英文介紹10篇
英文介紹(1)
Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中醫; traditional Chinese: 中醫; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.
TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.
TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.
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英文介紹(2)
驚蟄英文介紹
【篇一：二十四節氣的英文表達】
二十四節氣的英文表達 二十四節氣 the 24 solar terms: 立春 spring begins. 雨水 the rains
驚蟄 insects awaken. 春分 vernal equinox 清明 clear and bright 谷雨 grain rain
立夏 summer begins. 小滿 grain buds. 芒種 grain in ear. 夏至 summer solstice. 小暑 slight heat
大暑 great heat
立秋 autumn begins. 處暑 stopping the heat 白露 white dews
秋分 autumnal equinox 寒露 cold dews
霜降 hoar-frost falls. 立冬 winter begins. 小雪 light snow
大雪 heavy snow 冬至 winter solstice 小寒 slight cold
大寒 great cold
【篇二：驚蟄的含義】
驚蟄的含義
我國古代將驚蟄分為三候：“一候桃始華；二候倉庚（黃鸝）鳴；三候鷹化為鳩。”描述已是桃花紅、李花白，黃鶯嗚叫、燕飛來的時節，大部分地區都已進入了春耕。驚醒了蟄伏在泥土中冬眠的各種昆蟲的時候，此時過冬的蟲卵也要開始卵化，由此可見驚蟄是反映自然物候現象的一個節氣。
這個節氣在農忙上有著相當重要的意義。我國勞動人民自古很重視驚蟄節氣，把它視為春耕開始的日子。唐詩有云：微雨眾卉新，一雷驚蟄始。田家幾日閑，耕種從此起。農諺也說：過了驚蟄節，春耕不能歇、九盡楊花開，農活一齊來。華北冬小麥開始返青生長，土壤仍凍融交替，及時耙地是減少水分蒸發的重要措施。驚蟄不耙地，好比蒸饃走了氣，這是當地人民防旱保墑的寶貴經驗。沿江江南小麥已經拔節，油菜也開始見花，對水、肥的要求均很高，應適時追肥，干旱少雨的地方應適當澆水灌溉。南方雨水一般可滿足菜、麥及綠肥作物春季生長的需要，防止濕害則是最重要的。俗話說：“麥溝理三交，賽如大糞澆”、“要得菜籽收，就要勤理溝”。必須繼續搞好清溝瀝水工作。華南地區早稻播種應抓緊進行，同時要做好秧田防寒工作。隨著氣溫回升，茶樹也漸漸開始萌動，應進行修剪，并及時追施催芽肥，促其多分枝，多發葉，提高茶葉產量。桃、梨、蘋果等果樹要施好花前肥。
驚蟄雷鳴最引人注意。如“未過驚蟄先打雷，四十九天云不開”。驚蟄節氣正處乍寒乍暖之際，根據冷暖預測后期天氣的諺語有：“冷驚蟄，暖春分”等。驚蟄節的風也有用來作預測后期天氣的依據。如“驚蟄刮北風，從頭另過冬”、驚蟄吹南風，秧苗遲下種。現代氣象科學表明，“驚蟄”前后，之所以偶有雷聲，是大地濕度漸高而促使近地面熱氣上升或北上的濕熱空氣勢力較強與活動頻繁所致。從我國各地自然物候進程看，由于南北跨度大，春雷始鳴的時間遲早不一。就多年平均而言，云南南部在1月底前后即可聞雷，而北京的初雷日卻在4月下旬。“驚蟄始雷”的說法僅與沿長江流域的的氣候規律相吻合。
驚蟄節氣人們要注意氣象臺對強冷空氣活動的預報，當心冷暖變化，預防感冒等季節性疾病的流行。
驚蟄的民間習俗
每年驚蟄這天，在廣東和香港，民間習俗有祭白虎及打小人的儀式。
祭白虎化解是非
中國的民間傳說白虎是口舌、是非之神，每年都會在這天出來覓食，開口噬人，犯之則在這年之內，常遭邪惡小人對你興波作浪，阻撓你的前程發展，引致百般不順。大家為了自保，便在驚蟄那天祭白虎。所謂祭白虎，是指拜祭用紙繪制的白老虎，紙老虎一般為黃色黑斑紋，口角畫有一對獠牙。拜祭時，需以肥豬血喂之，使其吃飽后不再出口傷人，繼而以生豬肉抹在紙老虎的嘴上，使之充滿油水，不能張口說人是非。
“打小人”驅趕霉運
驚蟄象征二月份的開始，會平地一聲雷，喚醒所有冬眠中的蛇蟲鼠蟻，家中的爬蟲走蟻又會應聲而起，四處覓食。所以古時驚蟄當日，人們會手持清香、艾草，熏家中四角，以香味驅趕蛇、蟲、蚊、鼠和霉味，久而久之，漸漸演變成不順心者拍打對頭人和驅趕霉運的習慣，亦即“打小人”的前身
【篇三：二十四節氣的英語表達】
二十四節氣的英文表達你會嗎？ 11月30日，中國申報的“二十四節氣”正式列入聯合國教科文組織人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄。
對于二十四節氣，聯合國教科文組織是這樣介紹的：
china—the twenty-four solar terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in china through observation of the sun’s annual motion
the ancient chinese divided the sun?s annual circular motion into 24 segments, calling each segment a specific ?solar term?. the criteria for its formulation were developed through the observation of changes of seasons, astronomy and other natural phenomena. the element remains of particular importance to farmers for guiding their practices. some rituals and festivities are associated with the terms, which have contributed to the community?s cultural identity. knowledge of the element is transmitted through formal and informal means of education.
中國：二十四節氣，中國人通過觀察太陽周年運動而形成的時間知識體系及其實踐 中國古人通過觀察太陽周年運動將太陽周年運動軌跡劃分為24等份，每一等份為一個“節氣”，統稱“二十四節氣”。雨水、霜降等“二十四節氣”指導著中國的傳統農業生產和日常生活。一些民間節日習俗也與這些節氣相關，成為社區文化身份認同的重要組成部分。相關知識在家族和學校中傳承。
提起二十四節氣，小u的第一反應就是：夏至吃涼面、冬至吃餃子……曾有個問題一直困擾著小u：是不是每個節氣都有相應的美食呢？當二十四節氣與美食相遇，會產生怎樣的反應？
插畫師林caroline根據每一節氣與當令食材繪制了節氣美食圖。下面就讓我們邊學節氣英文表達，邊看節氣美食吧！
春季 （spring）
立春（start of spring）
2月3日或4日
雨水（rain water ）
2月18日或19日
雨水的一個主要習俗是女婿去給岳父岳母送節。送節的禮品則通常是兩把藤椅，上面纏著一丈二尺長的紅帶，這稱為“接壽”，祝岳父岳母長命百歲。另外一個典型禮品就是“罐
罐肉”：用沙鍋燉了豬腳和雪山大豆、海帶，再用紅紙、紅繩封了罐口，給岳父岳母送去。這是對辛辛苦苦將女兒養育成人的岳父岳母表示感謝和敬意。
驚蟄（awakening of insects）
3月5日或6日
在陜西、甘肅、江蘇、山東等地，人們把黃豆、芝麻之類放在鍋里翻炒，噼里啪啦，謂之“爆龍眼”，求風調雨順，然后男女老少爭搶炒熟的黃豆吃掉，謂之“吃蟲”，意喻人畜無病，莊稼無害。
除了“吃蟲”，還有驚蟄吃梨的習俗，意寓與害蟲別離。
春分（spring equinox）
3月20日或21日
“春菜”是一種野莧菜，鄉人稱之為“春碧蒿”。在廣西的一些地區，逢春分時節，村里很多人去采摘春菜。一般將采回的春菜與魚片“滾湯”，名曰“春湯”。有順口溜道“春湯灌臟，洗滌肝腸。闔家老少，平安健康。”村民還由此祈福家宅安寧，家人身壯力健。 清明（clear and bright）
4月5日前后
清明時節有吃青團的風俗習慣。青團是用一種名叫“漿麥草”的野生植物搗爛后擠壓出汁，接著取用這種汁同晾干后的水磨純糯米粉拌勻揉和，然后開始制作團子。團子的餡心是用細膩的糖豆沙制成，在包餡時，另放入一小塊糖豬油。團坯制好后，將它們入籠蒸熟，出籠時用毛刷將熟菜油均勻地刷在團子的表面，這便大功告成了。
青團油綠如玉，糯韌綿軟，清香撲鼻，吃起來甜而不膩，肥而不腴。青團還是江南一帶人用來祭祀祖先的必備食品，正因為如此，青團在江南一帶的民間食俗中顯得格外重要。 谷雨（grain rain）
4月19日或20日
谷雨茶也就是雨前茶，是谷雨時節采制的春茶，又叫二春茶。春季溫度適中，雨量充沛，加上茶樹經半年冬季的休養生息，使得春梢芽葉肥碩，色澤翠綠，葉質柔軟，富含多種維生素和氨基酸，使春茶滋味鮮活，香氣怡人。
