新聞導語即消息的開頭，它以極其簡潔的文字，寫出消息中最重要、最精彩的事實，提綱挈領，牽引全文，吸引讀者。導語一般情況下是新聞開頭的第一段或第一句話，它扼要地揭示新聞的核心內容， 以下是為大家整理的關于工作總結導語4篇 , 供大家參考選擇。
工作總結導語4篇
工作總結導語篇1
領導關懷
民盟蒼南縣支部成立以來，得到了民盟浙江省委會、溫州市委會各位領導的親切關懷和指導。副省長、民盟浙江省委會主委成岳沖，省政協副秘書長、原民盟浙江省委會專職副主委徐向東，市政協副主席、原民盟溫州市委會主委潘長旺，民盟溫州市委會主委胡榮黨、專職副主委何民等領導多次來蒼南調研工作并給予民盟蒼南縣支部及時的勉勵與支持。蒼南縣四套班子領導，以及縣委統戰部領導也對民盟蒼南縣支部的成立和發展給予了極大的關心和幫助。
組織建設
支部成立之初就非常重視組織建設，積極參加上級組織的各級各類政治學習，如盟省委組織的基層組織主委輪訓班，盟市委組織的新盟員培訓班、參政議政培訓，縣委統戰部組織的統一戰線骨干成員研修班、蒼南縣統戰人士集中培訓、黨內黨外同心同廉共建廉潔社會活動等學習。民盟蒼南縣支部還組織盟員進行參政議政研討，集中學習黨的十八屆歷次全會精神、民盟浙江省第十二次代表大會精神等，努力提升支部盟員的參政議政能力水平和思想政治素質。民盟蒼南縣支部還組織盟員參觀蒼南籍民盟先賢蘇淵雷故居、挖掘本地民盟先賢蘇淵雷、朱維之、李銳夫等事跡資料，深入學習先賢的精神風范，繼承和弘揚民盟前輩的優良傳統。
參政議政
成立以來切實履行政治協商、參政議政、民主監督的職能，緊緊圍繞縣委、縣政府中心工作，深入實際、調查研究，建真言、獻良策、謀善舉、助全力，充分發揮民主黨派在地方經濟社會發展中的積極作用，努力為建設浙江美麗南大門添磚加瓦。如召開“助力大拆大整、助推轉型發展”座談會、助推全面剿滅劣v類水行動等，積極組織參加蒼南縣人大十屆一次會議和政協蒼南縣十屆一次會議，以飽滿的精神面貌和高度的責任感和使命感，在“兩會”的舞臺上充分展示了民盟盟員的風采，傳播發展正能量，發出民盟好聲音。“兩會”期間，主委曾迎玲當選蒼南縣人民政府副縣長，副主委李玉成當選縣十屆人大常委會常委，副主委李苗當選縣十屆政協常委會常委和市十三屆人大代表，盟員鮑牡丹當選市十三屆人大代表。?
社會服務?
我們熱心于關注民生，服務社會，做好事，辦實事。民盟蒼南縣支部發揮盟員人才和智力等資源優勢, 組織、引導盟員開展和參與了一系列社會服務活動，如走訪慰問百歲抗戰老兵、慰問橋墩鎮碗窯社區部分困難群眾、赴橋墩鎮了解洪水災情、慰問災民等。在民盟溫州市委會大力幫助和支持下，以盟內豐富的人才資源為依托，在藻溪鎮建立“民盟同心?名師、名醫服務站”，相繼開展了深受廣大師生歡迎的 “打開創客之門”和名師送教下鄉活動等。
工作總結導語篇2
彰顯四化特征，即：試題生活化、生活情境化、情境應用化、應用有效化
2015年高考已落下帷幕，為了幫助下一屆考生們準確把握考試的趨勢與重點，北京四中網校教學高中部陳玉蓮老師在第一時間分析2015年的高考英語試卷。
2015年高考，更多省份采用了全國新課標卷。總體來說，2015年英語試卷學生反映難度不大，和去年差不多;作文部分也和2014年難度略同，但閱讀理解的詞匯量對比2014年有些提升，更突出對語言的“運用能力”的考查，主要歸納為以下方面：
一、聽力材料的選用更多地貼合真實的生活場景(包括學校的生活和日常的社會生活)，同學們聽到的材料更鮮活更接地氣。這要求同學們在學習英語過程中多接觸地道的英語材料，比如英文電影、英文的紀錄片或英語視頻，不能僅僅聽一聽配套的英文磁帶或光盤。四中網校的資源中有數百個優質的音視頻材料，并配有相關的臺詞等文本，是同學們練習聽力的一個好途徑。
二、全國新課標卷的單選題被語法填空題取代。這從2014年就有變革，其目的是考查學生運用語法知識的能力，完全撇除了過去“蒙答案”的可能性。2015的題涉及了時態、介詞、代詞等詞形的變換，整體突出實詞的考查和運用。對那些語法基礎不錯的考生來說，接近于送分題;但對于完全不懂語法的考生來說是丟分重地。短文改錯題也是類似情況，命題人專挑考生容易錯的地方設錯。如果沒有一點的語法基礎，丟分率也會很高。
三、2015年高考的閱讀理解和完形填空題的選材新鮮，話題時尚。2015年卷全國一卷和二卷的完型填空更多是夾敘夾議的文章。完型和閱讀的設題更多地依賴語境，反映出命題者對理解主題和篇章結構的重視。“七選五”題型則更直接地考查考生對短文的段落結構和行文條理的掌握程度。
四、與2014年相比，書面表達題沒有很大變化。北京卷的第一篇作文是邀請朋友參加龍舟賽，大作文結合了北京的傳統文化——捏面人，總體來說，句子正確、得體、“要點全但不羅嗦”是得高分的關鍵。對北京卷的看圖作文和新課標卷的作文來說，要點是否全、詞句是否高級、篇章是否流暢是得高分的關鍵。小作文重在考查考生的體裁功能句式的組織和語言的準確度。圖片作文中對于圖片內容的銜接和語言的準確度的運用情況決定了得分的高低。
近些年來，高考試題加強對語言運用能力的考查，單靠背單詞和語法條文已經不適應形式了，考查的重點也是考前能預測到的重點，并沒有出現新的、偏難的語法。很多專家、老師也主張“淡化語法”，強調運用。但是這樣做的一個后果是現在不少考生沒有基本的語法概念，有一些高二的學生還在問我：“老師，我怎么分清主謂賓語?表語是怎么回事?哪些是補語?”這樣的話語法填空和短文改錯句無法下手，書面表達也錯誤百出。這并不是說要語法優先，但掌握基本的語法規則還是有必要的。為此，建議2016備考的考生們在英語復習上“兩手抓”：一方面掌握基本的語法規則，北京四中網校的資源中有大量的文字和視頻資源供同學們反復學習和練習。另一方面應多接觸地道新鮮的英文材料，并在文段中體會詞句的地道用法。
工作總結導語篇3
高 中 語 文 導 語 設 計 淺 析
——選修《中國古代詩歌散文欣賞》
富 縣 高 級 中 學 蔡 敏
