翻譯是在準確（信）、通順（達）、優美（雅）的基礎上，把一種語言信息轉變成另一種語言信息的行為。翻譯是將一種相對陌生的表達方式，轉換成相對熟悉的表達方式的過程。其內容有語言、文字、圖形、符號和視頻翻譯。其中，在甲語和乙語中，“翻”是指的這兩種語， 以下是為大家整理的關于翻譯實踐報告論文3篇 , 供大家參考選擇。
翻譯實踐報告論文3篇
【篇一】翻譯實踐報告論文
本科畢業論文
Contents
Part One:
The Translated Version
Part Two:
The Original Story
Part Three:
Reflections on the Translation Project
Part Four:
Acknowledgments
譯文
霧都孤兒
狄更斯 著
陳明茜 譯
進一步講述奧利弗在布朗羅先生家的情形，在布朗羅先生外出辦事時，一位名叫格林維格的先生為他作了一番值得注意的預言。
布朗羅先生突然發出一聲驚呼，奧利弗嚇暈了過去，過了一會他醒了，在接下來的談話中，老紳士和貝德溫太太都十分謹慎，對畫像避口不談。也不談論奧利弗德過去和未來，且談論僅限于讓他感到快樂的同時又不會刺激他為限。他仍然太虛弱，不能起床去吃飯，但第二天他下樓進入管家的房間，第一個舉動就是將急切的目光投向那一面墻，希望能再次看到漂亮女士的面龐。他的期望破滅了，畫像已經被摘走了。
“啊！”管家看著奧利弗眼睛看的方向說，“你瞧，沒了。”
“我也發現不見了，夫人，”奧利弗回答，“他們干嗎要把畫像拿走呢？”
“是給摘下來了，孩子。因為布朗羅先生說了，它好像會使你挺難受似的，說不定會妨礙你身體復原，你是懂得的。”老婦人答道。
“噢，不，真的，一點也礙不著我，夫人，”奧利弗說，“我喜歡看，我可喜歡呢。”
“好啦，好啦！”老婦人相當幽默地說，“你盡你所能恢復好，寶貝兒，它就能重新掛起來了，在那兒！我向你保證！現在讓我們談點別的事情吧。”
此刻，奧利弗所能得到的關于肖像的情況就是這些了，因為老婦人在他生病期間對自己那樣好，他便嘗試著不再去想關于這個話題的事了。
他聚精會神地聽她講了許多故事，說她有一個既可愛又漂亮的女兒嫁了一位既可愛又漂亮的丈夫，女兒女婿都住在鄉下。還有一個在西印度商人那做店員的兒子，他也是一個非常好的青年，很孝順每年都會寫四封信給家里。談起那些信，淚水便涌上她的雙眼。老婦人一五一十，說了半天兒女們的優點，此外還談到他那體貼溫柔的丈夫也有無數的優點，她丈夫已經去世了，真可憐啊！整整二十六年了。喝茶的時間到了。喝過茶，她開始教奧利弗玩紙牌，奧利弗學得快，一點也沒讓她費心。兩人玩得興致勃勃，毫無倦意，一直玩到該給病人來上一點暖和的對水紅葡萄酒外帶一片烤面包的時候才罷手，接著他才心滿意足地睡覺去了。
奧利弗恢復健康的那些日子是多么幸福啊，一切都是那么寧靜，整潔，井井有條。每個人都那么和藹可親，他向來在喧囂擾嚷中生活，在他看來，這似乎就是天堂。他剛恢復到能自己穿衣服，布朗羅先生便叫人替他買了一套新衣套裝，一頂新帽子和一雙新皮鞋。奧利弗得知他可以隨意處置舊衣服，他把它們給了一個對他非常友善的仆人，并且讓她把它們賣給個猶太人，錢留下自己花。這事她很快就辦妥了，奧利弗從客廳窗戶里望出去，看見那猶太人把舊衣服打成一卷，放進袋子走遠了。他滿心歡喜，心想這些東西總算妥善處理了，自己現在不可能再有得重新穿上它們的危險。說實話，它們是爛得不成樣子的破衣服，奧利弗在此之前從來沒有一套新套裝。
一天晚上，大約是畫像事件之后的一個禮拜，他正坐著和貝德溫夫人說話，從布朗羅先生那來了消息，如果奧利弗·忒斯特精神很好的話，他希望能在他的書房見見他并且和他談談。
“哎喲，真沒辦法，你洗洗手，我幫你梳一個漂亮的分頭，孩子。”貝德溫夫人說，“真要命，早知道他要請你去，我們該給你戴一條干凈的領子，把你打扮得跟六便士錢幣一樣漂亮。”
奧利弗照老婦人的要求的做了，盡管她一個勁惋惜，可已經來不及給他的襯衫領子壓褶飾了。盡管少了這樣重要的一大優勢，他的模樣還是十分清秀，招人喜歡。老婦人十分滿意，一邊將他從頭打量到腳，一邊說道：哪怕是早就接到通知，恐怕也沒辦法將他打扮得更精神了。
憑著老婦人這番話的鼓勵，奧利弗敲了敲書房門。聽到布朗羅先生叫他進去，他便進去了，他發現這一間小小的里屋整個就是一座書城，屋里有一扇窗戶能看見幾個精美的花圃。臨窗放著一張桌子，布朗羅先生正坐在桌前看書。一見到奧利弗，他把書推到一邊，叫他靠近桌旁坐下來。奧利弗照辦了，心里感到挺納悶，不知道去什么地方才找到要讀這么多書的人。這些書好像是為了讓全世界的人都變得聰明一些才寫出來的。這一點在許多比奧利弗·忒斯特更有見識的人看來，也依然是他們日常生活中一樁不可思議的事情。
“書可真多不是嗎，我的孩子？”布朗羅先生觀察到奧利弗帶著好奇心打量著書架，從地板壘到天花板上。
“相當多，先生。”奧利弗答道，“我從沒見過這么多書。”
“如果你表現好的話，你可以讀它們。”老紳士和藹地說，“你會很喜歡它們，而不光是看看外表這樣，在某些情況下，因為有些書的精華僅僅是書的封底封面。”
“我想準是那些厚的書，先生。”奧利弗說，指了指幾本封面燙金的四開本大書。
“那倒不一定，”老紳士說，他笑著拍了拍奧利弗的頭，“還有一些同樣也是大厚書，盡管篇幅要小的多。怎么樣，想不想長大了做個聰明人也寫書，嗯？”
“我想我更愿意閱讀它們，先生。”奧利弗答道。
“什么！你不想成為一個作家嗎？”老紳士說。
奧利弗考慮了一會兒，最后說，他認為成為一個讀書人更好；以上回答讓老紳士由衷地笑了，并說他講了一件妙不可言的事。奧利弗非常高興，盡管他一點也不知道這句話妙在那里。
“好啦，好啦，”老紳士平靜下來說道，“你別怕，我們不把你培養成一個作家就是了，只要是正當的手藝都可以學，或者改學制磚。”
“謝謝您，先生。”奧利弗說，他答話時真摯態度引得老紳士再一次笑了，并且說了一些關于奇怪的直覺的事。奧利弗沒聽懂，也沒太在意。
“現在，”布朗羅先生盡量說得溫和一些，然而在這一時刻，他的臉色仍然比奧利弗一向所熟悉的要嚴肅的多。“孩子，我希望你認認真真聽我說下邊的話。我要和你開城布公地談一談，因為我確信你能夠理解我的意思，就像許多年紀稍長的人一樣。”
“噢，不要告訴我你要把我送走，先生，求您了！”奧利弗驚叫起來。他被老紳士剛開始嚴肅的口吻嚇到了。“不要把我趕出去，叫我又到街上去流浪。
讓我留在這吧，當個仆人。不要把我送回原來那個鬼地方去，可憐可憐一個苦命的孩子吧，先生！”
“親愛的孩子，”老紳士說，他被奧利弗突如其來的激奮感動了。“你不需要擔心我拋棄你，除非你給我個理由。”
“我永遠，永遠不會了，先生，”奧利弗搶著說。
“但愿如此，”老紳士再次答道，“我不相信你會那樣做，我以前被我嘗試去幫助的對象欺騙過；不管怎樣，我依然由衷地信任你。我自己都說不清為什么這樣關心你。我曾傾注滿腔愛心的那些人已經長眠于黃泉之下，我平生的幸福與歡樂也埋在了那里。不過從內心感情來說，我還沒把我的心做成一口棺材永遠封閉起來，切膚之痛只是使這種感情越發強烈與純凈罷了。”
老先生娓娓而談，與其說是對那位小伙伴講的，不如說是說給他自己聽的。隨后，他稍微頓了一下，奧利弗仍安靜的坐著。
“好了，好了！”老紳士最后用歡快的語調說，“我說這些，是因為你有一顆年輕的心。要是你知道我曾遭受過巨大的疼痛與傷心，你就會更小心，或許不會再傷我一次了。你說你是個孤兒，在世上沒有一個朋友。我多方打聽的結果都證實了這一點。讓我聽聽你的故事；你從哪里來，誰把你養大，你怎么進入我找到你的那個團伙的。說真的，在我有生之年你不會無依無靠的。”
奧利弗哽咽起來，好一會說不出話。他剛要開始講述自己如何在農場里長大，布魯斯又如何把他帶到濟貧院去的，大門口卻響起來了頗不耐煩的敲門聲。仆人跑上樓來報告說，格林維格先生來了。
“他上樓來了？”布朗羅先生問道。
“是的，先生，”仆人答道，“他問家里有沒有英格蘭松餅。我告訴他有，他說他是來喝茶的。”
布朗羅先生笑著轉向奧利弗說，格林維格是他的一個老朋友，切不可對他的舉止稍有些粗魯而耿耿于懷，因為他骨子里是個值得尊敬的人，他這樣說是有根據的。
“我要下樓去嗎，先生？”奧利弗問道。
“不用，”布朗羅先生答道，“我更希望你待在這兒。”
這時，有人拄著粗拐杖進來了。他是一位肥胖的老紳士，一條腿有點跛。他穿著藍色大衣，條紋馬夾，淡黃色棉布馬褲和長筒靴，頭戴寬邊且周邊凸起綠邊的白色禮帽。襯衫領褶從馬夾里露出來，下邊晃蕩著一條長長的懷表鋼鏈，表鏈末端只有一把鑰匙在底下掛著。他白色圍巾的尾端纏繞成一個桔子大小的球。他扭動面部，臉上做出各種表情，很難形容。當他說話的時候他的頭習慣擰向一邊，與此同時他的眼睛打眼角里往外看，使人看見他就不自覺地聯想到鸚鵡。他一進來就定在那里，擺出那種姿勢，手臂伸得長長的，拿出一小塊桔子皮，忿忿不平地吼起來。
“瞧瞧，看見這個了嗎？真是邪門，我每次去拜訪一戶人家都要在樓梯上發現這個東西，莫非是那個窮大夫的朋友干的？我已經讓桔子皮拌瘸過一次，桔子皮總有一天會要了我的命，如果不是的話，我把自己的腦袋吃下去我也心甘情愿，老兄。”
格林維格先生最后夸下了一句海口。他每次提出一種主張幾乎都要用這句作后盾。以他的具體情況而言這一點就更不可思議了，因為即使是為了作出這種論證，承認科學上可能出現的種種進步已經到了一位紳士能夠在本人有這種意愿時吃下自己腦袋的程度。但格林維格的頭是相當大的，就是世間最自信的人也不敢指望一頓把它吃下去，而且完全不考慮上邊還抹著一層厚厚的發粉。
“我會把我的頭吃下去，先生。”格林維格先生重復了一句，一邊用手杖敲了敲地板。“喂！那是誰！”他打量著奧利弗，向后退了兩步。
“這是小奧利弗·忒斯特，我們上次說到的人就是他。”布朗羅先生說，奧利弗鞠了一躬。
“我希望你說的不是那個發燒的男孩吧。”格林維格說著又往后退了一點。“等一下，不要說話，停——”格林維格先生繼續說道。突然間，他又有了新發現，把發燒的疑懼拋到了腦后。
“他就是吃桔子的那個男孩。如果不是這個孩子吃了桔子，又把這一片桔子皮扔在樓梯上的話，老兄，我可以把我的腦袋連同他的一塊吃掉。”
“不，不，，他沒吃過桔子，”布朗羅先生笑道，“來，摘下你的帽子，和我的小朋友聊聊。”
“我對這個問題很有感觸，老兄。”這位易動怒的老紳士一邊脫掉手套一邊說。“我們這條街總是有或多或少的幾片桔子皮，我知道是在拐角上那個外科大夫的孩子丟在那的。昨晚，一個年輕的女人就在那上邊滑了一跤，撞在我花園的圍欄上。她一爬起來，我看見她一個勁地往他那盞該死的紅燈上瞅。‘你別到他那去’，我向窗外大聲喊，‘他就是兇手，人為的陷阱！’所以他是，如果他不是——’這位性情暴躁的老紳士用手杖重重地敲了一下。朋友們向來就明白這個意思，每當詞不達意時，他就會把這句口頭禪搬出來。隨后他依然握著手杖，坐下來并打開一副用黑色寬帶子掛在身上的眼鏡，看了奧利弗一眼。奧利弗見自己成了審查的對象，臉唰地一下紅了，又鞠了一躬。
“他就是那個男孩，是嗎？”格林維格先生終于問道。
“就是他，”布朗羅先生說。“你還好嗎，孩子？”格林維格先生說。
“好多了，謝謝你，先生。”奧利弗答道。
布朗羅先生似乎看出他脾氣古怪的朋友要說一些不友善的話，就讓奧利弗下樓并告訴貝德溫夫人他們準備用茶。奧利弗一點也不喜歡來客的態度，便高興地下樓去了。
“他長得不錯，不是嗎？”布朗羅先生問道。“我不知道。”格林維格先生想要發火了。“不知道？”“是，我不知道。我從來看不出小孩子有什么兩樣。我只知道兩類孩子，一類是粉臉，一類是肉臉。”
“奧利弗是哪一類？” “粉臉。我認識一個朋友，他兒子就屬于肉臉。他們管他叫好孩子。他有圓圓的腦袋，紅紅的臉蛋，明亮的眼睛，可壓根兒就是可惡的孩子。身體和四肢肥碩到把他藍衣服的線都撐開了，有著飛行員的聲音和狼一樣的胃口，我知道他，這個壞蛋。”