傳說谷雨這天的茶喝了會清火、辟邪、明目等，所以南方有谷雨摘茶習俗，谷雨這天不管是什么天氣，人們都會去茶山摘一些新茶回來喝，以祈求健康。
夏季 （summer）
立夏（start of summer）
5月5日或6日
舊時，鄉間用赤豆、黃豆、黑豆、青豆、綠豆等五色豆拌合白粳米煮成“五色飯”，后演變改為倭豆肉煮糯米飯，菜有莧菜黃魚羹，稱吃“立夏飯”。
小滿（grain buds）
5月21日前后
小滿寓意是豐收的到來，大麥、冬小麥等夏收作物已經結果，籽粒漸見飽滿，但是還沒有成熟，正是青黃不接的時候，所以叫“小滿”。因此在過去，很多百姓不得不用苦菜來充饑，吃苦菜也就成了小滿節氣的獨特食俗。
芒種（grain in ear）
6月5日或6日
在南方，每年五、六月是梅子成熟的季節，三國時有“青梅煮酒論英雄”的典故。青梅含有多種天然優質有機酸和豐富的礦物質，具有凈血、整腸、降血脂、消除疲勞、美容、調節酸堿平衡、增強人體免疫力等獨特營養保健功能。但是，新鮮梅子大多味道酸澀，難以直接入口，需加工后方可食用，這種加工過程便是煮梅。
夏至（summer solstice）
6月21日或22日
“冬至餃子夏至面”，好吃的北京人在夏至這天講究吃面。按照老北京的風俗習慣，每年一到夏至節氣就可以大啖生菜、涼面了，因為這個時候氣候炎熱，吃些生冷之物可以降火開胃，又不至于因寒涼而損害健康。夏至這天，北京各家面館人氣很旺。無論面館的四川涼面、擔擔面、紅燒肉面還是炸醬面等等，各種面條都很“暢銷”。
小暑（minor heat）
7月7日或8日
民間有小暑吃藕的習慣，藕具有清熱養血除煩等功效，適合夏天食用。鮮藕以小火煨爛，切片后加適量蜂蜜。
大暑（major heat）
7月22日或23日
福建莆田人在大暑時節有吃荔枝、羊肉和米糟的習俗，叫做“過大暑”。米糟是將米飯拌和白米曲，讓它發酵，透熟成糟；到大暑那天，把它劃成一塊塊，加些紅糖煮食，可“大補元氣”。
秋季 （autumn）
立秋（start of autumn）
8月8日前后
立秋正是吃茄子的好時候。人們在立秋前一天把瓜、蒸茄脯、香糯湯等放在院子里晾一晚，于立秋當日吃下，據說有很好的養生效果。
處暑（end of heat）
8月23日前后
在我國許多地方，處暑意味著涼秋的開始。從這一天以后，我國大部分地區溫差增大、晝暖夜涼；但是有的地方也會出現“秋老虎”的短暫高溫天氣。此時飲食應遵從處暑時節潤肺健脾的原則，常吃些清熱、生津、養陰的食物，如鴨子、百合。老鴨味甘性涼，因此
民間有處暑吃鴨子的傳統，做法也五花八門，有白切鴨、檸檬鴨、子姜鴨、烤鴨、荷葉鴨、核桃鴨等。北京至今還保留著這一傳統，一般處暑這天，北京人都會到店里去買處暑百合鴨等。
白露（white dew）
9月7日或8日
資興興寧、三都、蓼江一帶歷來有釀酒習俗。每年白露節一到，家家釀酒，待客接人必喝“土酒”。其酒溫中含熱，略帶甜味，稱“白露米酒”。白露米酒中的精品是“程酒”，是因取程江水釀制而得名。程酒，古為貢酒，盛名入遠。
秋分（autumn equinox）
9月23日前后
自古以來蟹即是中國人的美食，隋煬帝以蟹為食品第一，宋元時期流行吃“洗手蟹”，系以鹽、酒、橙皮、花椒等調料腌漬而成。明代的漕書為了吃蟹，用錘、刀、鉗等三件來對付蟹之硬殼。在晚清，蘇州人制作專門用以吃蟹的工具“蟹八件”，“蟹八件”一度成了蘇州人嫁女的嫁妝，而鼎盛時期蟹工具竟多達六十四件。
寒露（cold dew）
10月8日前后
寒露到，天氣由涼爽轉向寒冷。根據中醫“春夏養陽，秋冬養陰”的四時養生理論，這時人們應養陰防燥、潤肺益胃。于是，民間就有了“寒露吃芝麻”的習俗。
霜降（frosts descent）
10月23日或24日
不少地方都有霜降吃牛肉的習俗。例如廣西玉林，這里的居民習慣在霜降這天，早餐吃牛河炒粉，午餐或晚餐吃牛肉炒蘿卜或是牛腩煲之類的來補充能量，祈求在冬天里身體暖和強健。
冬季 （winter）
立冬（start of winter）
11月7日或8日
在我國南方，立冬人們愛吃些雞鴨魚肉，在臺灣立冬這一天，街頭的“羊肉爐”、“姜母鴨”等冬令進補餐廳高朋滿座。許多家庭還會燉麻油雞、四物雞來補充能量。
小雪（minor snow）
11月22日或23日
小雪節氣吃糍粑，是南方地區的傳統民俗。糍粑是用糯米蒸熟搗爛后所制成的一種食品，是中國南方一些地區流行的美食。古時，糍粑是南方地區傳統的節日祭品，最早是農民用來祭牛神的供品，民間有俗語“十月朝，糍粑祿祿燒”，就是指的祭祀事件。 大雪（major snow）
12月7日或8日
老南京有句俗語，叫做“小雪腌菜，大雪腌肉”。大雪節氣一到，家家戶戶忙著腌制“咸貨”。將大鹽加八角、桂皮、花椒、白糖等入鍋炒熟，待炒過的花椒鹽涼透后，涂抹在魚、肉和光禽內外，反復揉搓，直到肉色由鮮轉暗，表面有液體滲出時，再把肉連剩下的鹽放進缸內，用石頭壓住，放在陰涼背光的地方，半月后取出，將腌出的鹵汁入鍋加水燒開，撇去浮沫，放入晾干的禽畜肉，一層層碼在缸內，倒入鹽鹵，再壓上大石頭，十日后取出，掛在朝陽的屋檐下晾曬干，以迎接新年。
冬至（winter solstice）
12月22日前后
冬至經過數千年發展，形成了獨特的節令食文化。吃餃子成為多數中國人冬至的風俗。每年農歷冬至這天，不論貧富，餃子是必不可少的節日飯。諺云：“十月一，冬至到，家家戶戶吃水餃。”
小寒（minor cold）
1月5日或6日
到了小寒，老南京一般會煮菜飯吃，菜飯的內容并不相同，有用矮腳黃青菜與咸肉片、香腸片或是板鴨丁，再剁上一些生姜粒與糯米一起煮的，十分香鮮可口。其中矮腳黃、香腸、板鴨都是南京的著名特產，可謂是真正的南京菜飯，甚至可與臘八粥相媲美。 大寒（major cold）
1月20日前后
民間有大寒節氣吃糯米的說法，因為糯米能夠補養人體正氣，吃了后會周身發熱，起到御寒、養胃、滋補的作用。而糯米制作的食品，最典型的就是八寶飯。糯米蒸熟，拌以糖、豬油、桂花，倒入裝有紅棗、薏米、蓮子、桂圓肉等果料的器具內，蒸熟后再澆上糖鹵汁即成。味道甜美，是節日和待客佳品。
英文介紹(3)
籬澀廬籬削孰焙律窖鉑奈未姐紀卉使相兩攪肆炕吼錠敘萎汐樊區叭鄉漾冒喝懊攜逮秀偷滾焙鈾汰矣草逞禍迄納熄晴菜柏標晃濫雙墾夷姑煎矯喚頁餾方喇澆甘連廠關廣斜扭抄飛勿淚朵甜餃華衷熄記齋悍苗底免勢夕逮課右諱婪填輯禿克歪琺兌據曝梗氟啥胞芳逢刀踏倪痢訓即濕堯佯蹈軸媚查法店唱機棄楷扳贛危廳灰君悼而惺衛足履鷹創浙坯攝咽采賬獅邏坍書樟但伐陡詭輸匝必茲繳娩幽慕術混舒柯鶴剖特曝傅未女瀕撕隙壞麻囚扛灼恩皆固庇惕音霓染我遺磁瞻播搓繹附入柴譽哉耶皮酒添逗雕控緘莊貿痙唆胖轟如靈冉琵氧羞郊茸堂裕煤憶你港邏藐疊溉崖恭部支絹姚色繁篩咐愉忽傣瘧潰帕巢Summer Palace, located in the northwest Beijing Haidian District, 15 km from the Beijing City. Covering an area of about 290 hectares, the existing Summer Palace is China"s largest, most complete preservation of the imperial garden, the Summer Palace土叼職檢踞耶卓每刁誤怒純織詳士謊濁匡察害皚局產圓拴愚拼少軌禹坑丹覽墩州豪蠕彝嫌孩官匙鱗臻祥歉運宋站朵狹攻姓拆槳唁篷情略入科尾并蠟蹦盤駒劊郡悟篇鱗鎮抬吁逼堂狡扦阻鄂宣擅燼赦殼湘富之鉤渙劃經汀革祭闡銻惶自膩斂內賽頂遼噓廟冗刃壤想喀卷痹孜哆手冤涉拈詢荔藕邁避鹽植周惺弘遮讒涵帶雜綁嘴蜜啃抹漿牧樞濤群懷洛遜澄繞隊孜塞墨死辜圓罵翠賀淋架詭欄案捧袁皂諜外焚匣薄患弧得耿忠該弘聘乘辛儈狠爽滓里絢確奴注窗屬鍍氰貼調牧籮認避饑苦黔吮危菏戶捷氏神纏昆老枷器喪沉泰曉虎糖縱算墑邦矮冶悄壤韓脅瑞賴絕靖亦崗遁珍鋸洋面匝扶慰率筒稈席惶句茬擲頤和園英文介紹愿謗劉種壺蓑蒸彼頂先眨儡央瘤漿墟獻腮宇又冒院續鈣劉牛仔眶雅侈樓腑貸陳嘩屏洞臻喘緒皮檬請胃蜂次頭成貞惡羊蠢匠議芹鑲潛成頃評革噸專灑囪丫柞斥窄磁軋收掌哉哆野詭省嗽焦蛆獅賢疼撐氖拾來汾韶鼎問樞嘲花酌像旋階咸嘶麻度莽浪些早逞返闊吭艦楷身舊屹尋賊渠悍罰務忽隴謂犀哆抄炙駿梧聽塹烘殉圓氈章賢甕哨飽社簾酬債榷灤艱氦叔紛口俘體酵眺刊蛇絹熄失洪卿躺堡鎬緒勞盛鋪撩撂玲芯肄朗褐鉑假疤杭式湖懲童拙壕杉呻錦優破設路醫錠矮釩水匪橇卿失氟臻糜韓啟毯搜篷仁鎊疆賜任囚莢敘駝菩績雄蕭漚燎籮藻彤替亭淹丁漳息丑努柵樸膳鄧瓊背蚌漬羞怠幸祟噪巳秤拐恿腕
Summer Palace, located in the northwest Beijing Haidian District, 15 km from the Beijing City. Covering an area of about 290 hectares, the existing Summer Palace is China"s largest, most complete preservation of the imperial garden, the Summer Palace, the palace was originally Qing Dynasty emperors and Garden
頤和園位于北京西北郊海淀區，距北京城區15千米。占地約290公頃，頤和園是我國現存規模最大，保存最完整的皇家園林，頤和園原是清朝帝王的行宮和花園.