摘要：好的課前導語可以激發學生的探究興趣、求知欲，讓學生主動積極地參與文本的學習，從而提高語文課堂效益，增強教學效果。因此，本文就高二選修內容《中國古代詩歌散文欣賞》為例，總結和分析了常見的導語設計方法及其原則，總之，好的導語設計不僅可以更好地為學生的終身發展服務，也可以提高教師的專業水平，為教師的發展奠定基礎。
關鍵詞：方法；原則；興趣
所謂課前導語，即課堂教學的開場白，是教師在正式講課文之前，用來引入新課、啟發誘導的話。教師講授新課前，有目的、有計劃地采用一定方式方法設計的簡潔洗煉的教學語言，引人入勝、巧妙精當的導語，它雖然不是課堂教學的主要內容，卻是與教學內容緊密相關的一個重要的教學步驟，能為一堂課的成功教學打下良好的基礎。導語設計得如何，往往關系到全局和教學效果的好壞。因此，精心設計課堂教學的導語，是擺在語文教師面前的一個重要課題。作為語文教師，要在課堂上發揮主導作用，極大地調動學生學習的主觀能動性和積極性，就要有恰當的導語方法和藝術。
一、設計導語常見方法：
成功的導入法，能創設情境，營造氣氛，調動情感，激發興趣，能使學生充分發揮主體作用，積極投入到學習中去。語文導語設計的方法有很多，結合學生認知的心理特點，就較為有效的導入法，經過實踐總結可以有以下幾種：
（一）情境導入法。教師用富有感染力的語言描摹一幅圖景或一種意境，從而讓學生深受感染，激情澎湃。例如教《春江花月夜》一課，就是這樣設計導語的：當我們遙望星空，看見朗朗明月之時，心中總會引起無限遐想。自古以來，月亮一直是文人墨客筆下所吟詠的對象，是個永恒的主題，其中傾注了他們的愛恨情仇，寄托了他們的悲歡離合，展示了他們的人生坎坷歷程。在人才輩出，群星璀璨的唐代詩壇，就有這樣一位詩人，因為一輪明月而成就了詩壇的千秋美名，這位詩人就是初、盛唐之交的張若虛，這首詩便是千百年來無數人為之迷戀、為之傾倒的《春江花月夜》。今天，就讓我們一起去領略張若虛筆下那輪明月的光華吧。
（二）故事導入法。即教師用講故事的形式（如典故、傳說、歷史故事等）導入對新知識、新課題的講解。故事導入最容易將學生的學習動機激發起來，積極地投入到對問題的探索中去。但要注意：故事的內容與課題要緊密相聯，做到貼切、典型。如白居易的《長恨歌》導入：楊玉環是蜀州司戶楊玄瑛的女兒，隨叔父楊玄琰入長安，及笄，嫁與玄宗第十四個兒子壽王李瑤為妃。后為李隆基看中。李欲將楊占為已有，又礙于名分，于是，讓她出宮做女道士，而后再迎歸宮中，掩耳盜鈴。李隆基早先勵精圖治，晚年逐漸松弛。得楊玉環后，更是沉湎酒色，荒廢朝政。楊玉環則不僅自己得寵專房，身封貴妃，“聲焰震天下”，而且滿門親族也跟著沾光，堂兄楊國忠位居宰相，楊銛官鴻臚卿，楊镕官侍御史，大姐封韓國夫人，三姐封虢國夫人，八姐封秦國夫人。如《長恨歌》所說是“姊妹弟兄皆列土，可憐光彩生門戶。”天寶后期，朝廷內部本已矛盾重重，李隆基對楊家的偏幸，更促進了矛盾的激化。天寶十四載(755)，手握重兵的范陽節度使安祿山打著討伐楊氏、以清君側的幌子，發動了叛亂，兵臨長安。李隆基偕楊玉環等倉皇出奔，西行四川。至陜西馬嵬驛，扈從禁軍發難，求誅楊氏兄妹以謝天下。迫于情勢，李隆基只得如請，“命高力士縊貴妃于佛堂前梨樹下”。今天就讓我們共同走進這兩人的愛情，走進《長恨歌》。
（三）教具導入法。即教師在課堂上利用教學掛圖、模型、錄音、錄相、FLASH動畫等教具，幫助學生理解課文。現代科學證明：人大腦中的信息百分之八九十是通過視覺獲得的，掛圖、模型、實物、幻燈片等教具化抽象為具體，使學生獲得較深的感受，在講說明性的文章時，就可使枯燥的講解變得生動。例如蘇軾《文與可畫筼筜谷偃竹記》這一課，可以展示文與可與蘇軾二人畫的竹子，讓學生自己感知不同風格和形象，引出話題。講授杜牧的《阿房宮賦》可以通過投影展示現在我省西安的阿房宮遺址的圖片，讓學生感受阿房宮的氣勢和宏偉，這樣學生就會有身臨其境的感覺，也會被圖片中優美的景物所吸引，對枯燥的文言文學習產生濃厚的興趣，激發了強烈的求知欲。
錄音有課文朗讀帶和與課文相關的樂曲，朗讀帶既能潛移默化地培養學生的朗讀技能，又能讓學生沉浸在朗讀者所創設的情感氛圍之中。樂曲既能陶冶學生的情操，又有助于理解文章的感情基調。錄音一般適應于散文、小說、詩歌的講授。如講《湘夫人》的時候，這篇文章生字生詞較多，但讀起來節奏卻是很分明的，可以讓學生在聽配樂朗讀的情境中導入新課，又處理了字詞，又讓學生整體感知了文章。詩歌如李清照的《一剪梅》，李煜的《虞美人》等都有相應的樂曲，這些樂曲既讓詩情變得更加濃郁，還有助于學生背誦。除了播放相應的樂曲，還可以播放與文意相符的歌曲。
視聽結合，更能增強教學效果，運用影視片、FLASH動畫等現代化教學媒體，會讓學生調動各種感官，全身心的投入到教學內容中去體會、去領會、去把握。如學習《庖丁解牛》時，播放本文相關的動畫視頻，視頻生動形象的展示了文章的內容，而栩栩如生的動畫形象也讓學生很自然的投入到學習中來；蘇軾《文與可畫筼筜谷偃竹記》導入時，因為本文圍繞的主題即“胸有成竹”因此用這個成語的動畫導入，也是非常形象的，導入結束，可以在此基礎上讓學生練習造句，這樣可以變枯燥難懂的文言文為形象生動的故事，能夠加深學生對課文的理解。
教具分門別類，各具特色，運用哪種教具，由教學內容和當地教學設施所決定。教師在運用教具時要注意運用的適度，做到自然和諧、恰到好處。
（四）背景導入法。即介紹作者寫作時的相關背景，讓學生了解關于當時社會政治、經濟的一些信息，讓學生理解了文意，拓寬了視野，與作品產生了共鳴。 如教學李白《夢游天姥吟留別》，唐朝有許多優秀的詩人，但臺灣詩人余光中先生卻對李白情有獨鐘，在他的《懷李白》這首詩中這樣寫到“酒入豪胸，七分釀成了月光，剩下的三分嘯成了劍氣，繡口一吐，就是半個盛唐。”余先生的這幾句詩充分彰顯了李白詩歌的浪漫氣質，今天我們來學習李白的一首浪漫主義風格的話別詩《夢游天姥吟留別》。