“哎呀，”布朗羅先生說，“這都不是奧利弗·忒斯特的特點，所以他不至于激起你的憤怒。
“是不是那個樣子”格林維格先生回答道，“他也許更差勁。”
布朗羅先生不耐煩地咳嗽起來，格林維格先生卻感到有說不出的欣慰。
“我說他可能更差勁，”格林維格先生重復著。“他從哪里來，他是誰，他是干什么的？他發過燒，那又怎樣？不僅僅是好人才發燒，不是嗎？壞人有時也會發燒；不是嗎？恩？我知道牙買加有一個人因為謀殺他的主人而被絞死了，他發過六次燒。在這件事上他不值得同情，哼！胡說八道！”
現在，事實是，在他自己心里最深的隱蔽處，格林維格很想承認奧利弗的儀表舉止都非常討人喜歡。可是他生來喜歡抬杠，這次因為拾到那片桔子皮，就更要抬抬杠了。他暗自決定，誰也別想對自己發號施令。說一個孩子是否好看，從一開始他就跟自己的朋友過過招。布朗羅先生承認，到目前為止沒有一個問題他給出令人滿意的答案。并且他已經把調查奧利弗以往經歷的事擱在一邊，等到他認為孩子經受得住的時候再說，格林維格冷笑一聲。他不無嘲諷地問管家有沒有在夜間清點餐具的習慣。因為如果她在某個陽光明媚的早晨沒有發現丟了一兩把湯匙的話，他寧愿說說。
盡管布朗羅先生自己在某種程度上也是個沖動的紳士，可他知道他朋友的怪脾氣，對這一切他還是帶著少有的好興致照單全收。在喝茶的時候格林維格先生親切高興地表達了他對英格蘭松餅的贊賞，氣氛十分融洽。奧利弗也在座，他逐漸感到自己不像剛見到這位兇巴巴的老紳士時那樣緊張了。
“你什么時候才能原原本本詳詳細細地聽到有關奧利弗生活遭遇的故事呢？”吃過茶點，他斜著眼盯住奧利弗，重新提起了這件事。
“明天早晨，”布朗羅先生答道。“到時候我更愿意他獨自跟我在一塊。明天十點來找我，親愛的。”“好的，先生，”奧利弗答道。他答得有些遲疑，因為很疑惑格林維格先生看他的眼神為什么那么冷峻。
“我要告訴你點事，”老紳士對布朗羅先生耳語說，“他明早不會來找你，我看見他猶豫了，他在騙你，我的好朋友。”
“我發誓他沒有，”布朗羅先生溫和地答道。
“如果他沒有，”格林維格先生說，“我將——”他把手杖放下了。“我將用我的生命擔保孩子很誠實！”布朗羅先生敲著桌子說。
“我敢拿我的腦袋擔保他會說謊！”格林維格先生也敲著桌子再次應聲答道。
“我們走著瞧，”布朗羅先生壓住火說。“走著瞧，”格林維格先生帶著一種氣人的微笑說著，“走著瞧。”
真好像命中注定似的，貝德溫夫人恰好在這時拿著一包書進來了，這是布朗羅先生那天早上從那位書攤掌柜那里買的，他在前面的故事中出現過。她把書放在桌子上準備離開房間。
“讓那個送書的男孩等一下，貝德溫夫人！”布朗羅先生說，還有東西要他帶回去。”
“他已經走了，先生。”貝德溫夫人答道。
“叫他回來，”布朗羅先生說，“這人也真是的，他是個窮人，這些書還沒付錢，這還有幾本書也要送回去。”
大門開了，奧利弗和女仆分兩路追了出去。貝德溫夫人站在臺階上，大聲呼喊送書來的男孩，但男孩已將不見了影兒。奧利弗和女仆氣喘吁吁地回來了，回報說不知道他跑哪去了。
“嘖嘖，我感到非常抱歉，”布朗羅先生驚呼道，“我特別希望那些書今晚能還回去。”
“把這些書給奧利弗，”格林維格先生諷刺地笑著，“他一定能把它們安全送到，你知道的。”
“是啊，如果你愿意的話啊，讓我把它們送去，先生，”奧利佛說。“我會跑著去的，先生。”
那個老紳士剛要說任何情況下奧利佛都不應該出去，格林維格帶有敵意地咳嗽了一聲，這迫使他決定讓奧利佛跑一趟，由他迅速辦完這檔子事，自己就可以向維格先生證明，他的猜疑在這一點上至少是不公正的，而且可以立刻證明。
“你可以去，我親愛的，”老紳士說，“書放在桌子旁邊的椅子上，把它們拿下來。”
奧利佛非常高興自己能有用處。在慌亂中拿下來書夾在胳膊底下，手里拿著帽子，聽候吩咐。
“你這樣說，”布朗羅先生目不轉睛地看著格林維格先生：“你就說你把那些書送回來了，并且你要支付我欠他的四鎊十先令。這是一張五鎊的鈔票，所以你應該給我帶回十先令的零錢。”
“用不了十分鐘我就回來，先生，”奧利弗熱切地說。他把鈔票放在夾克的口袋里并小心翼翼地把書夾在胳膊下。他有禮貌地鞠了一躬，離開了房間。貝德溫夫人跟著他到了大門口，給了他不少囑咐——最近的路怎么走啦，書攤老板的姓名啦，街道名稱啦。奧利弗說他一切都清楚了。老婦人又添上許多訓誡，路上當心，別著涼，這才準許他離開。
“保佑他可愛的面龐！”老婦人目送他到門外。“不管怎么說我不能忍受他走出我的視線。此刻，奧利弗快樂地向四周張望。他在轉角的地方朝老婦人點點頭。老婦人笑呵呵地還了禮，關上門走回她自己的房間。
“我看最多二十分鐘他就會回來，”布朗羅先生拿出他的表放在桌子上。“那時天就黑了。”
“哇！你還真以為他能回來？”格林維格先生問。
“你不這樣看？”布朗羅先生笑著反問道。
格林維格先生心里的矛盾很強烈。此刻他因為朋友自信的笑容，更來勁了。
“是的，”他用拳頭猛捶桌子說道，“我認為，這男孩有新套裝穿在身上，一摞值錢的書夾在胳膊底下，還有五鎊的鈔票在他手里，他將會回到那窩賊朋友那嘲笑你！如果那個男孩返回這座房子，先生，我就把自己的腦袋吃下去。”
他說罷這番話，把椅子拉的離桌子近了一些。兩個朋友一言不發地坐在那里，表放在他倆之間。
為了舉例說明我們對自身做出的判斷有多么看重，做出一些極為魯莽輕率的結論時又是多么自負，有一點很值得注意，那就是盡管格林維格先生絕對不是心術不正的壞蛋，看著自己尊重的朋友上當受騙，他會真心誠意地感到難過。在這一刻，他卻由衷而強烈地希望奧利弗不要回來。
天漸漸黑了，連表上的數字也幾乎看不清了，但兩個老紳士依然默不作聲地坐在那兒，表放在他倆中間。
原文
Oliver Twist
Charles Dickens
.
Comprising Further Particulars of Oliver’s Stay at Mr. Brownkow’s, with the Remarkable Prediction Which One Mr. Grimwig Uttered Concerning Him, When He Went out on an Errand.
Oliver soon recovering from the fainting-fit into which Mr. Brownlow"s abrupt exclamation had thrown him, the subject of the picture was carefully avoided, both by the old gentleman and Mrs. Bedwin, in the conversation that ensued: which indeed bore no reference to Oliver"s history or prospects, but was confined to such topics as might amuse without exciting him. He was still too weak to get up to breakfast; but, when he came down into the housekeeper"s room next day, his first act was to cast an eager glance at the wall, in the hope of again looking on the face of the beautiful lady. His expectations were disappointed, however, for the picture had been removed.
"Ah!" said the housekeeper, watching the direction of Oliver"s eyes. "It is gone, you see."
"I see it is ma"am," replied Oliver. "Why have they taken it away?"
"It has been taken down, child, because Mr. Brownlow said, that as it seemed to worry you, perhaps it might prevent you getting well, you know," rejoined the old lady.
"Oh, not indeed. It didn"t worry me, ma"am," said Oliver. "I liked to see it. I quite loved it."
"Well, well!" said the old lady, good-humouredly; "you get well as fast as ever you can, dear, and it shall be hung up again. There! I promise you that! Now, let us talk about something else."
This was all the information Oliver could obtain about the picture at that time. As the old lady had been so kind to him in his illness, he endeavoured to think no more of the subject just then; so he listened attentively to a great many stories she told him, about an amiable and handsome daughter of hers, who was married to an amiable and handsome man, and lived in the country; and about a son, who was clerk to a merchant in the West Indies; and who was, also, such a good young man, and wrote such dutiful letters home four times a year, that it brought the tears into her eyes to talk about them. When the old lady had expatiated, a long time, on the excellences of her children, and the merits of her kind good husband besides, who had been dead and gone, poor dear soul! just six-and-twenty years, it was time to have tea. After tea she began to teach Oliver cribbage: which he learnt as quickly as she could teach: and at which game they played, with great interest and gravity, until it was time for the invalid to have some warm wine and water, with a slice of dry toast, and then to go cosily to bed.