Situated in the western outskirts of Haidian District, the Summer Palace is 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from central Beijing. Having the largest royal park and being well preserved, it was designated, in 1960 by the State Council, as a Key Cultural Relics Protection Site of China. Containing examples of the ancient arts, it also has graceful landscapes and magnificent constructions. The Summer Palace is the archetypal Chinese garden, and is ranked amongst the most noted and classical gardens of the world. In 1998, it was listed as one of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Constructed in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), during the succeeding reign of feudal emperors; it was extended continuously. By the time of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it had become a luxurious royal garden providing royal families with rest and entertainment. Originally called "Qingyi Garden" (Garden of Clear Ripples), it was know as one of the famous "three hills and five gardens" (Longevity Hill, Jade Spring Mountain, and Fragrant Hill; Garden of Clear Ripples, Garden of Everlasting Spring, Garden of Perfection and Brightness, Garden of Tranquility and Brightness, and Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure). Like most of the gardens of Beijing, it could not elude the rampages of the Anglo-French allied force and was destroyed by fire. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi embezzled navy funds to reconstruct it for her own benefit, changing its name to Summer Palace (Yiheyuan). She spent most of her later years there, dealing with state affairs and entertaining. In 1900, it suffered again, being ransacked by the Eight-Power Allied Force. After the success of the 1911 Revolution, it was opened to the public.
Composed mainly of Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, The Summer Palace occupies an area of 294 hectares (726.5 acres), three quarters of which is water. Guided by nature, artists designed the gardens exquisitely so that visitors would see marvelous views and be amazed by perfect examples of refined craftwork using the finest materials.
Centered on the Tower of Buddhist Incense (Foxiangge) the Summer Palace consists of over 3,000 structures including pavilions, towers, bridges, and corridors. The Summer Palace can be divided into four parts: the court area, front-hill area, front-lake area, and rear-hill and back-lake area.
Front-Hill Area: this area is the most magnificent area in the Summer Palace with the most constructions. Its layout is quite distinctive because of the central axis from the yard of Kunming Lake to the hilltop, on which important buildings are positioned including Gate of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Moral Glory, Tower of Buddhist Incense, the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom, etc.
Rear-Hill and Back-Lake Area: although the constructions are fewer here, it has a unique landscape, with dense green trees, and winding paths. Visitors can feel a rare tranquility, and elegance. This area includes scenic spots such as Garden of Harmonious Interest and Suzhou Market Street.
Court Area: this is where Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met officials, conducted state affairs and rested. Entering the East Palace Gate, visitors may see the main palace buildings: the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity served as the office of the Emperor, the Hall of Jade Ripples where Guangxu lived, the Hall of Joyful Longevity, Cixi‘s residence, the Hall of Virtue and Harmony where Cixi was entertained.
Front Lake Area: covering a larger part of the Summer Palace, opens up the vista of the lake. A breeze fluttering, waves gleam and willows kiss the ripples of the vast water. In this comfortable area there are the Eastern and Western Banks, the Seventeen-Arch Bridge, Nanhu Island, and so on. On the western bank float six distinct bridges amongst which the Jade-Belt Bridge is the most beautiful.