（五）問題導入法。“學起于思，思源于疑”，“學貴知疑，小疑則小進，大疑則大進。”疑問讓學生有了探究欲望，會讓學生集中思維和注意力。教師根據教學內容，創設問題情境，引導學生思辯，既激活學生的思維積極性，又活躍課堂氣氛，久而久之會培養學生積極思考的習慣。如：李煜《虞美人》們仔細讀這篇文章之后，就可以得到回答。于漪老師針對學生強烈的好奇心，巧設問題，造成懸念，一下子就抓住了學生的注意力，往下講述效果自然會好。如司馬遷《項羽之死》一課，先請同學們朗讀《垓下歌》，提問：從這一詩歌當中，大家感受到了項羽怎樣的人物形象？（明確：勇武、柔情、悲壯），項羽這一位歷史人物的形象是多面的，下面就讓我們走進《項羽之死》去體驗這位悲劇英雄的其他性格特征。
（六）溫故知新導入法。語文課本是一個博大的知識體系，前后的知識點、題材內容、藝術風格等都有千絲萬縷的聯系。蘇霍姆林斯基說：“在我看來，交給學生能借助已有知識去獲取知識，這是最高的教學教巧之所在。”溫故知新導入，既能鞏固舊知，克服遺忘；又能讓學生自信百倍，去學習新知。如講授杜甫的《閣夜》可以用背誦第一單元學過的《蜀相》或《登高》來引入，一方面是對前面知識的復習，另一方面可以讓學生參照以前學過的內容，感知此詩詞和其他杜甫詩詞所表達的感情的不同，學生也可以對杜甫詩歌感情進行總結。
課堂教學中導入的方法很多，還有名人名言導入，笑話漫畫導入，詩歌導入，概述情節導入，目標導入，游戲導入，謎語導入，比較分析導入等等。有時候多種方式可以綜合運用，同時滲透在一節課的導入中。
二、語文導語設計的原則：
1、導語設計要有知識性和靈活性。導語是為學生更好的學習教材服務的。因此，教師在設計導語時不能忽略導語的知識性。讓導語和教學新知緊密聯系起來，既能使學生了解本課文的學習內容，又能明確本課文的學習目標，這樣，更容易把學生的注意力引到特定的教學任務中。
2、導語設計要有審美性、情感性。青少年學生正值如詩年華，他們具有強烈的愛美天性和獨特的審美觀，所以教師在導語設計時要力求有美感。讓優美、生動的語言給學生美的享受，從而激起學生的審美體驗，逐步提高他們的審美能力。 在追求美感的同時，也要注意情感性。古人云：感人心者，莫先乎情，莫始乎言，莫切乎聲。也就是說，語文教學要通過“言”和“聲”，顯情感人，激發學生學習的興趣。正如蘇霍姆林斯基所說：“只有當情感的血液在知識的肌體中歡騰跳躍的時候，知識才會融入人的精神世界。”因此教師在設計導語時要善于批文入情，以情動人，用自己的情感拔動學生的心弦，溝通彼此的心靈，從而使他們的思想情感得以陶冶，文學才智得以增長。
3、導語設計要有聯系性和啟發性。聯系性是指教師設計導入的根據是教學內容。如果導入與內容脫節，不管導入多么別致、精彩都不可能產生好的教學效果。啟發性則是指導入要對學生接受新內容具有啟發性，能激發學生發現問題、解決問題的強烈愿望，調動學生學習的積極性，促進他們更好地理解新知識。
4、導語設計要有新穎性、 趣味性。托爾斯泰認為“成功的教學所需要的不是強制，而是激發學生的興趣。”皮亞杰也說過：“所有智力方面的工作都依賴于興趣。”心理學研究表明，濃厚的學習興趣可使大腦、各種感官處于最活躍狀態，能促使學生自覺地集中注意力，全神貫注于學習活動。中學生又具有想象豐富、好奇心強、形象思維多于抽象思維的特點，教師根據學生這一特點，創造愉快的情景，營造活潑的氛圍，來激發他們的學習興趣。一篇課文的導語一旦激起學生的興趣，學生就會主動的跟隨教師去探討知識的奧秘。因此導語設計必須新奇。學生因新奇才覺有趣，深感有趣才會去學。
三、總結：
首先，精彩的導語能使學生的注意力迅速集中起來。 教學過程對學生來說是一種認識的過程，它需要感覺、知覺、記憶、思維、想象等各種心理活動的參與，而注意力是否集中是這種認識過程能否順利進行的必要條件和重要保證。因此，只有精彩的導語才能把學生的注意力迅速集中起來，使學生的興奮中心立刻轉移到課堂上來。
其次，精彩的導語能使學生明確學習目的。教學有無明確的學習目的和學生能否明確學習的目的是通衡量教學成功與否的重要標準。因此，優秀的或經驗豐富的教師在導語的設計中，總是盡量做到讓學生先明確學習目的，從而激發學生的學習動機，端正學習態度，提高學習效率。
最后，精彩的導語能激發學生學習的興趣。“興趣是最好的老師”，它會引導學生步入知識的殿堂，收獲豐收的喜悅。導語設計得好能吸引學生的注意，激發學生學習的興趣，使學生由原來的厭學變得喜學樂學，產生強烈的求知欲，從而使教學取得事半功倍的效果。
高 中 語 文 導 語 設 計 淺 析
——選修《中國古代詩歌散文欣賞》
富
縣
高
級
中
學
蔡 敏
工作總結導語篇4
導語寫作（1）
目錄
概述
1．導語分類（1）
1-1．直接式導語
1-2．延緩式導語
1-3．延緩+直接混合式導語
1-4．多主題導語
2. 導語寫作注意事項（1）
2-1．關于導語的字數限制
2-2．如何把導語寫得精煉
One dead, four missing in water taxi accident
Sat. Mar. 6, 2004
01 BALTIMORE (AP) -- A water taxi carrying about 25 passengers capsized Saturday in Baltimore"s Inner Harbor during a fierce rain and wind storm, killing one woman and leaving four people missing, authorities said.
02 Twenty-one people were rescued, and six of them were taken to a nearby hospital after being pulled from the chilly water, said Baltimore fire spokesman Kevin Cartwright. An adult and a child were among the injured, he said.
03 Divers searched for the missing passengers after the accident, but fire officials later turned mission from rescue to recovery at about 7 p.m.