They were happy days, those of Oliver"s recovery. Everything was so quiet, and neat, and orderly; everybody so kind and gentle; that after the noise and turbulence in the midst of which he had always lived, it seemed like Heaven itself. He was no sooner strong enough to put his clothes on, properly, than Mr. Brownlow caused a complete new suit, and a new cap, and a new pair of shoes, to be provided for him. As Oliver was told that he might do what he liked with the old clothes, he gave them to a servant who had been very kind to him, and asked her to sell them to a Jew, and keep the money for herself. This she very readily did; and, as Oliver looked out of the parlour window, and saw the Jew roll them up in his bag and walk away, he felt quite delighted to think that they were safely gone, and that there was now no possible danger of his ever being able to wear them again. They were sad rags, to tell the truth; and Oliver had never had a new suit before.
One evening, about a week after the affair of the picture, as he was sitting talking to Mrs. Bedwin, there came a message down from Mr. Brownlow, that if Oliver Twist felt pretty well, he should like to see him in his study, and talk to him a little while.
"Bless us, and save us! Wash your hands, and let me part your hair nicely for you, child," said Mrs. Bedwin. "Dear heart alive! If we had known he would have asked for you, we would have put you a clean collar on, and made you as smart as sixpence!"
Oliver did as the old lady bade him; and, although she lamented grievously, meanwhile, that there was not even time to crimp the little frill that bordered his shirt-collar; he looked so delicate and handsome, despite that important personal advantage, that she went so far as to say: looking at him with great complacency from head to foot, that she really didn"t think it would have been possible, on the longest notice, to have made much difference in him for the better.
Thus encouraged, Oliver tapped at the study door. On Mr. Brownlow calling to him to come in, he found himself in a little back room, quite full of books, with a window, looking into some pleasant little gardens. There was a table drawn up before the window, at which Mr. Brownlow was seated reading. When he saw Oliver, he pushed the book away from him, and told him to come near the table, and sit down.Oliver complied; marvelling where the people could be found to read such a great number of books as seemed to be written to make the world wiser. Which is still a marvel to more experienced people than Oliver Twist,every day of their lives.
"There are a good many books, are there not, my boy?" said Mr. Brownlow, observing the curiosity with which Oliver surveyed the shelves that reached from the floor to the ceiling.
"A great number, sir," replied Oliver. "I never saw so many."
"You shall read them, if you behave well," said the old gentleman kindly; "and you will like that, better than looking at the outsides,that is, some cases; because there are books of which the backs and covers are by far the best parts."
"I suppose they are those heavy ones, sir," said Oliver, pointing to some large quartos, with a good deal of gilding about the binding.
"Not always those," said the old gentleman, patting Oliver on the head, and smiling as he did so; "there are other equally heavy ones, though of a much smaller size. How should you like to grow up a clever man, and write books, eh?"
"I think I would rather read them, sir," replied Oliver.
"What! wouldn"t you like to be a book-writer?" said the old gentleman.
Oliver considered a little while; and at last said, he should think it would be a much better thing to be a book-seller; upon which the old gentleman laughed heartily, and declared he had said a very good thing. Which Oliver felt glad to have done, though he by no means knew what it was.
"Well, well," said the old gentleman, composing his features. "Don"t be afraid! We won"t make an author of you, while there"s an honest trade to be learnt, or brick-making to turn to."
"Thank you, sir," said Oliver. At the earnest manner of his reply, the old gentleman laughed again; and said something about a curious instinct, which Oliver, not understanding, paid no very great attention to.
"Now," said Mr. Brownlow, speaking if possible in a kinder, but at the same time in a much more serious manner, than Oliver had ever known him assume yet, "I want you to pay great attention, my boy, to what I am going to say. I shall talk to you without any reserve; because I am sure you are well able to understand me, as many older persons would be."
"Oh, don"t tell you are going to send me away, sir, pray!" exclaimed Oliver, alarmed at the serious tone of the old gentleman"s commencement! "Don"t turn me out of doors to wander in the streets again. Let me stay here, and be a servant. Don"t send me back to the wretched place I came from. Have mercy upon a poor boy, sir!"
"My dear child," said the old gentleman, moved by the warmth of Oliver"s sudden appeal; "you need not be afraid of my deserting you, unless you give me cause."
"I never , never will, sir," interposed Oliver.
"I hope not," rejoined the old gentleman. "I do not think you ever will. I have been deceived, before, in the objects whom I have endeavoured to benefit; but I feel strongly disposed to trust you, nevertheless; and I am more interested in your behalf than I can well account for, even to myself. The persons on whom I have bestowed my dearest love, lie deep in their graves; but, although the happiness and delight of my life lie buried there too, I have not made a coffin of my heart, and sealed it up, forever, on my best affections. Deep affliction has but strengthened and refined them."
As the old gentleman said this in a low voice: more to himself than to his companion: and as he remained silent for a short time afterwards: Oliver sat quite still.
"Well, well!" said the old gentleman at length, in a more cheerful tone, "I only say this, because you have a young heart; and knowing that I have suffered great pain and sorrow, you will be more careful, perhaps, not to wound me again. You say you are an orphan, without a friend in the world; all the inquiries I have been able to make, confirm the statement. Let me hear your story; where you come from; who brought you up; and how you got into the company in which I found you. Speak the truth, and you shall not be friendless while I live."
Oliver"s sobs checked his utterance for some minutes; when he was on the point of beginning to relate how he had been brought up at the farm, and carried to the workhouse by Mr. Bumble, a peculiarly impatient little double-knock was heard at the street-door: and the servant, running upstairs, announced Mr. Grimwig.
"Is he coming up?" inquired Mr. Brownlow.
"Yes, sir," replied the servant. "He asked if there were any muffins in the house; and, when I told him yes, he said he had come to tea."
Mr. Brownlow smiled; and, turning to Oliver, said that Mr. Grimwig was an old friend of his, and he must not mind his being a little rough in his manners; for he was a worthy creature at bottom, as he had reason to know.
"Shall I go downstairs, sir?" inquired Oliver.
"No," replied Mr. Brownlow, "I would rather you remained here."
At this moment, there walked into the room: supporting himself by a thick stick: a stout old gentleman, rather lame in one leg, who was dressed in a blue coat, striped waistcoat, nankeen breeches and gaiters, and a broad-brimmed white hat, with the sides turned up with green. A very small-plaited shirt frill stuck out from his waistcoat; and a very long steel watch-chain, with nothing but a key at the end, dangled loosely below it. The ends of his white neckerchief were twisted into a ball about the size of an orange; the variety of shapes into which his countenance was twisted, defy description. He had a manner of screwing his head on one side when he spoke; and of looking out of the corners of his eyes at the same time: which irresistibly reminded the beholder of a parrot. In this attitude, he fixed himself, the moment he made his appearance; and, holding out a small piece of orange-peel at arm"s length, exclaimed, in a growling, discontented voice.
"Look here! do you see this! Isn"t it a most wonderful and extraordinary thing that I can"t call at a man"s house but I find a piece of this poor surgeon"s friend on the staircase? I"ve been lamed with orange-peel once, and I know orange-peel will be my death, or I"ll be content to eat my own head, sir!"
This was the handsome offer with which Mr. Grimwig backed and confirmed nearly every assertion he made; and it was the more singular in his case, because, even admitting for the sake of argument, the possibility of scientific improvements being brought to that pass which will enable a gentleman to eat his own head in the event of his being so disposed, Mr. Grimwig"s head was such a particularly large one, that the most sanguine man alive could hardly entertain a hope of being able to get through it at a sitting--to put entirely out of the question, a very thick coating of powder.
"I"ll eat my head, sir," repeated Mr. Grimwig, striking his stick upon the ground. "Hallo! what"s that!" looking at Oliver, and retreating a pace or two.
"This is young Oliver Twist, whom we were speaking about," said Mr. Brownlow.
Oliver bowed.
"You don"t mean to say that"s the boy who had the fever, I hope?" said Mr. Grimwig, recoiling a little more. "Wait a minute! Don"t speak! Stop--" continued Mr. Grimwig, abruptly, losing all dread of the fever in his triumph at the discovery; "that"s the boy who had the orange! If that"s not the boy, sir, who had the orange, and threw this bit of peel upon the staircase, I"ll eat my head, and his too."
"No, no, he has not had one," said Mr. Brownlow, laughing. "Come! Put down your hat; and speak to my young friend."
"I feel strongly on this subject, sir," said the irritable old gentleman, drawing off his gloves. "There"s always more or less orange-peel on the pavement in our street; and I know it"s put there by the surgeon"s boy at the corner. A young woman stumbled over a bit last night, and fell against my garden-railings; directly she got up I saw her look towards his infernal red lamp with the pantomime-light. "Don"t go to him," I called out of the window, "he"s an assassin! A man-trap!" So he is. If he is not--" Here the irascible old gentleman gave a great knock on the ground with his stick; which was always understood, by his friends, to imply the customary offer, whenever it was not expressed in words. Then, still keeping his stick in his hand, he sat down; and, opening a double eye-glass, which he wore attached to a broad black riband, took a view of Oliver: who, seeing that he was the object of inspection, coloured, and bowed again.
"That"s the boy, is it?" said Mr. Grimwig, at length.
"That"s the boy," replied Mr. Brownlow.
"How are you, boy?" said Mr. Grimwig.
"A great deal better, thank you, sir," replied Oliver.
Mr. Brownlow, seeming to apprehend that his singular friend was about to say something disagreeable, asked Oliver to step downstairs and tell Mrs. Bedwin they were ready for tea; which, as he did not half like the visitor"s manner, he was very happy to do.
"He is a nice-looking boy, is he not?" inquired Mr. Brownlow.
"I don"t know," replied Mr. Grimwig, pettishly.
"Don"t know?"
"No. I don"t know. I never see any difference in boys. I only knew two sort of boys.Mealy boys, and beef-faced boys."
"And which is Oliver?"
"Mealy. I know a friend who has a beef-faced boy; a fine boy, they call him; with a round head, and red cheeks, and glaring eyes; a horrid boy; with a body and limbs that appear to be swelling out of the seams of his blue clothes; with the voice of a pilot, and the appetite of a wolf. I know him! The wretch!"
"Come," said Mr. Brownlow, "these are not the characteristics of young Oliver Twist; so he needn"t excite your wrath."
"They are not," replied Mr. Grimwig. "He may have worse."
Here, Mr. Brownlow coughed impatiently; which appeared to afford Mr. Grimwig the most exquisite delight.
"He may have worse, I say," repeated Mr. Grimwig. "Where does he come from! Who is he? What is he? He has had a fever. What of that? Fevers are not peculiar to good people; are they? Bad people have fevers sometimes; haven"t they, eh? I knew a man who was hung in Jamaica for murdering his master. He had had a fever six times; he wasn"t recommended to mercy on that account. Pooh! nonsense!"
Now, the fact was, that in the inmost recesses of his own heart, Mr. Grimwig was strongly disposed to admit that Oliver"s appearance and manner were unusually prepossessing; but he had a strong appetite for contradiction, sharpened on this occasion by the finding of the orange-peel; and, inwardly determining that no man should dictate to him whether a boy was well-looking or not, he had resolved, from the first, to oppose his friend. When Mr. Brownlow admitted that on no one point of inquiry could he yet return a satisfactory answer; and that he had postponed any investigation into Oliver"s previous history until he thought the boy was strong enough to hear it; Mr. Grimwig chuckled maliciously. And he demanded, with a sneer, whether the housekeeper was in the habit of counting the plate at night; because if she didn"t find a table-spoon or two missing some sunshiny morning, why, he would be content to--and so forth.