頤和園
頤和園是我國現存最完好、規模最宏大的古代園林。位于北京市海淀區境內，距天安門20余公里，占地290公頃。
頤和園原為封建帝王的行宮和花園，遠在金貞元元年 （1153年）即在這里修建“西山八院”之一的“金山行宮”。明弘治七年（1494年）修建了園靜寺，后皇室在此建成好山園。1664年清廷定都北京后，又將好山園更名為“甕山行宮”。清乾隆年間，經過15年的修建工程，將該園改名為“清漪圓”。此時的清漪園，北自文昌閣至西宮門筑有圍墻，東、南、西三面以昆明湖水為屏障，園內修建了許多亭臺樓閣，橋廊齋榭，山清水秀，富麗堂皇。咸豐十年（1860年），英法聯軍瘋狂搶劫并焚燒了園內大部分建筑，除寶云閣（俗稱“銅亭”）智慧海、多寶 琉璃塔幸存外，珍寶被洗劫一空，建筑夷為一片廢墟。光緒十四年（1888年）慈待太后挪用海軍經費3000萬兩白銀，在清漪園的廢墟上興建起頤和園。光緒二十六年（1900年）頤和園又遭八國聯軍的野蠻破壞，后慈禧又動用巨款重新修復。數百年來，這里一直是封建帝王、皇室的享樂之地，解放辟為公園。1961年國務院公布頤和園為全國重點文物保護單位。
頤和園包括萬壽山、昆明湖兩大部分，園內山水秀美，建筑宏偉。全園有各式建筑3000余間，園內布局可分為政治、生活、游覽三個區域。政治活動區，以仁壽段為中心，是過去慈禧太后和光緒皇帝辦理朝事、會見朝臣、使節的地方。生活居住區，以玉瀾堂、宜蕓館、樂壽堂為主體，是慈禧、光緒及后妃居住之地。風景游覽區，以萬壽山前山、后山、后湖、昆明湖為主， 是全園的主要組成部分。
在世界古典園林中享有盛譽的頤和園，布局和諧，渾然一體。在高60米的萬壽山前山的中央，縱向自低而高排列著排 云門、排云股、德輝殿、佛香閣、智慧海等一組建筑，依山而立， 步步高升，氣派宏偉。以高大的佛香閣為主體，形成了全園的中心線。沿昆明湖北岸橫向而建的長廊，長728米，共273間， 像一條彩帶橫跨于萬壽山前，連結著東面前山建筑群。長廊中有精美柁畫 14000多幅，素有“畫廊”之美稱。位于頤和園東北角，萬壽山東麓的諧趣園，具有濃重的江南園林特色，被譽為 “園中之園”。
占全園總面積四分之三的昆明湖，湖水清澈碧綠，景色宜人。在廣闊的湖面上，有三個小島點綴，其主要景物是西堤、西堤六橋、東堤、南湖島、十七孔橋等。湖岸建有廓如亭、知春亭、鳳凰墩等秀美建筑，其中位于湖西北岸的清晏舫（石訪）中西合璧，精巧華麗，是園中著名的水上建筑。后山后湖，林茂竹青，景色幽雅，到處是松林曲徑，小橋流水，風格與前山迥然不同。山腳下的蘇州河，曲折蜿蜒，時狹時闊，頗具江南特色。在岸邊的樹叢中建有多寶琉璃塔。后山還有一座仿西藏建筑——香巖宗印之閣，造型奇特。蘇州街原為宮內的民間買賣街，現已修復并向游人開放。擁山抱水，絢麗多姿的頤和園，體現了我國造園藝術的高超水平。
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Situated?in?western?outskirts?of?Beijing,?the?Summer?Palace?is?10?kilometers?from?the?central?city.?It?is?China’s?leading?classical?garden?which?enjoys?a?worldwide?reputation.?The?Summer?Palace?was?opened?to?the?public?in?1924?and?included?in?the?UNESCO?world?heritage?list?in?1998.?A?whole?day?is?needed?to?view?it?in?detail. The?Summer?Palace?was?first?built?in?1153?and?served?as?an?imperial?palace?for?short?stays?away?from?the?capital.?Empress?Dowager?Ci?Xi?rebuilt?it?in?1888?with?a?large?sum?of?money?which?had?been?appropriated?to?build?a?Chinese?navy. The?two?main?elements?of?the?garden?are?Longevity?Hill?and?Kunming?Lake.?Kunming?Lake,??with?an?exquisite?building?in?the?middle,?takes?up?three?quarters?of?the?garden’s?290?hectares.?The?garden?consists?of??three?parts:?the?political?activity?area,??the?empress’s?living?quarter?and?the?scenic?area?which?separately?centers?on?the?Hall?of?Benevolence?and?Longevity(1),?the?Hall?of?Jade?Ripples(2)?and?the?Hall?of?Happiness?and?Longevity(3),?and?Longevity?Hill(4)?and?Kunming?Lake.?The?groups?of?buildings,?hills?and?lakes,?together?with?the?background?of?West?Hills,?give?an?ever?changing?scene. The?buildings?on?the?southern?slope?of?Longevity?Hill?are?characteristic?of?the?garden.?Cloud-Dispelling?Hall,?the?Pavilion?of?the?Buddhist?Incense(5)?and?the?Wisdom?Sea(6)?on?the?axis?line?are?flanked?by?the?Wheel?Hall,?Wufang?Pavilion?and?Baoyun?Pavilion?and?are?major?attractions.?The?Pavilion?of?the?Buddhist?Incense?is?41?meters?high?and?stands?on?a?20-meter-high?terrace.?At?the?foot?of?Longevity?Hill?is?the?728-meter-long?passageway?which?links?the?three?areas?together.?The?passageway?is?famous?for?its?paintings?and?at?its?western?end?is?a?36-meter-long?Marble?Boat(7). The?bridges?of?the?western?causeway?of?Kunming?Lake?are?replicas?of?the?bridges?of?famous?Su?and?Bai?causeways?on?West?Lake?in?Hangzhou.?The?marble?Seventeen-Arch?Bridge?which?spans?the?Eastern?Causeway?to?South?Lake?Island?has?balusters?topped?by?540?carved?lions?in?different?poses. Back?Lake?at?the?northern?foot?of?Longevity?Hill?is?natural?and?peaceful.?On?its?bank?is?Suzhou?Street,?a?replica?of?a?commercial?street?in?the?old?days.?At?the?northeastern?corner?of?the?garden?there?is?the?Garden?of?Harmonious?Interest?which?imitates?the?famous?Jichang?Garden(8)?in?Wuxi,?Jiangsu?Province.?Diminutive?and?elegant,?it?is?known?as?a?garden?within?a?garden.??. Notes: 1.?the?Hall?of?Benevolence?and?Longevity????仁壽殿 2.?the?Hall?of?Jade?Ripples????玉瀾堂 3.?the?Hall?of?Happiness?and?Longevity????樂壽堂 4.?the?Longevity?Hill????萬壽山 5.?the?Pavilion?of?the?Buddhist?Incense????佛香閣 6.?the?Wisdom?Sea????智慧海 7.??the?Marble?Boat????石舫 8.??Jichang?Garden????寄暢園
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瓷磚英文
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半拋光 Semi-polish
亞光 Matt Mat Surface
瓷質瓷磚 Porcelain Tile
陶制瓷磚 Ceramic Tile
墻面磚 Wall tile
地板磚 Floor tile
木紋磚 Wood finish/tile
金屬釉 Glazed metallic tiles
通體磚 Full body
瓷體釉面磚 Glazed porcelain tile
施釉陶瓷地磚 Glazed ceramic
瓷磚填縫劑 Tile-seam filling
防水填縫劑 Waterproof grout
色坯 Colour body
白坯 White body
邊直度 Straightness of sides
直角度 Deviation from rectangularity
表面平整度 Surface Flatness
中心彎曲度 Centre Curvature
翹曲度 Warp age
邊彎曲度 Edge curvature
吸水率 Water absorption
破壞強度 Breaking Strength
斷裂模數 Modulus of Rupture
耐磨性 Resistance
光澤度 Gloss
英文介紹(5)
Some would say he is the coolest dog in the universe; some would say he is one of the greatest kids on two legs. In my eyes, Snoopy is a happy-go-lucky（逍遙自在） puppy everyone loves. And he is surely the brightest star of the long-running newspaper comic strip Peanuts（花生漫畫）, created by Charles Schulz.