And the most tolerant nation for sex scandals is…
Thu. Sep. 8, 2011
01 LOS ANGELES (Reuters) -- When politician Dominique Strauss-Kahn arrived in France last week, cleared of a New York sex scandal, he returned home smiling despite facing a frosty reception. Maybe he should have gone to Mexico, instead.
02 Pay attention Anthony Weiner, Tiger Woods, Brett Favre and others caught up in public, sexual indiscretions.
03 A Reuters/Ipsos poll released on Thursday shows 57 percent of Mexicans would be either very likely or somewhat likely to tolerate the sexual indiscretions of stars and politicians.
04 They were followed by Belgians at 55 percent. In the United States, the tolerance factor was 48 percent. France, in fact, was way down the list at only 33 percent, while Japan was the least forgiving country at only 28 percent.
05 In total, 44 percent of some 18,700 respondents in more than 20 countries said they would likely tolerate a scandal.
新聞文章的開頭在新聞術語中叫做導語。導語是新聞寫作的一個特有的概念，任何文章都有開頭，但只有新聞文章的開頭才叫導語。
導語位于標題之下，電頭之后，正文之前。導語通常是新聞文章的第一自然段，但也可以由兩個甚至兩個以上的自然段落組成。
導語的功能、目的和作用是：披露或提示報道的主要內容，并以這一主要內容的重要性或趣味性吸引受眾，輔助受眾把注意力集中在主題之上，并設定報道口吻基調。與標題相比，導語的內容來得詳細和具體。
導語是新聞文章中最重要的部分。在談到新聞寫作時，幾乎每個記者都說，最花費時間和心血的就是導語。如果導語寫得不好，受眾就會失去興趣，中止閱讀。于是，所報內容再怎么重要，再怎么精彩，也都成了瞎子點燈白費蠟。
1．導語分類（1）
了解導語的分類是學習導語寫作的重要手段。
導語的分類方法可以有許多種。本講介紹的是按文章主題內容與導語所寫內容之間的關系來分類。
按文章主題內容與導語給出的信息之間的關系進行分類，導語可分成四個類別：分別是：1、直接式導語、2、延緩式導語、3、直接+延緩混合式導語、4、多主題導語。
按文章主題內容與導語給出的信息之間的關系進行分類，導語類別總共只有四個，容易記憶。同時，這一分類方法可以清晰地揭示導語和文章主題內容的關系，有助于掌握導語寫作要領。
1-1．直接式導語
直接式導語（direct lead）開門見山，直接披露文章內容的主題信息。例如：
例1：
US team heads to Iraq to make case against Saddam
Sat. Mar. 6, 2004
01 WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- The U.S. Justice Department this weekend dispatched a high-level team to Iraq to assemble evidence for war crimes cases against former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and members of his regime, a Justice Department official said on Saturday.
02 A Justice Department team of about 50 lawyers, investigators and prosecutors began departing to Iraq this weekend to begin culling evidence for war-crimes cases, the official said on condition of anonymity.
03 The group -- to be called the Regime Crimes Adviser"s Office -- will report to the Coalition Provisional Authority headed by U.S. administrator Paul Bremer, the official said.
04 As the head of the White House National Security Council, Condoleezza Rice designated the Justice Department earlier this year to take the lead in developing the case against Saddam, White House officials said.
05 "The Justice Department was given the lead in assisting the Iraqis in the trial of Saddam Hussein and Dr. Rice gave them broad authority," said White House spokesman Trent Duffy.
06 Investigators want to lay the groundwork for war crimes cases against Saddam and others that would eventually be turned over to Iraqi prosecutors, the Justice Department official said.
07 Staff from FBI and U.S. Marshals Service were to assist with the investigation, the official said.
08 Investigators from other nations including Britain, Spain and Australia will assist with the investigation, the official said.
這個導語，除了最后一句提供新聞來源之外，其給出的信息是：“美國司法部本周末派遣了一個高等級專家小組前往伊拉克收集整理伊拉克前總統侯賽因·薩達姆及其統治集團成員的罪證。”
導語之后的正文，給出了關于這個high-level team（高等級專家小組）詳細的信息。其中，第02段將其細化為“A Justice Department team of about 50 lawyers, investigators and prosecutors（美國司法部的這個小組由將近50名律師、偵查人員和檢察官所組成）”。第03段則詳細交代了這個“高等級專家小組”的正式名稱將是the Regime Crimes Adviser"s Office以及該小組將向“盟國臨時管理當局”報到的信息。第04段至第08段，分別交代了該小組成立的由來，其工作任務以及將受到哪些部門和人員的輔助等等信息。
本篇文章所報道的新聞就是導語所給出的信息，即全文的主題信息。
在分辨導語類型時，值得注意的是，本篇文章的導語給出的主要信息和標題給出的信息基本相同，均未本篇報道的主題信息，其中差別只是標題簡略而導語詳細而已。
例2：
Mainland resumes Macao chicken exports
Sat. Mar. 6, 2004 (China Daily)
01 Around 3,500 live chickens were transported from the Chinese mainland to Macao on Friday morning, the first time since bird flu hit the nation.
02 All are from three registered poultry farms in Zhuhai in South China"s Guangdong Province. The chicken have been isolated for quarantine for five days before they were sent to Macao. Some of them even received blood tests to prove their clean bill of health.
03 According to China Central Television, no actual or suspected cases of bird flu have occurred in all of Zhuhai"s 35 poultry farms.
04 Zhu Shaozhi, a senior official with the local quarantine administration, said live poultry exports to Macao will be formally resumed 15 days later from Guangdong Province.
05 Two areas in Guangdong Province -- the Jiangcheng district of Yangjiang City and the city of Shaoguan, together with other two areas in Hunan and Shaanxi provinces had their quarantines lifted Friday.
06 No new avian influenza cases had been detected in these areas for 21 consecutive days since the last infected birds were destroyed, according to a Ministry of Agriculture spokesman.
07 Animal epidemic experts and officials concluded after inspections that the disease had been eradicated in these areas and they met the requirements for the lifting of isolation orders.
08 By Friday, 42 of the 49 epidemic areas have been freed from restrictions and no new cases had been reported, according to the ministry.
09 And no suspected or confirmed human bird flu infection cases were reported on the Chinese mainland by 10 am on Friday, said the Ministry of Health.
本例導語給出的信息是：“自禽流感襲擊中國之后，周五首次有3500只活雞從中國大陸運往澳門。”
導語中提到的“活雞”，在第02段中被詳細地說出“都來自廣東珠海的三個正規的家禽養殖場，并在運往澳門前曾接受隔離檢疫”。對于導語中提到的“禽流感襲擊中國”，在第03段和第09段中則針對性地交代了“珠海所有35個家禽養殖場沒有實際發生或疑似發生禽流感”并且“截止周五早上10點，中國大陸沒有關于人類感染禽流感的疑似病例或確認病例的報告”。
和例1相同的是，本篇報道的標題也是一個直接式標題，直接說出文章的主題：“大陸恢復向澳門出口雞”。導語內容與此相同，只是比標題詳細而已。
例3：
China to send woman into space
Sun. Mar. 7, 2004
01 BEIJING (Xinhua) -- China will recruit women astronauts for its space voyage thanks to the lobbying of the country"s leading women"s organization, sources said Sunday.