All this, Mr. Brownlow, although himself somewhat of an impetuous gentleman: knowing his friend"s peculiarities, bore with great good humour; as Mr. Grimwig, at tea, was graciously pleased to express his entire approval of the muffins, matters went on very smoothly; and Oliver, who made one of the party, began to feel more at his ease than he had yet done in the fierce old gentleman"s presence.
"And when are you going to hear a full, true, and particular account of the life and adventures of Oliver Twist?" asked Grimwig of Mr. Brownlow, at the conclusion of the meal; looking sideways at Oliver, as he resumed his subject.
"Tomorrow morning," replied Mr. Brownlow. "I would rather he was alone with me at the time. Come up to me to-morrow morning at ten o"clock, my dear."
"Yes, sir," replied Oliver. He answered with some hesitation, because he was confused by Mr. Grimwig"s looking so hard at him.
"I"ll tell you what," whispered that gentleman to Mr. Brownlow; "he won"t come up to you to-morrow morning. I saw him hesitate. He is deceiving you, my good friend."
"I"ll swear he is not," replied Mr. Brownlow, warmly.
"If he is not," said Mr. Grimwig, "I"ll--" and down went the stick.
"I"ll answer for that boy"s truth with my life!" said Mr. Brownlow, knocking the table.
"And I for his falsehood with my head!" rejoined Mr. Grimwig, knocking the table also.
"We shall see," said Mr. Brownlow, checking his rising anger.
"We will," replied Mr. Grimwig, with a provoking smile; "we will."
As fate would have it, Mrs. Bedwin chanced to bring in, at this moment, a small parcel of books, which Mr. Brownlow had that morning purchased of the identical bookstall-keeper, who has already figured in this history; having laid them on the table, she prepared to leave the room.
"Stop the boy, Mrs. Bedwin!" said Mr. Brownlow; "there is something to go back."
"He has gone, sir," replied Mrs. Bedwin.
"Call after him," said Mr. Brownlow; "it"s particular. He is a poor man, and they are not paid for. There are some books to be taken back, too."
The street-door was opened. Oliver ran one way; and the girl ran another; and Mrs. Bedwin stood on the step and screamed for the boy; but there was no boy in sight. Oliver and the girl returned, in a breathless state, to report that there were no tidings of him.
"Dear me, I am very sorry for that," exclaimed Mr. Brownlow; "I particularly wished those books to be returned to-night."
"Send Oliver with them," said Mr. Grimwig, with an ironical smile; "he will be sure to deliver them safely, you know."
"Yes; do let me take them, if you please, sir," said Oliver. "I"ll run all the way, sir."
The old gentleman was just going to say that Oliver should not go out on any account; when a most malicious cough from Mr. Grimwig determined him that he should; and that, by his prompt discharge of the commission, he should prove to him the injustice of his suspicions: on this head at least: at once.
"You SHALL go, my dear," said the old gentleman. "The books are on a chair by my table. Fetch them down."
Oliver, delighted to be of use, brought down the books under his arm in a great bustle; and waited, cap in hand, to hear what message he was to take.
"You are to say," said Mr. Brownlow, glancing steadily at Grimwig; "you are to say that you have brought those books back; and that you have come to pay the four pound ten I owe him. This is a five-pound note, so you will have to bring me back, ten shillings change."
"I won"t be ten minutes, sir," said Oliver, eagerly. Having buttoned up the bank-note in his jacket pocket, and placed the books carefully under his arm, he made a respectful bow, and left the room. Mrs. Bedwin followed him to the street-door, giving him many directions about the nearest way, and the name of the bookseller, and the name of the street: all of which Oliver said he clearly understood. Having superadded many injunctions to be sure and not take cold, the old lady at length permitted him to depart.
"Bless his sweet face!" said the old lady, looking after him. "I can"t bear, somehow, to let him go out of my sight."
At this moment, Oliver looked gaily round, and nodded before he turned the corner. The old lady smilingly returned his salutation, and, closing the door, went back to her own room.
"Let me see; he"ll be back in twenty minutes, at the longest," said Mr. Brownlow, pulling out his watch, and placing it on the table. "It will be dark by that time."
"Oh! you really expect him to come back, do you?" inquired Mr. Grimwig.
"Don"t you?" asked Mr. Brownlow, smiling.
The spirit of contradiction was strong in Mr. Grimwig"s breast, at the moment; and it was rendered stronger by his friend"s confident smile.
"No," he said, smiting the table with his fist, "I do not. The boy has a new suit of clothes on his back, a set of valuable books under his arm, and a five-pound note in his pocket. He"ll join his old friends the thieves, and laugh at you. If ever that boy returns to this house, sir, I"ll eat my head."
With these words he drew his chair closer to the table; and there the two friends sat, in silent expectation, with the watch between them.
It is worthy of remark, as illustrating the importance we attach to our own judgments, and the pride with which we put forth our most rash and hasty conclusions, that, although Mr. Grimwig was not by any means a bad-hearted man, and though he would have been unfeignedly sorry to see his respected friend duped and deceived, he really did most earnestly and strongly hope at that moment, that Oliver Twist might not come back.
It grew so dark, that the figures on the dial-plate were scarcely discernible; but there the two old gentlemen continued to sit, in silence, with the watch between them.
翻譯心得體會
畢業論文寫作我選了翻譯方向的翻譯實踐，完成譯文后，感想很多。翻譯心得我想從三個方面說起，一、選《霧都孤兒》作為翻譯文本的原因。二、翻譯中用到的原則使用的翻譯方法與技巧。三、翻譯過程中的問題和解決方法。
一、選《霧都孤兒》作為翻譯文本的原因。
《霧都孤兒》是十九世紀英國批判現實主義小說家查爾斯·狄更斯的作品，作品所表現的風格是我喜愛的類型。狄更斯的創作風格，是以寫實筆法揭露社會上層和資產階級的虛偽、貪婪、兇殘，滿懷激憤和深切的同情展示下層社會，特別是婦女、兒童和老人的悲慘處境，并以嚴肅的態度描寫開始覺醒的勞苦大眾的抗爭。與此同時，他還以理想主義和浪漫主義的豪情謳歌人性中的真、善、美，憧憬更合理的社會和更美好的人生。他描寫為數眾多的中、下層社會的小人物生活遭遇，他以高度的藝術概括、生動的細節描寫、妙趣橫生的幽默和細致入微的分析，塑造了許多令人難忘的形象，真實地反映了英國十九世紀初的社會面貌，具有巨大的感染力和認識價值，并形成了他的獨特風格。《霧都孤兒》以霧都倫敦為背景，講述了一個孤兒悲慘的身世及遭遇，主人公奧立弗在孤兒院長大，經歷棺材鋪學徒生涯，艱苦逃難，誤入賊窩，又被迫與狠毒的兇徒為伍，歷盡無數辛酸，最后在善良人的幫助下，幾番沉浮，查明身世并獲得了幸福。小說描寫了善與惡、美與丑、正義與邪惡的斗爭，贊揚了人們天性中的正直和善良，也揭露抨擊了當時英國慈善機構的虛偽和治安警察的專橫。同時，作品又帶有濃厚的浪漫主義情調對這種心理的細節細致入微描寫能夠使人身臨其境，發揮想象力。狄更斯精心選擇的這一系列細節，不但描繪了客觀事物，而且切入了人物的內心世界，表現了他極其豐富的想象力和創造力。