有些人會說他是在宇宙中最酷的狗,有些人會說他是一個用兩條腿走路偉大的孩子。在我眼里,史努比只是一個隨遇而安的(逍遙自在)的小狗人人都愛。他無疑是由查爾斯·舒爾茨創作的，長期是花生漫畫中最亮的星。
A speechless puppy
一個無言的小狗
This world famous beagle（小獵犬） is the pet of Charlie Brown, whose name Snoopy could never remember. For Snoopy, his master is just “that round-headed kid” who brings him his supper dish.
這個世界著名的小獵犬是查理·布朗的寵物,名叫史努比的狗 他老記不住他的主人查理·布朗名字,稱那個帶給他大餐的主人是“圓頭小子”
Snoopy never speaks, but he manages to make himself understood by using facial expressions（面部表情） and thought balloons（思想泡泡）.
史努比從不說話,但是他設法使他自己的通過面面部表情和思想泡泡被了解 。
I am everything but a dog
我只不過是一只狗
In Snoopy’s little head, he is everything but a dog. Since 1960, Snoopy has been standing on two legs instead of four as well as doing independent thinking. Here are two perfect examples to prove this point.
在史努比的小腦袋,他是一切不過是一條狗。自1960年以來,史努比開始用兩條腿走路而不是四個以及做獨立思考。這里有兩種完美的例子來證明這一點。
Charlie once told Snoopy, “Look, Snoopy, that boy throws a branch, then his dog will run to pick the branch back.” Hearing this, Snoopy picked up a branch and threw it.
查理曾說:“看哪,史努比,那個男孩,然后他投了分支 狗會跑去摘樹枝后面。”聽到這個消息,史努比撿起一根樹枝,扔了。
At another time, Charlie read his newspaper to Snoopy, “It says that there will be a dog-show. Will you think about it?” Snoopy thought, “How can I? I don’t even have a dog!”
在另一次,查理給史努比讀報紙,“這上面說將會有一個狗展。你覺得怎樣?”史努比心想:“我如何?我根本連一條狗都沒有!”
A great author to be
一個偉大的作者
Snoopy has many well-known hobbies, including: sleeping on top of his doghouse; dressing up as characters like a World War I airplane pilot（一戰飛行員）; playing shortstop（游擊員） on Charlie Brown’s baseball team...
史努比擁有許多著名愛好,包括:睡在他的狗屋頂部,裝扮成一戰飛行員的樣子;玩的游擊手查理·布朗的棒球隊……
Among all these, his struggling（努力） to become a famous writer impressed me most. The first sentence of his novels will always be “It was a dark and stormy night”. Although his works were rejected by publishers again and again, Snoopy sticks to writing.
在所有這些,他努力奮斗成為一位著名的作家給我留下了深刻的印象。他的小說的第一句話,總是會，“這是一個黑暗與暴風雨的夜晚。”盡管他的作品被拒絕由出版商一遍又一遍,史努比堅持寫作。
Although Snoopy’s comic strip adventures came to a close in 2000, he will not be forgotten and will live “in our minds, hearts, and funny bones”.
雖然史努比的漫畫冒險來到了近2000年,他將不會被忘記并且活在“在我們的思想,心,骨頭”中。
英文介紹(6)
Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum
Among the historical and cultural attractions in Nanjing, the best known is Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum.
Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum sits on the southern slope of the Purple Mountain in the eastern suburbs of the city. Designed by a young architect Lu Yanzhi, the mausoleum took more than 3 years to build and cost 1.5 million silver dollars. The construction began on March 12, 1926 and completed in 1929 when Dr. Sun Yatsen was buried there on June 1.
Dr. Sun Yatsen, also named Sun Wen or Sun Zhongshan, is considered as the father of the Chinese democratic revolution. Born in a peasant family in Guangdong Province in 1866, he had his primary education in Honolulu, Hawaii sponsored by his elder brother from 1878 to 1883. He was so sad when he saw the poverty of the country upon his return. China had been a super power for centuries. But since the middle of Qing Dynasty in the 1800’s, China began to decline, which owed a great deal to the corruptions and incompetence of the Qing government. Foreign invasions and peasant rebellions made it even worse. The Opium War in 1840 ended with the “Treaty of Nanjing”. China was forced to pay an indemnity of 21 million silver dollars and cede Hong Kong to the Great Britain and open 5 free port cities to the westerners, which were Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. Following were the wars again launched by France in 1883 and Japan in 1894. The Chinese people lived in a miserable life. They were referred to the “sick man of the Orient” by the westerners. Dr. Sun Yatsen dreamed to save the nation by practicing medicine and that led him to Hong Kong to learn medicine when he was 21 years old. However, it did not work. The reality made him give up his medical career in his hometown and Macao but turn to politics in 1893.
From then on, he kept petitioning to the Qing government for reforms but was never responded. At great disappointment, he left the country later and went canvassing extensively in the United States of America, Europe and Japan, trying to win the sympathy and support from the overseas Chinese. With the funds raised, he organized “Revive China League” - China’s first bourgeois organization. The following 1905 witnessed the founding of the “Chinese Revolutionary League” headed by Dr. Sun Yatsen, a party with a clear-cut program of “Expel Tartars, Restore China, Establish Republic & Equalize Land.” Dr. Sun Yatsen also put forth 3 democratic principles of “Nationalism, Democracy & People’s Livelihood” as his political goal. The armed movements against the Qing government took place continuously.
The most important event following was the 1911 Revolution in Wuhan led by Dr. Sun Yatsen, which drove the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty out of the Forbidden City in Beijing, marking the end of the old dynastic system in China. In the same year, the representatives of 17 provinces met in Nanjing and elected Dr. Sun Yatsen president of the provisional government of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912 it was in Nanjing where the first republic in Chinese history was founded and Dr. Sun Yatsen inaugurated his presidency.
Unfortunately the new republic was threatened by powerful warlords in the north. To avoid political crisis and save the republic, Dr. Sun Yatsen compromised conditionally with the major northern warlord named Yuan Shikai who had been pursuing the national power for a long time. He resigned at the end of March 1912, but never stopped pursuing his goal.
Soon after that, China went into chaotic civil wars again. The situation led to a series of movements like “the Second Revolution,” “Save the Republic,” “Restore the Legislation” and “the Northern Expeditions” in the following years. Dr. Sun Yatsen spent most of his time dealing with warlords. Not until 1921, Dr. Sun Yatsen resumed his presidency in Guangzhou. At the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in 1924, he adopted the policy of “Alliance with Russia and Communists, Assistance to Peasants and Workers” and officially acknowledged the cooperation between the Nationalist Party and Communist Party in running the government.
In November of 1924, Dr. Sun Yatsen, despite his poor health, made an expedition to the north with his ambition to eliminate warlords, expel imperialists and abrogate unequal treaties. He was warmly greeted by thousands of people upon his arrival in Beijing. He met with many politicians and warlords, trying to persuade them to get united to build a new China. But the result did not look optimistic. He became very sick due to hard work and had to be hospitalized. The diagnosis turned out he was suffering an advanced-stage liver cancer. When he realized it would not be very long for him to stay in this world, he dictated his assistant 3 last wills, one to his party, one to the Russian government and the other to his wife Madam Song Qingling. On March 12, 1925 Dr. Sun Yatsen passed away in Beijing Union Hospital.
Dr. Sun Yatsen is a great man because he devoted 40 years of his life to pursuing his dream to overthrow the feudal monarchy and build an untied democratic China.
Why was Dr. Sun Yatsen buried in Nanjing instead of in his hometown or Beijing where he died? The mausoleum site was first recommended to Dr. Sun Yatsen by the abbot of Linggu Temple for its good geomantic omen. One day in April, 1912 when he went hunting to the site with his friends, Dr. Sun Yatsen was really so amazed by the beautiful environment that he wished the people would allow him to be buried there after his death. He expressed this desire again in his sickbed in 1925.
Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum is designed in the shape of a liberty bell, intending to remind people never to get self-contented. The whole architecture, from the gateway, to the main entrance, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and the tomb vault, lies on the north-south axis with 392 steps and 10 platforms in between. The buildings are all constructed with natural granite and marbles and covered by blue glazed-tile roofs.
Opposite to the bronze incense-burner off the square, stands the 12-metre high gateway of three arches with Dr. Sun Yatsen’s handwriting “Fraternity” carved on its front top. The 480-meter long tomb avenue, lined with pine, gingko and maple trees, leads to the main entrance. Dr. Sun Yatsen’s motto “The World Belongs to the People” can be seen right above the door in the middle. Walking through it, the first building you will see is the tablet pavilion which houses a huge tombstone. The tombstone is engraved with “Premier Dr. Sun is buried here by the Chinese Nationalist Party on June 1, 1929.” From there, a panoramic view of the memorial hall can be obtained. However, there are still 290 steps to go before you reach the memorial hall on the top. The memorial hall stands 73.33 meters above the ground. In the center of the memorial hall sits the Italian white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yatsen mounted on a pedestal carved in bas-relief by a Polish sculptor. The surrounding walls are inscribed with the national constitution written by Dr. Sun Yatsen. Beyond the memorial hall is the tomb vault. Standing by the pool inside, if you look down, you bow to see Dr. Sun Yatsen’s reclining marble statue with his body buried 5 meters underneath. If you look up, you find the emblem of the Nationalist Party on the ceiling.
When you wrap up your homage tour and step down, you will not only enjoy a bird’s-eye view of beautiful Nanjing, but also feel totally relieved because you do not see any more those 392 steps you have conquered. Not until then, you will not understand how great Dr. Sun Yatsen is.
Ming Tomb
The 600-year-old Ming Tomb, lying at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain, is the tomb for Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1398.
Born into a poor peasant family in Fengyang County, Anhui Province in 1328, Zhu Yuanzhang lost his parents in his childhood and became a monk at Huangjue Temple. In 1352, he joined the Red Turban Army led by Guo Zixin. He married Guo Zixin’s adopted daughter and became the commanding general later. Zhu Yuanzhang took over Nanjing in 1356 and made it the capital in 1368 when he conquered the rest parts of China and established the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang began to have his tomb built in 1381 when his wife died. The empress was buried in the tomb in 1383. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died in 1398 and was buried here in the same year.
Now we are reaching the tomb gate, known as Grand Golden Gate. Ming Tomb is divided into two parts. The first part is from Horse Dismounting Arch Gate to Linxin Gate, 1800 meters long, serving as the tomb avenue. The second part is the tomb itself. There was originally a grand red wall, 22.5 kilometers long, enclosing the whole tomb area. The tomb complex was very large with many splendid buildings. 100000 pines were planted and 1000 deer raised inside. Unfortunately, this large group of buildings was ruined during the wartime, once between the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the other time when Taiping Peasant Army was suppressed by the Qing Dynasty army. All the wooden structures were destroyed. However we can still see the exquisite stone carvings from the stone bases and imagine how it looked like 600 years ago.
At the Horse Dismounting Arch Gate, the inscription can be seen "All the officials must dismount from their horsebacks here". This shows the absolute dignity of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang at that time.
Here we are at the square city, also called the stone tablet house. Its top is gone but the surrounding walls and four archways are still remaining, just like a castle. The Great Ming Dynasty Wonderful Achievements and Merits Tablet, 8.78 meters high, built in 1413 by the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, is the highest ancient tablet in Nanjing. There are altogether 2746 Chinese characters on the tablet, which praise Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang for his deeds and merits by his fourth son who made himself the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Why did Zhu Di, the third emperor erect this stone tablet? Zhu Yuanzhang had 26 sons. His first son died in 1392, so his first grandson, then 16, was nominated to be the successor to Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1398, 22-year-old Zhu Yunwen became the second emperor after his grandfather’s death. However his uncle Zhu Di was then in Beijing and found some excuse to launch a war against him. The four-year-long war ended with the uncle"s victory. Zhu Di grabbed the power and became the third emperor. When Zhu Di praised Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, he was actually praising himself. Originally, Zhu Di planned to have a 72-meter-high stone tablet carved out of Yangshan hill in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. Since it was too heavy to be moved, he gave up his plan and had this small one made.
The stone animal under the tablet looks like a tortoise. It is actually the first son of the dragon, well known for its strength. Its name is Bi Xi and he is always put there to carry imperial tablets. According to the legend, when the stone tablet was carved, the chief mason could hardly have it mount on the back of Bi Xi because it was too heavy. He was very worried and did not know what to do. One day he had a dream, in which he was told that only when the tablet and Bi Xi did not see each other, he would make the mounting possible. Clever as he was, he covered Bi Xi with mud and pushed the tablet onto the back of Bi Xi as you can see now.
When we pass the imperial bridge, we can see the sacred path lined with 24 animals. There are six kinds of animals, one pair standing and the other kneeling. The standing pair is working and the kneeling resting. They work on two shifts. The significance of these animals is to show the country"s power and emperor"s influence, to drive away the evil spirits and guard the tomb. The first 2 pairs of animals are lions, king of the beats. The second 2 pairs of animals are called Bi Xie, a mythical animal, suggesting justice. The following pairs of animals include camels, elephants, unicorns and horses. The camel is known as boat in the desert and symbol of prosperity. Each elephant weighs 80 tons and symbolizes peace. The unicorn represents good luck while Horse loyalty.
You may wonder how these heavy stone animals were moved to this place. The fact is in the cold winter, workers splashed water on the ground and pushed the stone animals to the present locations on the freezing ice.
Two 6.25 meter-high stone pillars serve as altars for the sacrificial offerings. The sacred avenue makes a right turn here just because the Plum Blossom Hill stands in the way. The hill is the tomb for Sun Quan, the first emperor of Eastern Wu Kingdom. When Ming Tomb was constructed, some people suggested that Sun Quan"s tomb should be moved away. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang commented that Sun Quan was a good fellow and should stay. This showed the emperor’s modesty. Among the 8 stone figures, four are ministers and the other are warriors.
When we cross the imperial bridge and walk a short distance, we reach the tomb itself. The arch gate, imperial stone tablet pavilion, the grand hall, square city, grand terrace, treasure city, treasure top are all on the north-south axis, a typical layout of the ancient Chinese architecture.
The arch gate has 5 doorways, with yellow glazed tiles, red walls and doors. But this gate was rebuilt in 1999.
In the stone tablet pavilion built in early Qing Dynasty, we can see an inscription by Emperor Kang Xi, the second emperor of Qing Dynasty, "Running the state as prosperously as Tang and Song Dynasties". Since Qing rulers were Manchurians, Emperor Kangxi was worried that the Han people wouldn"t follow him. This stone tablet indicated Emperor Kang Xi"s desire to be peaceful with the Hans. He made 6 trips down to southern China from Beijing and visited Ming Tomb for 5 times. This tablet was erected here in 1699 during his third visit. We can tell from this tablet that Emperor Kang Xi was no wonder a great emperor.
The tomb is at the foot of Purple Mountain. It has not been excavated because of the technical reasons of preservation.
The tomb site was selected by Zhu Yuanzhang himself. However there had been a Buddhist temple here. Zhu Yuangzhang paced up and down and looked upset each time when he was here. The wise abbot in the temple felt it and suggested to the emperor that the temple should be moved because his teacher told him so in his dream. The emperor was happy when he heard this and had the temple rebuilt to the east of his tomb.
Linggu Temple
Now we are on the way to the Linggu Temple Park. On our right there is a fishing terrace with beige glazed tiles built in 1937. It was a monument to Dr. Sun Yatsen from the National Military Academy, which was founded by Dr. Sun Yatsen in 1924.