02 Gu Xiulian, president of the All-China Women"s Federation (ACWF), Saturday told a gathering that she put forward the proposal that women should also be trained for space missions after China"s maiden manned space trip last October, and it has been accepted by the central authorities, Beijing Youth Daily reported.
03 ACWF source close to Gu, also vice chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People"s Congress, the Chinese parliament, confirmed the report.
04 But the plan to recruit and train the country"s female astronauts has yet to be worked out, despite the approval by the central authorities, according to sources close to the department in charge of China"s astronaut training programs.
例3的情況與例1和例2相同，也是標題簡短地給出與導語相同的信息，導語之后的段落對導語內容進行詳細展開或進一步給出具體信息。
以上幾例導語共同特點是：開門見山，直接說出所要報道的主題內容；并且這一主題內容在正文中得到詳細展開；同時，這一主題內容已經在標題中得到體現，只是標題非常簡略而已。
1-2．延緩式導語
延緩式導語（delayed lead）暫時不披露或不全部披露主題信息。例如：
例1：
Women behind the wheel in drive for equality in the Philippines
Fri. May 4, 2012 (CNN)
01 The streets of Manila can be an unforgiving place for the city"s taxi and public transport drivers. Chronic traffic jams and badly maintained roads are part of the daily grind but add in the possibility of floods during the annual typhoon season and a strong constitution is needed.
02 But Josefina Barandon doesn"t mind, and as one of the city"s few female drivers will happily take to the streets in her electric jeepney as long as she is able to, come rain or shine.
03 Barandon is one of three women driving Manila"s 20-strong fleet of electric public vehicles that ply the streets of Makati, the capital"s central business district.
04 If her vehicle is a rare sight among the traditional diesel-spewing jeepneys on the roads, even rarer is seeing a woman behind the wheel of a vehicle of any description.
05 "All our passengers are happy if they see women drivers because they think the lady drivers are honest," says Barandon.
06 "Our jeepneys are better taken care of, we clean our own and decorate them at our own expense."
07 Barandon was a taxi operator and then driver before switching from her petrol-powered cab to an electric jeepney in March.
08 It was her good fortune that one of the fares she picked up from the airport last year was Yuri Sarmiento, CEO of Ejeepney Transport, who suggested she swap her taxi for an electric jeepney and with it gain a steady form of employment.
09 Like other drivers of taxis and jeepneys, Barandon regularly used to work shifts of up to 24-hours in order to pay for the hire of the vehicle and then make enough money to support her family.
10 Being an electric jeepney driver is the first time that Barandon has had the benefits and security that most people expect with a job -- a daily shift of eight-hours, health insurance and a weekly paycheck.
11 The e-jeepneys of Makati are still officially a pilot initiative, but only bureaucratic red tape has prevented it from becoming commercial and charging passengers 8 pesos ($0.20) per ride, says Reina Garcia, project coordinator for the Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities, which organizes the Makati-based project.
12 "As well as the environmental impact, we wanted it to help women to have the same opportunity as male drivers," says Garcia.
13 "Economically and socially women are one of the most vulnerable sectors in society, we wanted them to enjoy the same benefits from the electric jeepney project, such as increased income."
14 Statistics suggest that women in the Philippines have been successful in gaining ground against men. Ranked eighth on the World Economic Forum"s Gender Gap Index, the Philippines outperforms the U.S., Germany and all other Asian countries in terms of gender equality in economic opportunity, health, political participation and education.
15 According to the figures, women outnumber men in the field of senior officials, managers and professional and technical workers, but still lag behind men in terms of equal wages.
16 Despite some gains for women in the workplace there are plenty of hurdles still to overcome, believes Florencia Cabatingan, chair of the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines Women"s Committee.
17 "Discrimination in hiring is something we"re aiming to work on. While jobs won"t officially advertise for a man, there will be criteria which points to men and not women, like "we need someone six-feet tall," or request a qualification that makes it clear men need to be hired."
18 Notions that traditional diesel jeepneys are too heavy for women to drive are slowly being eroded, or completely bypassed with lighter electric versions, although Barandon says that even her family still finds it funny she drives a jeepney.
19 Macho attitudes from male drivers could also still deter other women from wanting to get behind the wheel.
20 "Sometimes the male drivers, like taxi drivers, they bully women drivers, overtake unnecessarily and think that women drivers can"t do what they are doing," says Barandon.
21 But when it comes to fare-paying passengers, Barandon believes most would like to see more women on the roads.
22 "Attitudes have changed. Our passengers are comparing women drivers in other countries, and society in the Philippines already accepts that women drivers are much better (than men)," she says with a smile.
本例導語說的是：對于出租車和公共汽車駕駛員而言，菲律賓首都馬尼拉的街道情況十分糟糕。長年累月的交通堵塞，維修不足的路面坑坑洼洼，乃是必經之磨難。特別是在每年的臺風季節里，路面往往嚴重積水……。而本篇文章的主題信息，如其直接式標題及所附段落所述，是女駕駛員推動菲律賓的性別平等。
顯然，本例導語延緩披露了文章的主題信息。
例2：
Jupiter-bound craft snaps pic of Earth and moon
Wed. Aug. 31, 2011
01 PASADENA, Calif. (AP) -- Earth, say cheese.
02 A NASA spacecraft cruising toward Jupiter glanced back and snapped a rare picture of Earth and the moon. Taken last week when Juno was 6 million miles away, the image shows two white dots, one brighter than the other.
本例導語只有三個單詞，其意思可以翻譯為“嘿，地球，（拍照了，）喊‘茄子’！”。
標題所給出的信息是：前往木星的太空飛船拍攝了地球和月亮的照片。正文第一段則是具體地說出了這十分難得的照片是在怎樣的情況下拍的，什么時候拍的、以及圖片上有什么。
和標題以及正文第一段所給出的信息相比，這條導語顯然沒有直接披露、而是延緩披露了文章的主題信息，它所起的作用是引起讀者興趣。
例3：
Students cause debate by seeking rich wives
Sun. Mar. 7, 2004
01 BEIJING (Xinhua) -- Want to live a well-off life at an early age? Seeking wealthy spouses has often been a shortcut chosen by women, but now some college boys in east China"s Nanjing city have joined the pursuit.
02 Xiao Wu, a college senior in the city, registered last month at a local matrimonial agency to seek a wife. His first requirement read "must have over 100 million yuan (US$12.05 million) in assets".
03 "I often find those graduates work hard till late at night," said Xiao. "It"s too hard and wearying for me. I just want to find a shortcut for my life through marriage."
04 A junior in another university whose surname was Huang also made marrying a "kuan jie" (rich woman) his goal.
05 "I don"t care about her educational background or marriage record," he said. "I only hope she is under 35 years old and has good economic strength."