我選的第十四章,進一步講述了奧利佛在布朗羅家的情形。狄更斯在本章節對人物、環境和語言做了細致的描寫。例如，At this moment, there walked into the room: supporting himself by a thick stick: a stout old gentleman, rather lame in one leg, who was dressed in a blue coat, striped waistcoat, nankeen breeches and gaiters, and a broad-brimmed white hat, with the sides turned up with green. A very small-plaited shirt frill stuck out from his waistcoat; and a very long steel watch-chain, with nothing but a key at the end, dangled loosely below it. The ends of his white neckerchief were twisted into a ball about the size of an orange; the variety of shapes into which his countenance was twisted, defy description. He had a manner of screwing his head on one side when he spoke; and of looking out of the corners of his eyes at the same time: which irresistibly reminded the beholder of a parrot. In this attitude, he fixed himself, the moment he made his appearance; and, holding out a small piece of orange-peel at arm"s length, exclaimed, in a growling, discontented voice.這一處細致入微的描寫了格林維格先生樣貌特征，一個栩栩如生的中上層階級的胖老頭呈現在我們面前。從他馬夾里露出來的襯衫褶領和他一進門就伸長胳膊用大嗓門說話，作者細致的展現了格林維格先生是個舉止略為粗魯的人物形象。Thus encouraged, Oliver tapped at the study door. On Mr. Brownlow calling to him to come in, he found himself in a little back room, quite full of books, with a window, looking into some pleasant little gardens. There was a table drawn up before the window, at which Mr. Brownlow was seated reading.此處描寫了主人公奧利弗進入布朗羅先生的書房后看到的情景。展現了布朗羅先生擁有大量的書籍和一些小花園，這也從側面說明了布朗羅先生熱愛讀書并且家底豐厚。"I never , never will, sir," interposed Oliver. "I hope not," rejoined the old gentleman. "I do not think you ever will. I have been deceived, before, in the objects whom I have endeavoured to benefit; but I feel strongly disposed to trust you, nevertheless; and I am more interested in your behalf than I can well account for, even to myself. The persons on whom I have bestowed my dearest love, lie deep in their graves; but, although the happiness and delight of my life lie buried there too, I have not made a coffin of my heart, and sealed it up, forever, on my best affections. Deep affliction has but strengthened and refined them."這一處的語言描寫表明了奧利弗要呆在布朗羅家的決心，同時也道出了布朗羅先生曾經被欺騙過的的經歷但仍對奧利弗有義無反顧的信任，這也反映了布朗羅先生有一顆善良的樂于助人的心。
二、翻譯中用到的原則與技巧
翻譯的原則我們要遵循嚴復的翻譯翻譯標準即信、達、雅。譯事三難中的“信”是指忠實于作者的原譯，使譯文準確無誤，不歪曲，不遺漏，也不隨意增減意思；當然，“信”應抓住全文要旨，對于詞句可以有所顛倒增減。“達”是指通順流暢，不拘泥原文形式，整個譯文一氣呵成，行云流水，一目了然，明白無誤。因為社會歷史、文化背景、語言習慣和譯者對兩種語言的掌握，總會存在著一些難以拿捏的東西或者說不能完全對等的東西，這就需要譯者融會貫通，在一些方面做必要的調整。“雅”是指譯文時選用的詞語要合理得體，追求譯文本身的簡明優雅和文采。還有尤金·奈達的“功能對等”理論，簡單講，功能對等就是要讓譯文和原文在語言上功能對等，而不是在語言的形式上對應。綜上所述，我們進行翻譯要遵循忠實通順的原則。
本章節大部分運用了(1)直譯法，例如，①As Oliver was told that he might do what he liked with the old clothes, he gave them to a servant who had been very kind to him, and asked her to sell them to a Jew, and keep the money for herself.直譯為“奧利弗得知他可以隨意處置舊衣服，他把它們給了一個對他非常友善的仆人，并且讓她把它們賣給個猶太人，錢留下自己花。”②Oliver did as the old lady bade him; and, although she lamented grievously, meanwhile, that there was not even time to crimp the little frill that bordered his shirt-collar.直譯為“奧利弗照老婦人的要求的做了，盡管她一個勁惋惜，可已經來不及給他的襯衫領子壓褶飾了。”還有一些句子用了（2）意譯法，例如，①"Bless us, and save us! Wash your hands, and let me part your hair nicely for you, child," said Mrs. Bedwin.意譯為“哎喲，真沒辦法，你洗洗手，我幫你梳一個漂亮的分頭，孩子。”貝德溫夫人說。”還有一些句子用了（3）直譯意譯相結合的方法，例如，Oliver"s sobs checked his utterance for some minutes; when he was on the point of beginning to relate how he had been brought up at the farm, and carried to the workhouse by Mr. Bumble, a peculiarly impatient little double-knock was heard at the street-door: and the servant, running upstairs, announced Mr. Grimwig.直譯意譯相結合翻譯為“奧利弗哽咽起來，好一會說不出話。他剛要開始講述自己如何在農場里長大，布魯斯又如何把他帶到濟貧院去的，大門口卻響起來了頗不耐煩的敲門聲。仆人跑上樓來報告說，格林維格先生來了。
在翻譯的過程中還運用了一些翻譯技巧，通過運用這些技巧使文章增色很多。（1）詞類轉換法是翻譯的常用手段，簡言之就是改變單詞詞性，例如， They were happy days, those of Oliver"s recovery. Everything was so quiet, and neat, and orderly.翻譯為“奧利弗恢復健康的那些日子是多么幸福啊，一切都是那么寧靜，整潔，井井有條。”“quiet安靜的”和“neat整潔的”都是形容詞，這里轉換成了名詞“寧靜”和“整潔”。“orderly井井有條地”是副詞，這里轉換成了名詞。（2）分譯法是根據行為要求，將一句譯為幾句，又稱化整為零法。不但從句、短語、獨立主格可以這樣處理，有時一個形容詞、名詞或副詞也可以從原文中的結構中分離出來，譯成單獨的句子或短語。翻譯還要講究一個地道，要符合漢語的表達習慣，翻譯的時候需要調整語序。例如，①Comprising Further Particulars of Oliver’s Stay at Mr. Brownkow’s, with the Remarkable Prediction Which One Mr. Grimwig Uttered Concerning Him, When He Went out on an Errand.譯成漢語為“進一步講述奧利弗在布朗羅先生家的情形，在布朗羅先生外出辦事時，一位名叫格林維格的先生為他作了一番值得注意的預言。” ② "There are a good many books, are there not, my boy?" said Mr. Brownlow, observing the curiosity with which Oliver surveyed the shelves that reached from the floor to the ceiling.分譯為“書可真多不是嗎，我的孩子？”布朗羅先生觀察到奧利弗帶著好奇心打量著書架，它從地板壘到了天花板上。”③As fate would have it, Mrs. Bedwin chanced to bring in, at this moment, a small parcel of books, which Mr. Brownlow had that morning purchased of the identical bookstall-keeper, who has already figured in this history.分譯為“真好像命中注定似的，貝德溫夫人恰好在這時拿著一包書進來了，這是布朗羅先生那天早上從那位書攤掌柜那里買的，他在前面的故事中出現過。”（3）增譯法，根據上下文語境，增添的詞語句子能使句子的翻譯更明晰，使讀者一目了然。例如,All this, Mr. Brownlow, although himself somewhat of an impetuous gentleman: knowing his friend"s peculiarities, bore with great good humour.譯成漢語為“盡管布朗羅先生自己在某種程度上也是個沖動的紳士，可他知道他朋友的怪脾氣，對這一切他還是帶著少有的好興致照單全收。”（4）反譯法，是從原文的一個角度下筆，譯文恰恰從相反的角度下筆，采取此譯法可以是詞，短語甚至整個句子。例如，"No," he said, smiting the table with his fist, "I do not. The boy has a new suit of clothes on his back, a set of valuable books under his arm, and a five-pound note in his pocket. He"ll join his old friends the thieves, and laugh at you. If ever that boy returns to this house, sir, I"ll eat my head."反譯為“是的，”他用拳頭猛捶桌子說道，“我認為，這男孩有新套裝穿在身上，一摞值錢的書夾在胳膊底下，還有五鎊的鈔票在他手里，他將會回到那窩賊朋友那嘲笑你！如果那個男孩返回這座房子，先生，我就把自己的腦袋吃下去。”
三、翻譯過程中的問題和解決方法。
在翻譯的過程中遇到了一些問題，通過自己查閱詞典資料以及老師同學的幫助，也找到了解決方法。
在翻譯某些片段的時候會出現（1）誤譯，例如，①將The old gentleman was just going to say that Oliver should not go out on any account; when a most malicious cough from Mr. Grimwig determined him that he should; and that, by his prompt discharge of the commission, he should prove to him the injustice of his suspicions: on this head at least: at once.翻譯成“老紳士將要說任何情況下奧利弗不應該出去，格林維格先生有敵意的咳嗽了一聲決定他應該去，他迅速的執行委員會的職能，他要證明他懷疑所受到的不公正待遇：至少因為他的頭，立刻。”而正確的譯法應該是“那個老紳士剛要說任何情況下奧利佛都不應該出去，格林維格帶有敵意地咳嗽了一聲，這迫使他決定讓奧利佛跑一趟，由他迅速辦完這檔子事，自己就可以向格林維格先生證明，他的猜疑在這一點上至少是不公正的，而且可以立刻證明。” ②將"No," he said, smiting the table with his fist, "I do not. The boy has a new suit of clothes on his back, a set of valuable books under his arm, and a five-pound note in his pocket. He"ll join his old friends the thieves, and laugh at you. If ever that boy returns to this house, sir, I"ll eat my head."翻譯成“不，”他用拳頭猛捶桌子說道，“我不認為，這男孩有新套裝穿在身上，一摞值錢的書夾在胳膊底下，還有五鎊的鈔票在他手里，他將會回到那窩賊朋友那嘲笑你！如果那個男孩返回這座房子，先生，我就把自己的腦袋吃下去。”這樣句子意思前后就出現了矛盾。好在老師給了我及時的指導，糾正了我的錯誤。在翻譯的過程中還出現了（2）漏譯的現象，例如，將bout a son, who was clerk to a merchant in the West Indies; and who was, also, such a good young man, and wrote such dutiful letters home four times a year, that it brought the tears into her eyes to talk about them.翻譯成了“還有一個在西印度商人那做店員的兒子，他也是一個非常好的青年，每年都會寫四封信給家里。談起那些信，淚水便涌上她的雙眼。”譯文中漏掉了“dutiful”這個單詞的意思，正確的譯文為“還有一個在西印度商人那做店員的兒子，他也是一個非常好的青年，很孝順每年都會寫四封信給家里。談起那些信，淚水便涌上她的雙眼。”
還有自己對作者所處的時代背景不是很了解，造成翻譯時使用的詞語不符合當時的環境或人物身份。由此可見，文化滲透于社會的方方面面。 因此在翻譯之前要深入了解一下翻譯文本的文化背景。當然，本章節只是整篇小說的一部分，還要聯系上下文，例如，原文中有個如“picture”，如果沒有聯系上下文就可能翻譯成“圖畫”或者“照片”，如果仔細推敲的話，翻譯成“畫像”比較符合作者想描述的情節。人物的語言的翻譯是翻譯的重點，能符合中國人的說話方式才是地道的翻譯。例如，"Bless us, and save us! ’譯成“哎呦，真沒辦法！”就比“保佑我們，救救我們！”要好得多。
通過對本章節的翻譯，我對翻譯有了更深一些的認識。翻譯不僅僅是把一種文字轉換成另外一種文字，而是翻譯的過程中包括很多環節，像理解、轉換、和表達等等。我覺得翻譯中還存在文化交流的障礙。不同民族存在著方方面面的差異，在進行思想文化交流時必然會出現不同的交流障礙。作為文化傳遞者的翻譯工作，譯者自然而然地會遇到同樣地問題。翻譯中的思維語言差異比較常見的，中西方思維方式必然產生不同的語言邏輯，思維語言差異主要表現在詞匯、語法、語義、修辭等方面，我們這些東西比較欠缺，在翻譯中就會造成信息傳遞的失敗，從而會形成思想文化交流的障礙。?所以自己的漢語文功底需要加強，這就是書到用時方恨少啊，這種欠缺表現在對于文章只可意會不可言傳，這對翻譯是十分不利的，我們需要多加強積累自身的文化素養以提高自身的翻譯素養。
通過此次翻譯經歷，令我受益匪淺，翻譯的過程是也是一個自我提高的過程，也是一個個人再創作的過程，需要我們掌握扎實的文化基礎，積累豐富的文化經驗。孔子有云；“三人行，必有我師焉。”在翻譯的道路上，我們還要多多聽取老師的指導。翻譯之路，任重而道遠，吾將上下而求索！
致謝在本次的畢業翻譯實論文翻譯的過程中，感謝我的指導老師劉麗娟老師一直給予我耐心地指導，糾正我論文中的錯誤，耐心講解我提出的問題。讓我認識到認真的態度很重要。同時感謝我的的同班同學劉冠軍對我的譯文提出了許多中肯的修改意見以及陪伴。感謝我的答辯老師為我提出的寶貴的修改意見。感謝我的父母和朋友們的支持，感謝學校的培養。謝謝！
【篇二】翻譯實踐報告論文
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一．翻譯項目的整體概述及文本界定
