9.4，據此模型預報廣告費用為6萬元時銷售額為(　)

A.63.6萬元 B.65.5萬元C.67.7萬元 D.72.0萬元

2.已知x，y如下表：

從散點圖知：y與x線性相關，由上表可求得回歸方程為＝0.95x＋1.45，則m＝________

3.(2011·陜西)設(x1，y1)，(x2，y2)，…，(xn，yn)是變量x和y的n個樣本點，直線l是由這些樣本點通過最小二乘法得到的線性回歸直線(如圖)，以下結論中正確的是(　　)

A．直線l過點(，) B．x和y的相關系數為直線l的斜率

C．x和y的相關系數在0到1之間

D．當n為偶數時，分布在l兩側的樣本點的個數一定相同

4．假設關于某設備的使用年限x和所支出的維修費用y(萬元)有如下的統計資料：

若由資料知y對x成線性相關關系．試求：

(1)線性回歸方程＝的回歸系數與；

(2)估計使用年限為10年時，維修費用是多少？