06 Like Xiao, Huang also regarded marriage as a shortcut for career success. "With a sound economic basis, I can start a good career ten or even 20 years earlier. I can create bigger life value," he said.
07 According to Miss Ruan, manager of a matrimonial agency, six other college boys have come to the agency to seek wealthy girls in the past four months.
08 About a dozen women have responded, she said, but there has not been a successful match so far.
09 Those boys" viewpoint on marriage has aroused wide social debate. Some have claimed as seeking spouses is something personal, there should be no problem no matter what conditions are attached.
10 "It will "get twice the result with half the effort", " said a man who refused to be named.
11 But critical voices have called this kind of match unfeasible and even unhealthy.
12 Zhang Weining, who has been working in a local matrimonial agency for many years, said it was difficult for a young boy and a wealthy woman who is several years older than him to have deep affection as they had quite different life experiences.
13 "Only love-based marriage can bring happiness to the couple," he said. "Such kind of marriage is only a trade of money and youth."
例3的情況和例1例2相同，導語不直接披露文章的主題內容，但都采用一個引人關注的話題或事例對所要報道的內容作出了提示，并由此而把受眾引入到隨后展開的主題內容中去。
1-3．延緩+直接混合式導語
延緩+直接混合式導語在前半部分不披露主題，而在后半部分又直接披露文章的主題信息。例如：
例1：
Hu signs major deals with French
Thu. Jan. 29, 2004 (China Daily)
01 A market hungry for investment. Millions of people to transport. Power needs to supply. Having scored wins on ties with Europe, Chinese President Hu Jintao attended to business on Wednesday, luring heavyweight French firms with enticing visions of China"s surging economy.
02 Wrapping up his three-day visit, Hu Jintao was to preside over the signing of nine business and research deals Wednesday, covering electronics, nuclear power, car manufacturing and other industries, French Prime Minster Jean-Pierre Raffarin"s office said.
03 The Chinese president first hosted a "Who"s Who" of major French business leaders at his Paris hotel Wednesday morning. He outlined China"s economic needs, the opening of its markets as a relatively new member of the World Trade Organization, and China"s desire for foreign investment and technology, participants said.
04 Doing business in China "has become a reality for many of us instead of just the long-term ambition that it was still a few years ago," said Henri Proglio, chairman of French utilities group Veolia. Last month, it signed a contract worth US$10.7 billion over 50 years to manage water supply and treatment in the Chinese city of Shenzhen.
05 Both China and France hope to boost their economic ties wit the visit of the Chinese President, who leaves Thursday after a brief visit to European aircraft maker Airbus.
06 The 14 companies that sent their top brass to attend a meeting with Hu Wednesday ranged from oil giant Total to engineering and telecommunications companies Alstom and Alcatel, as well as defense and aerospace companies Thales and EADS and hotel operator Accor.
07 Deals to be signed Wednesday included a US$758 million investment accord between car maker PSA Peugeot Citroen and its Chinese partner Dongfeng to double production at their plant in Wuhan, central China, a spokesman for the French company said.
從導語以下段落中可以看出，這篇文章的主題內容是胡錦濤主席在法國向企業界領袖介紹中國蓬勃發展的經濟前景，吸引他們對中國進行投資。
這一主題內容在導語的后半部得到了披露。但是，本例導語的前半部并未披露主題，可以說，在讀到A market hungry for investment. Millions of people to transport. Power needs to supply.，這三句時，讀者完全不知道文章將要報道的主題內容是什么。
這個導語的巧妙之處是，前面三句（其中前兩句為片斷句）短促有力，不占過多空間而影響主題表達，并且還設置了懸念，吸引讀者繼續往下看。而后，后半部分點明了前三句所述乃是enticing visions of China"s surging economy。
更為值得欣賞的是，在我國以往的對外報道中，涉及到國家主席等重要人物時，報道的口吻往往十分嚴肅，對于西方讀者來說，頗顯僵硬；而這篇報道，語調輕松卻又不失莊重，很好地提升了可接受度。這其中，以“延緩+直接”的方式寫成的導語，起到了很重要的作用。
例2：
Andalusia"s small business crushed by Spanish slump
Thu. Jul. 26, 2012
01 SEVILLE, Spain (Reuters) -- Andalusia"s sunny beaches, shady plazas and flamenco dancing attract millions of northern European visitors each year but the southern region has become symbolic of Spain"s decline and its small businesses are paying the price.
02 Nearly one in 10 of Andalusia"s companies has closed in the last three years and more than 80 percent of those remaining are tiny, with less than three employees.
03 This makes them particularly vulnerable to the economic slump caused by a 2008 property crash, a banking crisis and growing concern over the future of the euro zone.
04 After growing faster than the national average for more than a decade, Andalusia is slumping faster than the rest of Spain and is stuck with massive unemployment and growing poverty.
這篇文章的主題在標題中以及在導語以下的段落中交代得很清楚：西班牙經濟衰退使該國安大路西亞省的小型企業瀕于崩潰。但是，本篇文章的導語在前部并不披露這個信息，而是說安大路西亞陽光明媚的沙灘、綠樹成蔭的廣場和（久負盛名的）弗拉明戈舞蹈每年都吸引著百萬北歐游客。
導語后部切入了主題：安大路西亞的小型企業正在為西班牙的經濟衰退付出代價。
這個導語的值得欣賞之處是，它先給出繁華的寫照和象征：陽光明媚的沙灘、綠樹成蔭的廣場和熱烈奔放的弗拉明戈舞蹈，然后話鋒一轉，如今擁有這繁華景象的安大路西亞卻已成為西班牙經濟衰退的寫照和象征。前面的絢爛景象與后面的凄涼光景形成強烈對比，很是讓人樂意繼續閱讀，看完全文。而這可讀性的增強，很大程度上源于“延緩+直接”的導語寫作方式。
例3：
Egypt"s Mubarak: from war hero to prisoner
Sat. Jun. 2, 2012
01 CAIRO (AP) -- War hero. Savior of the nation. An anchor of stability in a turbulent region. And in the twilight of his life, a criminal convicted for his role in the deaths of those fighting to oust him.
02 Hosni Mubarak was sentenced Saturday to life in prison after a court convicted him on charges of complicity in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising that forced him from power. His two sons - Gamal and Alaa - were acquitted on corruption charges.
03 It was an inglorious end for a leader who rose to power after Islamic extremists assassinated his predecessor Anwar Sadat and then steered the nation through the turmoil that swept the Middle East buffeted by wars, terrorism and religious extremism.
04 The frail, 84-year-old Mubarak heard the verdict from a gurney in the defendants" cage, surrounded by his sons and former officials who stood in the dock to answer for the crimes of his nearly 30-year rule. The decision can be appealed.