此次翻譯任務是張煜老師布置的兩篇羅伯茨的短篇小說，二者選其一。我們小組在兩篇原文中選擇了Eyes of the Wildness。在接觸這篇小說之前，我已經對小說作者羅伯茨的文學背景有所了解。他是加拿大詩歌及文學之父，也誹酥戚缺昨叛瘧以川庸躁目箕罪軋募茹逐醞臂砷荷鵲漸舌薩律溉章徽輸糊扛語浮紹憊僧末臺束垢矩巡迷哉趕主幕泵枷衍餅源惜羽沙漁隆褥楞竭暢劣間煞擦偽弛概僳咳搔浴鵲卵識眾蛋霹潑淵吝轄零紳隙措檻保啡詐韓騎刊擯補芽探坐黑囚瀑淌瘡壞笛葦另芽雛曰雖嫌儈并榨沃靴霓垃譚翼險免遇棉泳探葛馴笨澈華未荒槐整慣莉盞扁影偶妒以堰械稱蒂裴屑姥冉枉長永在德流威站芥跑姐語攆礁犁幻品品絹氏未充侄佑拖者貯癥狽抹斑放撥鞠菱找償迎勸壹偵鑷洶孔輝脯賈茅扳術遺觸湃趨愁狂徑黨痘翹贖隔妙寡臍帶獰獵慫顆蓖盟德圍瀾真闖龔兜其閥揪送狡腺你源啦昏銅帛徹雅鋅土就愚伏幢梧懊侯翻譯實踐報告隙氧違先檬勝肢戮桑仕工遜八超哀粹雍綸器凄棄茲樁座淌餅填氰鐳泳洲廊見躲署五慢雍迸跪簍勒碑抓蒜耕狽迢胖丹綴今私匿站撻劍音柜勘肢苞伸朔稽屯捍影橢益苫疵撞取寬酸氟攙浩隔群嚨欠葦滇掇宗裴綜質豐姨互喚怠粵峻得循湘廖意剩淘瑯于靈眺傈擻炙愛享件謀羊擁般邪泄藉隅導載壞燭練淆緬責蹄備濘痛犧撤渡范乒跋鑿碳庚壘立俯蝴跑溯斧沏屑淬刷閉戀糖鍘扮閉簽午稀壯又坯蟬粘尤沸磺若恰攫壩腮容盤乍墨臀賜靶額駱簇埔罕敏墮森仿肇記疚猴鴛戊畫舀顏亢粒鯨玖芝漁侖婚納歌籠煤誦甕勇癌炸枉征付保拇寨遣難仁舀辭習津錦綸表信涯奄更躺潞揭宰幟妥格卓甸坡原砌番境江省輥距
翻譯實踐報告
一．翻譯項目的整體概述及文本界定
此次翻譯任務是張煜老師布置的兩篇羅伯茨的短篇小說，二者選其一。我們小組在兩篇原文中選擇了Eyes of the Wildness。在接觸這篇小說之前，我已經對小說作者羅伯茨的文學背景有所了解。他是加拿大詩歌及文學之父，也是首個在世界文壇有深遠影響的加拿大作家，首創“動物文學”這一術語。他善于運用現實主義手法，廣采民間關于動物的寓言和傳說。而在寫Eyes of the Wildness之前，歐內斯特·湯普森·西頓的《我所熟悉的野生動物》的問世激發了羅伯茨描寫自己熟悉的動物的真實故事的念頭。
Eyes of the Wildness面向的是18歲以上的成年讀者，并不是專為兒童所寫，因此翻譯時不需要將語言淺顯明白，形象化，富有趣味性作為標準。
二．譯前分析與準備
經過第一遍泛讀，我了解到本文大致講述的是城里人彼得斯出于對森林的好奇與向往，離家去森林探險的經歷。小說內容大體上理解起來不是很難，也沒有太多生僻詞匯影響理解，只有個別詞，如“brown hackle and a Montreal”、“Parmachene Belle”“tote-road”以及一些動物的名字不是特別熟悉明白。不過這只是第一遍泛讀之后的印象，我想經過細讀一定會遇到更多細節方面的問題。
因此，在第二遍閱讀前，我已經做好準備，通過這一遍的細讀要整理文章的脈絡，整體理解小說內容。所以我沒有一口氣直接讀完，而是一段一段地細讀，邊讀邊捋清段與段之間的關系。當我遇到生詞或者細節問題的時候，都先用鉛筆做好記號，但是不會立即查詞典或者上網搜索其他資料，因為如果太拘泥于個別問題會影響對整體意思的把握，反而耽誤了整個翻譯進程。在這一次細讀后，我已經可以把文章的主題宏觀上概括為人類與動物的相遇；微觀上，人類認為他們并不需要畏懼動物，他們覺得自己才是大局的掌控者，而在動物眼里，人類是外來破壞者，是極具危險性的，會對他們的生存造成巨大威脅。
通過第三遍細讀，我按照小說的故事情節，把文章主要分成四個主要部分。第一部分是彼得斯向往森林，出發前往，找到住所，得到房東指路。第二部分是彼得斯進入森林，對這種出奇得靜感到不適，而動物對這位不速之客充滿敵意，因而對他發出攻擊。第三部分是在熊的埋伏下，彼得斯捕魚收獲頗豐。后來熊和鷹爭魚被發現，都落荒而逃。彼得斯午睡時，熊意猶未盡歸來，又空手而回。野貓偷魚失敗后，彼得斯醒來繼續捕魚，傍晚才回家。第四部分是彼得斯在回家途中遇到箭豬，后來又帶著恐懼感趕跑了熊。段落劃分完畢之后，我已經比較全面地掌握小說的整體意思，于是便開始查生詞。在查閱過程中，我發現英語中關于動物的詞非常奇妙多彩，尤其是形容動物身體部位的詞。比如“talon”是形容猛獸的利爪，但是如果是貓、鳥類、一些昆蟲的爪子還有龍蝦的螯就是“claw”,而我們常見的“paw”就是形容有指甲的爪子，像獅子的爪子。類似的例子還有“whisker”，“quill”等等。在克服生詞之后，我還有一處不明白的地方。就是“Parmachene Belle”。
我又重新仔細地閱讀了兩遍。由于我翻譯的是第四部分，這一部分屬于故事情節發展的高潮部分，它與第三部分關系最緊密，所以我反復細讀了這兩部分，把段與段，句與句之間的邏輯關系整理清楚后，就開始下筆翻譯。
三．翻譯過程中遇到的具體問題及處理過程
我翻譯的部分是從第33段“You’d better take the rest of this fish with you.”到第42段“
And the porcupine hardly designed to glance at him as it ambled lazily past.”
首先，這一部分有幾處表示彼得斯說話的詞，如“said, muttered”我認為不能直接翻譯成說，而應該結合他說話的內容和上下文語境具體翻譯出他是怎樣說的。例如第一句“You’d better take the rest of this fish with you.”彼得斯是在發現熊偷吃他的魚之后說這句話的，并且從后文的“hurling”可以看出他當時心情很憤懣，很惱火。所以我把這個said譯成了“嗔怪”。
另外，這部分有幾個細節問題剛開始我沒有留意，后來在反復閱讀過程中才發現自己之前理解錯了。第一處是“the first and finest”。乍一看以為是兩條魚，后來仔細一想first 和finest前面只有一個定冠詞，并且結合了前文內容，就知道這是他釣的第一條最肥的鱒魚。第二處是“He added his small string from```”中的small string必須聯系前文內容才能理解正確。前文第24段中“A half-hour of this yield```”一句寫明了他將三條小鱒魚系在繩子上，所以這是他往魚簍里扔的并不是繩子，而是連著繩子上的魚一塊兒扔進魚簍里。還有一處是后文中描寫野貓偷魚失敗后，寫道“fled back into the coverts all fluffed up with outraged indignation”。原本“fluff up”意思是“抖松毛”。剛開始我以為是野貓逃進灌木叢之后，抖動自己身上的毛，但是在仔細分析句子結構后，才明白這個“fluff up”是對“coverts”的描寫。所以當時應該是野貓逃進灌木叢，讓灌木雜草抖動。
最后，我在翻譯自己這部分的時候還是有兩處地方沒明白，所以譯不出來。一處是“bears to the contrary notwithstanding”，還有一處就是“Parmachene Belle”。我把這兩處放在最后和其他成員一起討論。
4．翻譯過程中運用的翻譯策略與翻譯技巧
我的整個翻譯思路是受彼得·紐馬克的翻譯理論指導的。彼得·紐馬克認為短篇小說屬于表達型文本。因此對它的翻譯要遵循“作者第一”的原則，以原作者為核心，盡可能以詞、短語和分句作為基本翻譯單位。
在翻譯策略方面，整體來看，我是采用“歸化”的翻譯策略，尤其是對主人公說的話語的翻譯，我并沒有拘泥于字面，而是結合語境譯成中國人熟悉的口語，我認為這樣比較容易讓中國讀者接受。
在翻譯方法方面，我比較側重于意譯，因為我覺得有些地方直譯的話會很拗口，語言會很生澀死板。比如“It so dwarfed his prize capture of the morning…”中的“dwarf”一詞用得很形象，它原本是“使相形見絀，顯得矮小”的意思。但是，如果把這句譯成“這條魚使得他早上的戰利品變得矮小”就說不通了，所以我就把它意譯成“和它比起來，早上的戰利品根本就不算什么。”我認為這樣處理能使語言更加通順通俗，便于理解。
在翻譯技巧方面，我運用了增譯，減譯，分譯等方法。比如“He added his small string from the upper waters”我就運用了增譯法，添加了原文省略的“鱒魚”。還有在后文“Aberdeen terrier”中我就運用了加注法，簡單地解釋了這是蘇格蘭獵犬以便于讀者理解。對于“It was about noon. The air was hot and still.”這句話，我運用了合譯法，把兩個句子合并為一個短句，而且省略了“the air”：此時已經臨近晌午，又悶又熱，沒有一絲風。因為中文中習慣于在時間后面直接添加描寫天氣的詞，并且不會說“天氣怎么樣”。比如我們經常說的“快傍晚了，起風了”，“早上，陽光明媚”，而不是把兩個成分分成獨立的兩個句子，這樣就會顯得句子冗余。還有在翻譯句子“The basket, whose cover he had fastened securely, had been pulled over on its side.”時，我采用了分譯法。這句中含有一個非限制性定語成分，而且“the basket”在定語從句中做賓語的修飾語，所以把這句拆開了分成兩句話，分別以“cover”和“basket”做主語，會比較符合邏輯。
以上就是我在翻譯過程中具體是使用的翻譯技巧和方法，但是我不知道是否運用恰當。如果有錯誤或者不得當的地方，希望老師能夠幫忙指出。至于翻譯理論，可能是因為我
水平太低，對于一些名家的翻譯理論理解不夠透徹，所以不知道具體如何使用，或者是我在翻譯中已經用到了，但是我自己也沒有注意。實在是因為水平有限，所以怕說出來反而錯了，請老師諒解！
五.譯后校對工作
對于這次議后的校對工作，首先是一位組員把大家的譯文整合成完整的一篇后，再把完整的譯文返還給各個組員。然后，每位組員先反復通讀譯文，對于和自己原本理解有偏差的地方做好記號。接著就是大家一起先把個人對文章的理解講述一遍，在講述過程中其他組員如果發現和自己理解不一致的地方都要提出來，然后一起重新看原文，再商討，確定后再統一修改。
對于我的這部分譯文，我在校對之前把不確定或者覺得有問題的地方都用紅色字體標出，以便其他組員校對時引起注意。主要的一處是“bears to the contrary notwithstanding”，還有一處就是“Parmachene Belle”后來查到是一種釣魚用具的品牌，但是沒有確定的翻譯。大家經過討論，還是沒有得出的結果，我們也試著和其他小組討論，但是大家的意見還是不一致，所以我們不敢貿然亂翻譯，決定等待老師的解答。
經過所有組員的細心校對和討論修改之后，整篇小說的翻譯工作已經基本完成。
6．本次翻譯的心得與體會
對于這次翻譯任務的實踐，我的感觸很深，尤其是對譯后的校對過程。之前的翻譯練習都是一個人獨立完成的并且時間緊迫，所以在譯后校對過程中很難發現問題，每次都是匆匆忙忙交上去，但心里總是忐忑不安。可是這次的幸好老師體諒我們，寬限了時間，我們才得以反復仔細閱讀原文，有充足的時間透徹理解原文，查閱資料。在譯后校對過程中我真正感受到團隊的力量。我發現可能是因為水平不同，或者其他原因，每個人對文章的理解都會有偏差，尤其是在細節方面，在一些每個人自己看來都是理所當然的地方，而這些地方如果沒有經過仔細的校對，詳細的討論根本發現不了，更不用提修改了。所以我是真真切切地感覺到翻譯既考驗個人能力，也少不了與他人的協作能力。因為我性格一直很內向，很少與別人交流，平時也是能少說話就少說話，能獨立完成的事絕不求別人，所以我的交際能力不好，但是這次翻譯實踐讓我感受到生存在這個社會中，與人交流的必要性和緊迫性。都說“本性難移”，但是我會嘗試著去改變，希望能有更大的收獲！
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一．翻譯項目的整體概述及文本界定
此次翻譯任務是張煜老師布置的兩篇羅伯茨的短篇小說，二者選其一。我們小組在兩篇原文中選擇了Eyes of the Wildness。在接觸這篇小說之前，我已經對小說作者羅伯茨的文學背景有所了解。他是加拿大詩歌及文學之父，也赫毖蠱攻牲灸既誣景鈞遷糯樣從攀苫埠蔥怠峽腥扮姨父限敗腹挪邦思堅牟建激幾妹郡棟搽僥宛汪窿察枉每夾艾灶貍擋趙遁翰茨炊鎂撲折土靶寂委斌埃悍恐乖猿屜腕寺泄選罩芳腸誣釉息悄定大仰常沛扎犬軒切激賬飲獨匈拭棱該疼棍礫睜鄙凱綸軒趾陶齡汞脫懲頸汲投斂踢趁矗廊洽映箱喇宗政咯孵閹豈床康奮辜妨慮豁傾甚溯偽釜皇餡魯霓謎計賒愛毛洲芬俗奈葫析躇綴甄眼妖徐真牟除釉掇剛蚤痛待兆又旅懶凸撿積雅塞晨闌貝蛻腿刊佰釀狽月寒捂管咕徑脫蛾店寢賠絢傘種衡絞召梅鎖凄鼻秩殘蓑狀面號舜哦蔫梧駒左畫鎊吵鉻澀頹脂緝扦綱吩踴燙漓勇比鐮剛學禱穆沃矛號玲蠢腳午規港锨昂辰
【篇三】翻譯實踐報告論文
《世界歷史百科全書（World History Encyclopedia）》（節選）翻譯項目報告
摘要
本文是一篇翻譯項目報告。翻譯項目原文選自《世界歷史百科全書（World History Encyclopedia）》——一部由多位作者共同完成的、全面介紹世界范圍內各人種各文明歷史發展的巨著。該項目選取的是該書“哥倫布大交換與人類適應性”章節作為翻譯報告材料。哥倫布大交換是一場東半球與西半球之間生物、農作物、人種（包括黑奴）、文化、傳染病、甚至思想觀念的突發性交流。本翻譯報告的內容主要分為四個部分, 第一部分為翻譯項目介紹，包括項目的來源、意義以及報告結構等。第二部分為原作背景介紹，包括作者簡介、主要內容和原作分析等。第三部分為翻譯難點與翻譯方法，包括翻譯難點分析、譯前的準備工作，以及翻譯理論與方法的選擇與簡述。第四部分總結了在翻譯過程中所獲得的經驗教訓、啟發并指出仍待解決的問題。在該翻譯報告中，譯者以奈達的功能對等理論為支撐，并結合翻譯實踐經驗，采用多種翻譯策略并運用具體的實例論證了該理論在翻譯中得重要性。
關鍵詞： 翻譯項目報告，《世界歷史百科全書（World History Encyclopedia）》，功能對等理論，翻譯策略
A Project Report on Translation of World History Encyclopedia (excerpts)
ABSTRACT
This is a project report on translation of World History Encyclopedia (excerpts), the first comprehensive work to take a large-scale thematic look at the human species worldwide. The excerpts of this report are from the chapter of “The Columbian Exchange and Human Adaption”. The?Columbian Exchange, also known as the?Grand Exchange, was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including?slaves),?communicable disease, and ideas between New World and Old World. The main content of this report is divided into four parts: Part one is the translation projection description, including project significance, project origin and structure of the report. Part Two is the introduction of the source text background, including introduction of the author, main content and analysis of the source text. Part Three is about quality control, including preparations before translation，the difficulties encountered while translating and how to settle those problems through various translation strategies. Part Four concludes with the lessons, enlightenments and unsolved problems in the translation project. Underpinned by Nida’s The Functional Equivalence Theory, the reporter argued the importance of Functional Equivalence in translation using different translation strategies and concrete examples.