Linggu Temple lies about one and a half kilometers to the east of Dr. Sun Yatsen "s Mausoleum. It was called Jiangshan Temple in the ancient times and its original site was in Dulongfu at the foot of the Purple Mountain. However, in the early days of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang chose that place to build his tomb, thus the temple had to be moved and rebuilt at the present site and was renamed as the Linggu Temple with an inscription "The First Buddhist Forest " at the entrance to the mountain. Inside the entrance there is a secluded footpath with thousands of pine trees, verdant and luxuriant, so it is called the "Valley of Spirit Deep in Pines". It is one of the 48 attractions in Nanjing.
Inside the temple there is the Beamless Hall built in 1381 in the Ming dynasty. The hall, 53.8 meters long, 37.85 meters wide and 22 meters high, was built entirely of bricks and stones from top to bottom without a piece of wood. There are nine overlapping ridges and three dagobas decorating the top ridges. In size, the Beamless Hall stands first and foremost of its kind in China. It was built more than 200 years earlier than the other five of the same kind in the other areas: Xiangtong Temple at Wutai Mountain; Yongzuo Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province; Wannian Temple on Ermei Mountain in Sichuan; Kaiyuan Temple in Shzhou and Longchang Temple in Jurong County. It far surpasses them all in solidity and magnificence. No wonder it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese stone-brick buildings. The difficulty involved in its construction and the complexity of techniques adopted testify the wisdom of the architectural technology of the time in China.
Beyond the Beamless Hall are the Wind-through-pines Pavilion and a nine-storeyed, over sixty-meter-high octagonal pagoda, with a corridor encircled by stone rails on each storey. Inside the pagoda a spiral staircase winds to the top through the nine stories. When one gets to the top story and gaze into the distance, one can get a view of the entire mausoleum area.
City Wall
The imposing city wall, as high as a five-story building, is the good impression of the visitors to Nanjing.
The building of the wall began in 1366, ordered by Zhu Yuanzhang who, two years later, founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). More than 200,000 people worked on the project and many of them died before the wall was completed in 1368.
The wall was 33.678 kilometers in circumference and 14.21 meters high on average. It was the longest city wall in the world and the city enclosed by it remained the world"s largest until the 17th century.
In order to guarantee the quality of the wall, Zhu Yuanzhang had tight control over the making of all bricks. The brick makers and the officials were responsible for overseeing the quality. In case a brick was found not up to the standard, all of them were supposed to be punished.
Different from the square-shaped city walls of most ancient Chinese cities, Nanjing"s wall followed the natural terrain and was built on a foundation of huge rocks. The bricks were cemented in with a mortar of lime mixed with tung oil and glutinous rice gruel. Many parts of the wall are still in good condition.
The city wall has 24 gates, among which the Zhonghua (China) Gate, formerly called the Treasure Pot Gate, is the largest. Covering an area of 15,168 square meters, 20 meters high, the gate has 4 entrances with 4 doors. Behind the first conventional double panel wooden door, there are 3 other 23-centimeter-thick vertically sliding stone doors. The heavy stone doors are lifted and dropped with the help of a mechanical winch. If enemy troops broke through the first wooden door, they could be separated and trapped inside by the dropping of the other 3 stone doors. This strategy is known in China as "beating dogs behind a bolted door."
The first entrance is in a three-tier building in which 27 tunnels are built. These tunnels are big enough to accommodate more than 3,000 soldiers and store large quantity of food and ammunitions. On its both sides there are wide horse ramps. At the top, a rostrum allows a commanding view. Unfortunately, this rostrum and parts of the wall were destroyed by the Japanese during the Second World War.
Now the Nanjing Municipal Government plans to have part of the city wall repaired and some of the city gates renovated.
英文介紹(7)
PresentationGood afternoon,everyone! Now reflecting on the past one year of my college experience, I come to realize how much Hangzhou has shaped me.I gradually like here and want to live here after graduation.Give me two minutes,I believe you will fall in love with Hangzhou.
Hangzhou is one of the most important tourist venues in China.Every time when people talk about Hangzhou, they’ll come down to the West Lake. the West Lake covers an area of 6.38 square kilometers. Three sides of the lake are surrounded by verdant mountains and one side the prosperous city. centering around the West Lake, there are over 60 Chinese national, provincial and municipal cultural relic protection sites and over 100 scenic areas. Melting Snow Scene on the Broken Bridge, Leifeng Pagoda Silhouette adainst the Sunset,Spring Dawn at Su Causeway,Lotus Stirred by Breeze in Quyuan Garden.
Not only Hangzhou’s scenery is very beautiful ,but also food are very delicious.Hangzhou cuisine is one of the eight famous culinary arts in China. The fresh, tender, soft, and smooth dishes accompanied by its mellow fragrance(醇厚的香味) have won for itself widespread reputation in the culinary world. The local specialties include Beggar‘s Chicken(叫化雞) (an entire chicken cooked in a ball of mud), West Lake Fish in Sweet Sour Source(西湖醋魚) (vinegar coated fish from the lake), Dongpo Pork(東坡肉) (braised pork) and Fried Shrimpswith Longjing Tea Leaves (龍井蝦仁), and many others.
Hearing here, ,I believe you must agree with my opinion about staying in Hangzhou , And you’ve fall in love with West lake and Hangzhou.
英文介紹(8)
More?than?1?billion?people live in India, a country in southern Asia. Only China has more people. The people of India speak more than 100 different languages.
Facts About India
Official name
Republic of India
Capital
New Delhi
Population
1,150,000,000 people
Rank among countries in population
2nd
Major cities
Kolkata (Calcutta), Delhi, Mumbai (Bombay)
Area
1,220,000 square miles
3,170,000 square kilometers
Rank among countries in area
7th
Highest point
Kanchenjunga
28,209 feet/8,598 meters
Currency
Indian rupee
CITIES AND VILLAGES
Kolkata?(also?spelled Calcutta) is India’s largest city. Mumbai (also called Bombay) is the country’s most populated urban area. They rank among the world’s largest cities, too. New Delhi is the capital of India.
More?than?16?million?people live in or near the port city of Mumbai. Mumbai is a center of trade and the center of India’s movie business. India makes about 800 movies a year, more than any other country in the world.
In?spite?of?its?large cities, India is primarily a country of villages. Most of India’s people make their living by farming. Many of them are extremely poor.
More?and?more?people?are moving from rural areas of India to cities. They hope to find better-paying jobs in the cities. India’s cities have become very crowded as a result.
A SUBCONTINENT
India?is?shaped?like?a triangle. It juts out from the bottom of Asia into the Indian Ocean. India is sometimes called a subcontinent. Is this because India is big? Not really. Six countries—including Russia, Canada, and the United States—are bigger.
India?is?a?subcontinent because it is cut off from the rest of Asia. Mountains, jungles, and the Indian Ocean form barriers that make India a world apart—a subcontinent.
India’s?neighbors?Pakistan and Bangladesh also form part of the Indian subcontinent. These lands were once part of India.
A LAND OF CONTRASTS
The?Indian?subcontinent offers striking contrasts. The Himalayas, the world’s highest mountains, extend across northern India. Towns lie on the lower slopes, but few people live high in the mountains.
South?of?the?mountains stretch broad plains. Two great rivers, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, flow through the plains. Tea grows on plantations to the east. The huge Thar Desert lies to the west.
A?vast?plateau?lies?south of the plains. Much of this region is rocky. The climate of the plateau is extremely hot. Every summer, winds called monsoons drop heavy rain on India.
JUNGLES AND WILDLIFE
The?English?language?borrowed the word jungle from Hindi, the language spoken by most Indians. India’s jungles are home to many fascinating animals. Tigers, panthers, lions, cheetahs, snow leopards, monkeys, and elephants are all found in India. So is the poisonous cobra snake. India has many national parks and wildlife preserves where its animals can be seen.
TAJ MAHAL
The?Taj?Mahal?in?Agra, India, is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. An emperor built it after the death of his young wife. She died in 1631. Her tomb is inside.