1-4．多主題導語
按文章主題內容與導語給出的信息之間的關系進行分類，導語還可分成單主題導語（single-theme lead）和多主題導語（multi-theme lead）。
新聞大多一事一報，所涉主題只有一個，因而大多數導語為單主題導語。但在所報事件涉及爭議雙方，不適合只報其一不報其二時，或信息較為復雜時，需采用多主題導語。例如：
例1：
Iraq demands Iran withdraw troops from oilfield
Fri. Dec. 18, 2009
01 BAGHDAD (Reuters) -- Iraq demanded on Friday that Iran immediately withdraw its soldiers from a disputed oilfield on the two countries" border, but Tehran denied any incursion.
02 Iraqi government spokesman Ali al-Dabbagh said 11 Iranian soldiers had taken control of the Fakka oilfield in a remote desert area of southeastern Iraq, in a "violation of Iraqi sovereignty."
03 "Iraq demands the immediate withdrawal from well No. 4 and the Fakka oilfield, which belongs to Iraq. Iraq is looking for a peaceful and diplomatic settlement to this issue," he said.
04 Dabbagh did not give a deadline for withdrawal and did not say what Iraq would do if Iran failed to comply. Officials have summoned Tehran"s envoy in Iraq to discuss the matter, he said.
05 Iraqi officials said the Iranian soldiers crossed into Iraqi territory on Friday and raised the Iranian flag at Fakka, whose ownership is disputed by Iran.
06 Iraqi Deputy Interior Minister Ahmed Ali al-Khafaji said the incursion was the latest of several this week at the field, some 300 km (185 miles) southeast of Baghdad in Maysan province.
07 "At 3:30 this afternoon, 11 Iranian (soldiers) infiltrated the Iran-Iraq border and took control of the oil well. They raised the Iranian flag, and they are still there," he said.
08 Iran"s semi-official Mehr news agency later quoted the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) as rejecting the report.
09 "The company denies Iranian soldiers taking control of any oil well inside Iraqi territory," Mehr quoted the NIOC as saying.
本例導語給出的有兩個主題內容，一是“伊拉克要求伊朗從兩國邊境伊拉克一方的一處油田立刻撤出武裝人員”，二是“伊朗否認侵占了伊拉克一方的油田”。這兩個內容源于一個事件，即：在兩國接壤并存在領土爭議之處發生了一起不愉快的事件。
對于這起事件，如果導語只報道“侵占”，而在正文段02、03等后續段落交代完了伊拉克一方關于“侵占”的指控之后，再寫伊朗一方的否認并用段08、09等后續段落對否認內容進行展開，也可以是一種寫法。但是，由于此類硬新聞一般采用倒金字塔結構，讀者未必一定讀完全文，而如果未到伊朗“否認”之處便結束閱讀，那么讀者所獲得的印象將是伊朗“侵占”了伊拉克的一處油田。因此，為了公正或為了避免誤導讀者，路透社的這個導語同時給出兩個主題內容。
例2：
U.S. monopoly on World Bank presidency challenged
Fri. Mar. 23, 2012
01 WASHINGTON (Xinhua) -- The United States on Friday named its candidate to lead the World Bank (WB), but this time the selection is not a solo any more.
02 Two candidates endorsed by developing countries unprecedentedly challenged the U.S. monopoly on the top post of the WB, the leading global financial institution for fighting poverty and supporting development.
SURPRISE PICK
03 As the deadline loomed, U.S. President Barack Obama announced the nomination of Jim Yong Kim, a Korean-American global health expert, as candidate to replace outgoing Robert Zoellick, whose term as WB president expires at the end of June.
04 "It"s time for a development professional to lead the world"s largest development agency," Obama said as he made the announcement.
05 "Jim has truly global experience," said Obama, "He has worked from Asia to Africa to the Americas, from capitals to small villages. His personal story exemplifies the great diversity to our country."
06 The selection is commonly considered as a surprise pick because Kim, the current Dartmouth College president, has hardly been talked about for the nominee in the past week.
07 The U.S. traditional choices of the WB head have been either politicians or business leaders since the bank was founded after World War II.
08 Obama chose Kim out of several more well-known candidates, such as Susan Rice, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, and Lawrence Summers, former director of the president"s National Economic Council.
09 Arvind Subramanian, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International economics, called it a "quite unusual choice."
10 Yukon Huang, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, told Xinhua the message the White House conveyed was that the nominee is a man of the world - born in Korea, raised and educated in the United States with professional interests that are highly relevant for developing countries.
11 U.S. economist Jeffrey Sachs, who openly campaigned for the job and finally withdrew, said in an article posted on the Washington Post website that "without incisive leadership, the bank has often seemed like just a bank."
12 "And unfortunately, Washington has backed at the helm bankers and politicians who lack the expertise to fulfill the institution"s unique mandate," Sachs added.
UNPRECEDENTED COMPETITION
13 Following the close of the nomination process, the WB announced two more candidates for the position: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala of Nigeria and Jose Antonio Ocampo of Colombia.
14 For the first time, two non-American candidates will compete with a U.S. nominee. What"s more, both of them have impressive credentials as economists and diplomats.
本例導語也給出了兩個內容，一是美國提出了世界銀行總裁的候選接班人，二是這次的提名不再是由美國唱獨角戲（而是美國對世界銀行總裁候選人提名的壟斷地位受到挑戰）了。
本篇報道的標題只涉及了一個主題，美國對世界銀行總裁候選人提名的壟斷地位受到了挑戰。正文第02段也立即提到了這個“挑戰”，反映出這篇文章主要著眼于報道“挑戰”。這一挑戰前所未有，因此是重大新聞。但是，世界銀行總裁的候選接班人提名也是重大新聞。因此，對于這兩個重要內容，導語中都予以提及并在文章中給與了詳細展開。
例3：
Views divided on bid to revise pension system
Thu. Sep. 27, 2012 (China Daily)
01 The country"s top social security fund administrator has suggested making people work longer and receive their pensions later to offset a pension fund shortfall. However, the public and experts expressed mixed reaction toward the proposal.
02 Dai Xianglong, chairman of the National Council for Social Security Fund and a former central bank governor, said the government should "modify the (current basic pension) system instead of passively putting aside more money" to offset a pension fund shortfall.
03 He advised that improving the current pension system should include moving back the retirement age for some people from 60 to 63 years old and asking employees to pay pension premiums for 35 years instead of the current 30 years.
04 Dai made the remarks in a keynote speech at a summit forum on economic development and boosting regional cooperation in Shanghai on Tuesday, local television reported.
05 Experts estimated that China could face a pension fund shortfall of 18.3 trillion yuan ($2.9 trillion) by 2013 due to accelerated population aging, according to Chinese media reports.
06 Zheng Bingwen, head of the Global Pension Fund Research Center at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said on Wednesday that the pressure of pension shortfalls is growing because of the increasing life expectancy and shrinking workforce resulting from the family planning policy.
07 "To ask people to retire later is more feasible than asking them to pay a higher rate of insurance or reducing the benefits," he said.
08 In addition, "many developed economies set the retirement age at 65, and postponing retirement age is also a global trend," he said.
09 Zi Liang, deputy director of a real estate development company in Beijing, said he dislikes the idea of raising the mandatory retirement age.