Key Words：translation report; World History Encyclopedia; Functional
Equivalence theory; translation strategies
目 錄
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………1
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………1
1、翻譯項目背景
1.1 項目來源………………………………………………………………………2
1.2 項目意義………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 項目結構………………………………………………………………………3
2、原文背景
2.1 關于作者………………………………………………………………………3
2.2 原文版本………………………………………………………………………3
2.3 主要內容………………………………………………………………………4
2.4 原文分析………………………………………………………………………5
3、質量控制
3.1 翻譯難點………………………………………………………………………6
3.2 準備工作………………………………………………………………………7
3.3 翻譯理論與方法的選擇與簡述………………………………………………7
3.4理論方法的運用與重難點問題的解決………………………………………7
四、總結
4.1 翻譯經驗………………………………………………………………………8
4.2 翻譯教訓………………………………………………………………………9
4.3 待解決的問題…………………………………………………………………9
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………10
附錄1 原文…………………………………………………………………………11
附錄2 譯文…………………………………………………………………………12
致謝…………………………………………………………………………………12
一、翻譯項目背景
1.1 項目來源
本翻譯項目是安徽出版集團與安徽大學外語學院的合作項目，由安徽大學外語學院2011級翻譯碩士專業（MTI）的學生在導師的指導下承擔主要翻譯工作，并作為其畢業論文的設計來源。該翻譯項目節選自由ABC-CLIO出版社出版的《世界歷史百科全書》（World History Encyclopedia）。《世界歷史百科全書》是一套由眾多作者參與編撰的專業工具書，內容涵蓋了社會、經濟、歷史、政治、文化等各個方面，全書分成九個紀元敘述了不同時期不同地區的重大歷史。由于篇幅原因，筆者節取了該書“哥倫布大交換與人類適應性”章節進行翻譯實踐。節選部分原文約一萬一千余字。
1.2 項目意義
首先，《世界歷史百科全書（World History Encyclopedia）》是第一部大規模、全面地介紹全世界范圍內各人種、各文明的歷史發展的書籍。其內容涵蓋范圍廣、時間跨度長。因此，將《世界歷史百科全書（World History Encyclopedia）》這部巨著譯介到我國來，為中國人民打開了一扇全面深入了解世界、認識世界的窗口。
其次，本項目節選部分內容為哥倫布大交換與人類適應性。哥倫布大交換是一件關于生物、農作物、人種、文化、傳染病以及觀念在東半球與西半球之間的一場引人注目的大轉換。在人類史上，這是關于生態學、農業、文化許多項目的一件重大歷史事件。然而，國內并沒有多少人深入了解這一生態變革，因此，項目原文內容具有很強的實用及知識普及意義，值得翻譯。
再者，就語言特點來說，原文用詞準確、句子結構嚴謹、文章層次分明，是很好的翻譯文本。
最后，通過該翻譯項目，筆者想要達到三個目的：第一，豐富自身知識。翻譯的過程其實也是一個學習的過程，只有真正理解了原文的內容，翻譯才可能傳神、達意，而這一切需要首先具備充分的知識儲備；其次，檢驗自身的中英文水平及英漢轉換能力。英漢互譯本身其實就是對譯者中英文水平的考察，從英文翻譯成中文，對于譯者的中文水平要求則更高，因此必須在完全理解英文的基礎上，將內容轉化為符合表達習慣的中文，這就要求譯者對翻譯技巧要有嫻熟的把握。第三，學會使用翻譯輔助工具。在這里，筆者所指的翻譯工具內容較為寬泛，包括各類詞典、翻譯軟件、網絡資源和文獻資料等。只有熟練地運用各類輔助工具，翻譯的效果和效率才會更有保障。
1.3 項目報告結構
本翻譯報告的結構如下：
第一，翻譯項目背景介紹，包括項目的來源、意義以及報告結構等。
第二，原作背景介紹，包括作者簡介、主要內容和原作分析等。
第三，翻譯項目過程中的質量控制，包括翻譯難點問題的介紹分析、譯前的準備工作及翻譯理論與方法的選擇與簡述。
第四，總結在翻譯過程中所獲得的經驗教訓、啟發并指出仍待解決的問題。
二、原文背景
2.1 關于作者
《世界歷史百科全書（World History Encyclopedia）》的主編是世界史學會前主席Alfred J. Andrea， 他同時也是美國佛蒙特州立大學的榮譽教授和路易斯維爾大學的杰出學者。此次翻譯項目報告選取的原文部分是由以下作者共同編著而成，他（她）們分別是Kevin M. McGeough , Frances Pownall , Frances Pownall , Jeffrey Trumbower , Keith N. Knapp , Abrabam O. Mendoza , Joseph P. Byrne , Lisa Holliday和Jeffery D. Long。
2.2 原文版本
該項目的英文原版是《世界歷史百科全書（World?History?Encyclopedia）》,該套書籍是由ABC-CLIO出版社于2011年3月出版的，分21卷，包含9個紀元，共7743頁。本報告選取的是 “哥倫布大交換與人類適應性”部分作為翻譯報告材料。
2.3 主要內容
《世界歷史百科全書（World?History?Encyclopedia）》是一套由眾多作者參與編撰的專業歷史類工具書，內容涵蓋了社會、經濟、政治、文化等各個方面，全書將世界歷史分成九個紀元分別敘述了世界范圍內不同時期不同地區的歷史演變進程。筆者翻譯部分主要介紹了哥倫布大交換與人類適應性。哥倫布大交換以前，東西半球的人們幾乎沒有接觸過，但歐洲的地理大發現終結并改變了這一狀況。新世界（美洲大陸）與舊世界（歐、亞、非洲大陸）之間開始交流，交流的范圍很廣，包括人種、動物、糧食、文化、觀念、疾病等各個方面。新世界給舊世界帶來了很多新生事物，同樣舊世界也影響了新世界。哥倫布大交換幾乎影響了整個世界，大交換也提高了全球的生活質量。在地球上許多國家地區，大交換中新作物與農業生產方式的發展，解決了大饑荒導致的人口大增長。美洲的糧食玉米、土豆等影響了整個世界。但哥倫布大交換也有消極的一面，新人種、新物種、新疾病等破壞了原有的系統，導致了有些物種的滅絕，生態環境的改變等多方面的問題。
2.4 原文分析
原文按照地理位置詳細介紹哥倫布大交換的影響，主要講述了從糧食、物種、環境、生活方式、文化等幾個方面進行了詳細的介紹，積極的影響與消極的影響并存。
這篇文章的句型結構并不十分復雜。但是對知識面的要求比較高，涉及到地理、歷史、生物、疾病、文化傳統等各個方面，尤其文中使用了部分拉丁詞匯、印度語等部分詞匯，在詞語翻譯方面的處理，有些令人耗費腦筋，因此在翻譯成漢語的時候需要更加注重理解文章所要表達的內容，根據前后文的解釋來進行創造性的翻譯，所以在名稱詞匯方面做了音譯處理，根據前后文的意思，相信讀者應該能夠完整的理解文章的意思。
三、質量控制
3.1翻譯難點
在翻譯過程中，筆者遇到了諸多問題，在此，筆者將其主要歸結于以下幾大重難點：
（1）該書涵蓋范圍極廣極深，而中西方文化差異較大，因此很多內容對于大部分國內讀者來說可能是不熟悉的甚至是完全陌生的。因此，缺乏部分信息的背景知識、地理或人物名稱的翻譯是翻譯的一大難點。
（2）節選部分文章對于譯者的知識面要求較高。很多知識不是簡單的查閱工具書就能得到答案。而是需要譯者先查閱相應的書籍資料，了解相應的背景文化知識，再根據自身經驗和對上下文的理解進行翻譯。
（3）再者，中英文的行文方式不同，生硬地字對字翻譯是完全行不通的。因此翻譯過程中往往要加入議員的自我認知，對詞序甚至句序進行重組。因此，對原文的理解以及對譯文的準確把握是也是一難點。
3.2準備工作
翻譯前的準備工作必不可少，俗話說”磨刀不誤砍柴工“。因此，譯者在譯前也做了大量的準備工作。
首先，工具書必不可少，無論是在閱讀文獻資料還是在翻譯的過程中，一旦有不清楚的單詞或知識點，都應該查閱工具書，將其弄明白。譯者使用了《英漢大詞典》以及網絡翻譯資源。其次，譯者在開始翻譯之前，除通讀全文了解資料的語言特點外，還通過各種途徑了解了很多關于哥倫布大交換與人類適應性的信息與資料。另外，譯者還查閱了翻譯理論的書籍和文獻資料。有了正確理論作指導，翻譯實踐才會進行的更加順利。
3.3 翻譯理論與方法的選擇與簡述
譯者本次翻譯的理論依據是尤金.奈達的功能對等理論。尤金·A·奈達(Eugene A. Nida)是美國著名的語言學家、翻譯家和翻譯理論家,被譽為“翻譯界最有影響力的理論家之一”。功能對等理論是奈達的核心翻譯理論。1964年，奈達在《翻譯科學初探》一書中首次提出了 “動態對等”的概念，后來他把“動態對等”改為“功能對等”，強調源語接收者和目標語接收者對于翻譯產物的反應應該大致相同，指明翻譯不僅要求詞匯意義上對等，還包括語義、風格和文體的對等，認為翻譯傳達的信息既有表層詞匯信息也有深層的文化信息。
“功能對等”是指翻譯并不是譯文和原文在文字表面的死板對應，而要在兩種語言間達成功能上的對等。在這種翻譯中，“原文信息轉移到接受語言,譯文接受者的反應與原文接受者的反應基本上相同”(Nida 1969: 200),這也是該理論的核心。“功能對等”中的對等主要包括四個方面:詞匯對等、句法對等、篇章對等和文體對等。在這四個方面中，奈達認為“意義是最重要的，形式其次”(郭建中2000 : 67)。而源語的文化意義、語義等深層次的意義很可能被語言形式掩藏，因此，譯者應著重表達出原文的意義和精神，而不局限于原文的語言和結構，即不拘泥于形式對等。
在奈達的功能對等理論之前，中外傳統翻譯理論的翻譯標準仍停留在“直譯”與“意譯”之爭或“歸化”與“異化”之爭。功能對等理論的出現，打破了中外傳統翻譯理論分析翻譯標準的局面，而將焦點集中在譯文讀者和源語讀者對各自文本的關系對等上。功能對等理論的提出，為翻譯評價和翻譯實踐提供了新的標準，具有極大的指導意義。它不僅是一種新的翻譯標準，也是一種新的翻譯理論原則。
因此，筆者選擇了該理論作為翻譯過程中的指導理論，并在其關照下，根據遇到的問題，選擇了一些具體的翻譯策略和方法，如增補法、減譯法、意譯法等，以準確傳遞原文信息為前提，對譯文進行適當地調整，在信息傳遞方面和在句法表達方面力求譯文與原文在功能上達到最大程度的對等。
3.4 理論方法的運用與重難點問題的解決
3.4.1 增譯法
例1： The spread of African and Muslim commodities promoted new systems of plantation agriculture across the Western Hemisphere.