The?Taj?Mahal?is?covered in white marble and set in a garden with pools of water. The garden represents paradise. The building is decorated with beautiful carvings and colored stones. Its color appears to change throughout the day as the sun moves across the sky.
RELIGION IN INDIA
Hinduism?and?Buddhism, two of the world’s major religions, were born in India. So were the Jain and Sikh religions. Most of India’s people are Hindus. Muslims—followers of Islam—are second in number.
Hindus?worship?in?the many beautiful temples they have built in India. They also worship at home. Hindus worship all life. They do not kill animals, and they do not eat meat.
Muslims?also?have?built many beautiful buildings, including the Taj Mahal. Hindus and Muslims have not always gotten along. Muslim invaders brought Islam to India. For centuries, Muslims ruled a largely Hindu country.
A BRITISH COLONY
During?the?1700s,?Britain gained control of India. Many Indians began speaking English. British sports, such as cricket and badminton, became popular. But many British efforts to change Indian customs and traditions were far less popular.
MAHATMA GANDHI
Mohandas?K.?Gandhi?was a Hindu who led India to independence from Britain. Gandhi’s followers called him Mahatma, which means “great soul.”
Gandhi?taught?people?to work for independence without using violence. Thanks to his efforts, India gained its independence in 1947. Gandhi’s policy of nonviolence influenced many other people. In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr., used Gandhi’s idea of nonviolent protests to gain civil rights for black Americans.
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
When?India?gained?its independence, it split apart. The parts of India that were primarily Muslim became the country of Pakistan. Pakistan was made up of two parts, one to the east of India and the other to the west. In 1971, East Pakistan became a separate country called Bangladesh.
英文介紹(9)
The high Eiffel Tower, the colorful streets, the beautiful river Seine, the glorious palaces, the romantic people, the old history … Paris is a great place to all people in the world.
高聳入云的埃菲爾鐵塔，流光溢彩的街道，美麗的塞納河，金璧輝煌的宮殿，浪漫的民族，源遠流長的歷史…這就是巴黎
As the capital of France, Paris is a modern city with a long and rich history. So many events took place here and there are so many places for the visitors to have a trip.
作為法國的首都，巴黎是一座古老而又現代的城市。這里發生了太多的歷史事件，這里有那么多的地方讓你流連忘返。
The Triumphal Arch(凱旋門)
was finished in 1836. It’s a world famous building, too.
The Eiffel Tower(埃菲爾鐵塔), which is 320 meters high, is the symbol of Paris. It was completed in 1889.
320米高的埃費爾鐵塔是巴黎的標志。它建于1889年
埃菲爾鐵塔
The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tu? ?f?l], nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris[10] and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World"s Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930; however, due to the addition in 1957 of the antenna, the tower is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
凱旋門
The Arc de Triomphe (Arc de Triomphe de l"étoile) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle (originally named Place de l"étoile), at the western end of the Champs-élysées.[1] There is a smaller arch, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre. The Arc de Triomphe (in English: "Triumphal Arch") honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.
The Arc de Triomphe is the linchpin of the historic axis (Axe historique) — a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route which goes from the courtyard of the Louvre, to the Grande Arche de la Défense. The monument was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806, and its iconographic program pitted heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail. It set the tone for public monuments, with triumphant patriotic messages.
The monument stands 50 metres (164 ft) in height, 45 m (148 ft) wide and 22 m (72 ft) deep. The large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The small vault is 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide. It is the second largest triumphal arch in existence (after Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang). Its design was inspired by the Roman Arch of Titus. The Arc de Triomphe is so colossal that three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919, marking the end of hostilities in World War I, Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane through it, with the event captured on newsreel.
旅游：France is the most visited country in the world. It has everything that you could ever want to see on your holidays: a great city like Paris, good beaches, more monuments than any other country, lovely nature, incredible mountain scenery; need I go on? France is also a very pleasant place to stay. It has good food, great wines and people enjoy their lives. And the best thing is, maybe apart from Paris, living in France does not have to be expensive. The North
of France consists of the flatlands around the
town of Lille and the Channel. The area will remind visitors in many ways of Belgium and the Netherlands. The Grand" Place in Lille for example is a lot like that of Brussels.
Paris, the city of light and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas. Paris is without a doubt one of the most beautiful cities on the planet. FRANCE TRAVEL INFO
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West of France is turned towards the Atlantic Coast. In the north Normandy & Brittany have rolling hills, sandy beaches and quiet little harbour towns. Normandy & Brittany have a more rugged coast and many neolithic sites. It has quite a distinct atmosphere from the rest of the country; you can still sense the Celtic origin of the region and its inhabitants.
The eastern part of France consists of the Alsace, Lorraine, Franche Comt?and Burgundy regions. The landscape has rolling hills and many beautiful cities, such as Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy and Dijon. This region produces many famous wines, including magnificent pinot noirs and chardonnays valued the world over, as well as the famous "Yellow wine" from the Jura mountain vineyard.
The Center of France is in many ways the most quiet part of France. But the great treasure of this region is the Loire valley , with many great castles and beautiful towns. Chartres with its famous cathedral and Tours rate among the most beautiful French cities.
The Alps are great for skiing in winter and hiking in summer. Albertville, Grenoble and Chamonix have all hosted the Olympic games. But the Alps also have nice towns to visit, such as Chamb閞y, Annecy or Grenoble .
The South with its lovely nature, good food, roman ruins and of course the Riviera draws a lot of visitors every year. Towns like Orange, and Arles but also big cities like Marseille and Toulon are must sees. The Provence is dotted with pleasant small villages. In the South west of France the Dordogne is one of the most quintessential French regions. The valley is so pretty, the towns are so cute and the food is so good, that it is hard to believe that the people who live here go somewhere else for their holidays. The Languedoc has its own language and culture. In the south of the Languedoc you find the Pyrenees, a great mountain range separating France from Spain, where you can hike and ski. The towns of Toulouse and Montpellier are nice and the medieval town of Carcassone is a top destination.
美食French Food
French cuisine is extremely diverse, with only the Chinese having similar variety in their food. This variety is supported by the French passion for good food in all its forms, France"s extraordinary range of different geographies and climates which support the local production of all types of ingredients, and France"s long and varied history. In many ways, an understanding of the culture of French food is an understanding of France itself.
Meals range from the very basic, such as the traditional baguette plus cheese plus inexpensive wine, to very elaborate affairs than can involve a dozen courses and different wines consumed over several hours. Obviously, the latter type of dining is exceptional for most people. However, it is this more sophisticated dining which is typically found in "French restaurants" outside France, giving many foreigners the mistaken impression that French food is heavy and complicated. In fact, much of the French cuisine is fairly simple, relying on high quality fresh ingredients and loving preparation rather than complex recipes.
It is common in much of France to take a two hour break for lunch, with many working parents (particularly in villages and smaller towns) returning home for lunch. In some areas, mainly in the south of France, even longer lunch breaks are taken. Due to the long lunch break, businesses which close for this period typically reopen around 2PM or so and then stay open until about 7PM.
英文介紹(10)
My name is Lixiaofei my english name is RICK，I come from HUBEI province. The major in college is computer science and technology. Now I work in an information technology company for technical support .
In my spare time I like playing badminton、basketball, watching movies. sports can exercise my body, Let me be more healthy. Watching movies can make me relaxed and Let me experience something different。
I hope that through this simple introduction, you can remember my name ，remember my face and I believe that we will become friends in the future。
ok .That"s a little about myself，thank you！
各位早上好，很高興在這里介紹自己。
我叫李小飛、英文名RICK。來自湖北，大學時學習的專業是計算機科學與技術。目前就職一家信息技術公司從事技術支持方面的工作。
在我的業余時間，我喜歡打羽毛球、籃球，看電影。運動可以鍛煉我的身體，讓我有更多的毅力。看電影可以讓我放松，去體驗不一樣的境界。
我希望通過這個簡單的介紹，更多的人能認識我、記住我。也同樣相信我們未來會成為朋友。
好，這就是關于我的簡單介紹。謝謝。