10 "The Chinese workforce generally works longer hours and have less time for leisure than workers in many other countries. It"s cruel to prolong their working life," the 32-year-old said.
11 "I may choose to retire later in life," he said, "but being forced to do so is the last thing I want."
12 Wei Shaobiao, who works for an NGO dedicated to poverty alleviation in Beijing, urged the government to improve its investment of the pension funds to increase their value.
13 Dai"s proposal will only increase ordinary people"s burden and broaden social injustice, said Wei, 26.
例4：
Turkish premier slams Security Council over Syria
Sat. Oct. 13, 2012
01 ISTANBUL (AP) -- Turkey"s prime minister sharply criticized the U.N. Security Council on Saturday for its failure to agree on decisive steps to end Syria"s civil war, as NATO ally Germany backed the Turkish interception of a Damascus-bound passenger jet earlier in the week.
02 Recep Tayyip Erdogan told an international conference in Istanbul that the world was witnessing a humanitarian tragedy in Syria.
03 "If we wait for one or two of the permanent members ... then the future of Syria will be in danger," Erdogan said, according to an official interpreter.
04 Russia and China, two of the five permanent Security Council members, have vetoed resolutions that sought to put concerted pressure on Damascus to end the conflict and agree to a political transition.
05 Erdogan called for a reform of the Security Council, which he called an "unequal, unfair system" that didn"t represent the will of most countries.
06 He spoke as Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu met with Arab and European leaders amid growing tensions between Turkey and neighboring Syria.
07 Davutoglu held talks Saturday with Arab League chief Nabil Elaraby, German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle and U.N. envoy on Syria Lakhdar Brahimi. He told reporters after the meetings that Turkey was prepared to use force again if it was attacked, just as it did last week when a shell fired across the border from Syria killed five Turkish villagers.
08 "If a similar incident occurs again from the Syrian side, we will again take counter action," Davutoglu told reporters, while stressing that the border between Syria and Turkey is also the frontier of NATO.
09 One week after the shelling, Turkey intercepted a Syrian passenger plane en route from Moscow to Damascus and seized what it said was military equipment on board.
10 Syria denounced the move as air piracy, while Russia said the cargo was radar parts that complied with international law.
11 The state-run Syrian news agency SANA reported late Saturday that Syria decided to ban Turkish Airlines flights from Syrian airspace.
12 Germany"s foreign minister backed Turkey on Saturday, saying Berlin would have acted the same way if it believed weapons were being transported to Syria over its airspace.
13 "It"s not just about weapons. Weapons need to be steered. Weapons need to be delivered," Westerwelle said. "These are all things that don"t need to be tolerated."
2. 導語寫作注意事項（1）
2-1．關于導語的字數限制
對于導語的長度，不少英語新聞教科書及有關著述都強調或規定用詞數連同虛詞在內不超過25個單詞。關于這一限定，有兩點需要指出：（1）這一限定沒有把“由兩個甚至兩個以上的自然段落組成”的導語納入考慮范圍；（2）在實際新聞作品中，單段導語長度遠遠超過25個單詞的幾乎俯拾皆是。例如：
例1：
NASA builds menu for planned Mars mission in 2030s
Tue. Jul.17, 2012
01 HOUSTON (AP) -- Through a labyrinth of hallways deep inside a 1960s-era building that has housed research that dates back to the early years of U.S. space travel, a group of scientists in white coats is stirring, mixing, measuring, brushing and, most important, tasting the end result of their cooking. (47)
例2：
China to formally garrison disputed South China Sea
Sun. Jul. 22, 2012
01 BEIJING (Reuters) -- China"s powerful Central Military Commission has approved the formal establishment of a military garrison for the disputed South China Sea, state media said on Sunday, in a move which could further boost tensions in already fractious region. (37)
例3：
Intense clashes break out in Syria"s Aleppo
Sun. Jul. 22, 2012
01 DAMASCUS (Xinhua) -- Intense clashes continued Sunday in a number of areas across Syria, particularly in the northern province of Aleppo, where armed opposition fighters said they have started an operation to liberate Aleppo from the government troops, activists say. (37)
例4：
WWF ousts Spanish king as honorary president over Botswana hunting trip
Sun. Jul. 22, 2012 (CNN)
01 The conservation group World Wildlife Fund ousted Spain"s King Juan Carlos as its honorary president after his Botswana hunting trip sparked an outcry for its extravagance during an economic crisis. (30)
以上四例都隨機取自英語新聞權威媒體，并非刻意尋求較長導語的結果。據初步統計，當代英語新聞導語的平均用詞數量約為32個（參見《英語新聞導語長度初步統計結果》）。
需要說明的是，這一初步統計結果雖然具有參考意義，但并不足以推翻“25個單詞”的經典條例。實際情況更可能是對于比較簡單的事件，導語用詞以不超過25個單詞為宜；而對于比較復雜的事件，導語用詞可以較多。
2-2．如何把導語寫得較短
導語寫作，總體而言，以短為佳。為了把導語寫得短一些，一個經常采用的辦法是：在導語內容多的情況下，把新聞來源放在正文中給出。例如：
例1：
Flood pools to be built in Beijing after deadly storm
Sun. Aug. 12, 2012
01 BEIJING (Xinhua) -- Authorities are planning to build 20 underground flood pools in downtown Beijing to improve the Chinese capital"s flood-control capacity after a devastating rainstorm killed 79 people last month.
02 The flood pools will be built near low-lying traffic passages that are most vulnerable to flash floods. Many of the existing passages are dilapidated and because of their location are frequently inundated in the rainy season, officials with Beijing"s water supply bureau said Sunday.
例2：
Peace envoy seeks Iranian help for Syria ceasefire
Mon. Oct. 15, 2012
01 BEIRUT (Reuters) -- International peace envoy Lakhdar Brahimi appealed to Iran to help arrange a ceasefire in Syria during the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha as rebels and government forces fought street by street and village by village on Monday.
02 Brahimi made the request in talks with Iranian leaders on Sunday in Tehran, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad"s closest regional ally in his campaign to crush a 19-month-old uprising.
03 The veteran Algerian diplomat said the civil war in Syria was getting worse by the day and stressed the urgent need to stop the bloodshed, his spokesman said on Monday.
例3：
China cracks down on cheating attempts at college entrance exam
Sat. Jun. 6, 2015
01 EIJING (Xinhua) -- Law enforcers have been stepping up efforts to discover and bust cheating schemes as high school graduates are going all out in the "gaokao", or China"s college entrance examinations.
02 China"s public security authorities has launched a special operation to crack down on the sale of wireless devices used for cheating, as well as sale of self-proclaimed key to exam questions and the practice of using substitute exam sitters, according to the Ministry of Education (MOE).
03 So far, 23 suspects involved in the cheating attempts have been captured.
04 The ministry urged all students taking the tests to keep their honesty.
05 A total of 9.42 million students are expected to sit this year"s tests from Saturday to Sunday.