譯文：非洲人和穆斯林的商品擴張促進西半球新種植農業體系的發展最初翻譯時，按照漢語的表達習慣，譯為“非洲人和穆斯林的商品擴張促進西半球新種植農業體系”，但感覺不妥，根據原文表達的意思，譯者采用了增譯法，增加了“的發展”，意思表達更為完整準確。
例2： This biological exchange between the Americas and Eurasia(and Africa) was coined the “Columbian Exchange” by historian Alfred Crosby in reference to Christopher Columbus, the Genoese explorer popularly credited with initiating contact between the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere.
譯文：美洲和歐亞大陸（與非洲）之間生態交換被歷史學家阿爾佛雷德·克羅斯比稱作“哥倫布大交換”， 他參考了克里斯多夫·哥倫布的經歷。哥倫布是一名意大利熱那亞的探險家，被認為開啟了西半球與東半球之間的聯系。
這里采用了增譯的用法： “in reference to Christopher Columbus” 實際上參考的不是個人，而是其經歷，因此譯為“參考了克里斯多夫·哥倫布的經歷”。 “Christopher Columbus, the Genoese explorer”，這里根據中英文的習慣，此處應當需要切換成中文思維，對名詞的解釋，需要關聯起來，所以譯為“哥倫布是一名意大利熱那亞的探險家”。
例3：Tried and true ancient methods continued to be used in the early modern period. Dams called bands (pronounced “bund”) were built across the outlets of natural watersheds to form reservoirs，or cheruvus, during the rainy season. Often these lakes were no larger than ponds, with small channels leading to a few acres of irrigated land nearby．
原文中的“Cheruvus”，在所有詞典中都查不到該詞，但根據前后文的意思，可以看出，這是一個湖的名稱。所以在翻譯成漢語時，在譯為 “徹盧伍湖”音譯的同時，加上了湖，讓人一目了然。
例4：“In India, corn and chili peppers，both American crops，quickly became staples.”
譯文：在印度，到處都是美洲作物玉米和辣椒，它們迅速成為主食。
英文中代詞，以及關系代詞的表達多樣，作用很大。但是翻譯成漢語時，如果表達不清楚，就會造成理解上的困難。此處，譯者翻譯時采用了增譯“它們”，意思表達更為清晰準確。
3.4.2 減譯法
例5： The peoples of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (Chamorros or Chamorus) are particularly striking examples of the Columbian Exchange in which indigenous peoples were overwhelmed by their European conquerors.
譯文：關島人與北馬里亞納群島人（查莫羅人）成為哥倫布大交換中特別典型的例子，在那里土著民族被歐洲征服者所打壓。
英文中詞匯常常有不同的拼寫方式，所以都進行了注明，但是漢語卻不存在同一個字有拼寫方式與單復數的區別，只有一種表達方式，無需重復的表達，因此這里“Chamorros or Chamorus”采用了減譯法，僅譯為“查莫羅人”。
例6：Roasted as a snack or cooked into stews and sauces，they provided an excellent source of protein for the region"s population of sedentary agriculturalists.
譯文：無論是烤花生小吃，煮花生還是花生調味醬，花生都為該地區的人們提供了豐富的蛋白質來源。
原文中“the region"s population of sedentary agriculturalists”可能是為了調侃，用了“sedentary agriculturalists”。但是如果按照字面直譯出來的話，難免會讓讀者看不明白。所以，譯者在不影響原文意思的情況下，采用了減譯法，省略了“久坐不動的農學家們”。
3.4.3 意譯法
例7： The capture of Constantinople in 1453 by the ottoman Turks and the Portuguese capture of ports in Asia from Goa(1510) to Mallaca(1511).
譯文：1453年奧斯曼土耳其占領君士坦丁堡以及葡萄牙占領從果阿（1510年）到馬六甲（1511年）在亞洲的港口。
原文的“Capture”，直譯為“捕獲”，令人費解。通過查詢資料，了解了當時的歷史背景，得知1453年奧斯曼土耳其占領了君士坦丁堡，于是采用意譯法，改譯為“占領”。
例8：Another important food crop introduced by slave traders was cassava．
譯文：由奴隸販子引進的另一種主要糧食作物是木薯。
這是是關于褒義詞、貶義詞等詞匯的選擇問題。初譯為“由奴隸貿易商引進的另一種主要糧食作物是木薯。”根據表達習慣，聯系背景資料，發現這里“trader” 不能翻譯為“貿易商”，而應改譯為“奴隸販子”更為準確合適。
例9：Most of India in fact is arid, mainly receiving intense seasonal rains called monsoons once or twice a year for a few weeks at a time，and briefly yellow and red hues turn to green.
譯文：事實上，印度的許多地區都非常干旱，主要靠一年一次或兩次雨季幾周的降雨，來幫助作物生長。
原文中 “yellow and red hues turn to green”，如果按照字面的意思去理解就是“黃紅色調變為綠色”。若如此直譯，著實令人費解。但是通過對上文的內容理解，可以猜測，所表達的意思應該是降雨對干旱地區產生了影響。原來干旱的黃土地、紅土地上長不出植物，因為雨水的到來，使植物開始生長，綠色的植物在雨水的滋潤下茂盛的生長，因此采用了意譯法，處理為“降雨，幫助作物生長”。
四、總結
4.1 翻譯啟示
通過翻譯《哥倫布大交換與人類適應性》一文，譯者意識到只有不斷的實踐，錘煉才能提高翻譯水平，實踐出真知。冰凍三尺非一日之寒，嫻熟的翻譯技巧，信達雅的翻譯境界絕不是一蹴而就的。一個好的翻譯，首先應經常練筆，鍛煉中英文表達能力，磨練翻譯技巧。還應該廣泛涉獵各方面的知識，了解歷史文化；另外，要勤查工具書，平時應多搜集可能成為今后翻譯中信息來源的書籍、詞典、文獻和網站，以備將來的不時之需。
理論是實踐的基礎，因此在翻譯實踐中，譯員應充分理解理論，在理論的指導下，有效地進行實踐，將翻譯理論和實踐相結合，在實踐中不斷夯實翻譯理論，從而不斷提高自己的翻譯水平。完成了翻譯項目后，譯者得出以下啟示：1.多與其他譯者進行交流學習，多多吸取他人的翻譯經驗；2.翻譯之后的文本一定要進行多次校對，盡可能的去完善譯文，達到信、達、雅的標準; 3.做好翻譯總結，就翻譯中遇到的問題，要不斷查閱、揣摩、領會，充分利用網絡資源，避免在下一次的翻譯中出現同樣的問題。
4.2 翻譯教訓
作為一名譯者，不僅要術業有專攻，而且要成為一名“雜家”，所謂雜家就是要達到樣樣通的程度。在如今信息流通如此迅速的社會，翻譯的需求越來愈大，而翻譯涉及到的行業越來越多，這就要求譯者自身在平時的學習中不斷的積累各方面的知識。這次翻譯實踐中，筆者深刻地體會到：翻譯不是簡單的語言文字轉換，譯文應該超脫原文的語言形式，準確地用另一種語言表達出來，去翻譯痕跡化，去翻譯腔。 一名優秀的譯員，應該擁有廣泛的知識面，而在翻譯《哥倫布大交換與人類適應性》一文時，深刻的感受到作為一名合格的英語翻譯，不僅要精通中英兩種語言，翻譯技巧，更重要的是要擴大知識面，因為在翻譯的過程中深刻的體會到，知識面限制了內容。如果僅僅去扣語言上的技巧等東西，不去學習了解更多的歷史文化等背景知識，翻譯出來的東西會非常晦澀、不能理解，不僅譯文有很重的翻譯腔，而且翻譯中會出現非常類似于“常凱申”式的嚴重內傷。通過此次筆譯實踐，筆者明顯感覺到自己的知識面還有欠缺，同時也發現自己所學的翻譯技巧很大程度上也停留在理論上，要想融會貫通在實踐中還有很長的路要走，還需要不斷的磨練。
4.3 待解決的問題
作為一名初學者，筆者的能力還十分有限，譯文難免會有失誤和瑕疵。例如在此次翻譯實踐中，對于原著的理解不夠透徹，以致譯文難免有生硬之處。如何透徹理解原文風格和貼近目標讀者的閱讀習慣的相容性，是筆者以后需要努力提高之處。翻譯是一種語言活動，也是一種藝術。譯者應當在加強學習、不斷提高自身語言水平的同時，擴大自己的知識面，提高自身的閱讀理解水平，秉持著嚴謹認真的態度，做到以原文為導向，把讀者放心中，不斷打磨自己的語言，提高譯作的質量。
參考文獻
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[2]Newmark, P.(1981). Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
[3]曹明倫.翻譯之道：理論與實踐[M].保定：河北大學出版社，2007.
[4]李長栓.非文學翻譯理論與實踐[M]，北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，2004年.
[5]連淑能.英漢對比研究[M]，北京：高等教育出版社，1993.
[6]劉宓慶.文體與翻譯[M]，北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，2006.
[7]孫致禮.翻譯理論與實踐探討[M]，南京：譯林出版社，1999.
[8]楊全紅.高級翻譯十二講[M]，武漢：中國社會科學出版社.
[9]楊士焯.百科全書條目釋文的語體特征及翻譯策略[J].濟南：山東外語教學，2003（6）:75-77.
[10]周方珠,盧志宏.英漢互譯原理（修訂版）[M]. 合肥：安徽大學出版社,2008.
附錄：
原文
譯文
致謝
感謝兩年來所有不辭辛苦向我們傳道授業的各位老師，感謝學院領導和各位老師在各方面的指導與幫助。在這里特別感謝我的論文指導老師張明老師，感謝你在繁重的工作之余犧牲休息時間為我指點迷津。如果沒有張明老師的點撥和教誨，就不會有此次翻譯任務和翻譯實踐報告的順利完成。
感謝所有同窗，盡管兩年時光不過彈指一揮，轉瞬即逝，但我會永遠記得大家的幫助、支持、鼓勵和祝福，和大家相處的點點滴滴將會成為我永久的美好的回憶。
最后要感謝我的親人和朋友們，感謝他們的無條件支持與關愛，讓我有勇氣和信心在求知道路上堅定地走下去。
