nevertheless用法16篇

nevertheless用法16篇

nevertheless用法(1)

With 用法

With prep.

1.(表帶有或擁有)有…的，持有，隨身帶著：I have no money with me. 我沒有帶錢。/ He is a man with a hot temper. 他是一個脾氣暴躁的人。/ We bought a house with a garden. 我們買了一座帶花園的房子。/ China is a very large country with a long history. 中國是一個具有歷史悠久的大國。

2.(表材料或內容)以，用：Fill the glass with wine. 把杯子裝滿酒。/ The road is paved with stones. 這條路用石頭鋪砌。

3.(表方式、手段或工具)以，用：He caught the ball with his left hand. 他用左手接球。/ She wrote the letter with a pencil. 她用鉛筆寫那封信。

4.與…(在)一起，帶著：Come with me. 跟我一起來吧。/ I went on holiday with my friend. 我跟我朋友一起去度假。/ Do you want to walk home with me? 你愿意和我一道走回家嗎

5.(表狀態)在…的情況下，…地：He can read French with ease. 他能輕易地讀法文。/ I finished my homework though with difficulty. 雖然有困難，我還是做完了功課。

6.(表讓步)盡管，雖然：With all his money, he is unhappy. 盡管他有錢，他并不快樂。/ With all his efforts, he lost the match. 雖然盡了全力，他還是輸了那場比賽。

7.(表條件)若是，如果：With your permission, I’ll go. 如蒙你同意我就去。

8.(表原因或理由)因為，由于：He is tired with work. 他工作做累了。/ At the news we all jumped with joy. 聽到這消息我們都高興得跳了起來。

9.(表時間)當…的時候，在…之后：With that remark, he left. 他說了那話就離開了。/ With daylight I hurried there to see what had happened. 天一亮我就去那兒看發生了什么事。

10. (表同時或隨同)與…一起，隨著：The girl seemed to be growing prettier with each day. 那女孩好像長得一天比一天漂亮。

11.(表伴隨或附帶情況)同時：I slept with the window open. 我開著窗戶睡覺。/ Don’t speak with your mouth full. 不要滿嘴巴食物說話。！

【用法】

1.表示方式、手段或工具等時(=以，用)，注意不要受漢語意思的影響而用錯搭配，如“用英語”習慣上用in English，而不是with English。

2.表示條件時，根據情況可與虛擬語氣連用：With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是錢多一點，我就買得起了。/ With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是設備好些，我們完成這項工作還要快些。3.比較with和as：兩者均可表示“隨著”，但前者是介詞，后者是連詞：He will improve as he grows older. 隨著年齡的增長，他會進步的。/ People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 時代變了，人們的觀念也會變化。

4.介詞with和to均可表示“對”，但各自的搭配不同，注意不要受漢語意思的影響而用錯，如在kind, polite, rude, good, married等形容詞后通常不接介詞with而接to。

nevertheless用法(2)

in on at 區別用法

妙計口訣

1.早、午、晚要用in，

at黎明、午夜、點與分。
年、月、年月、季節、周，

陽光、燈、影、衣、帽用in。
將來時態in...以后，

小處at大處in。
有形with無形by，

語言、單位、材料in。
特征、方面與方式，

心情成語慣用in。
介詞at和to表方向，

攻擊、位置、惡、善分。

2.日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、農場、值日on，關于、基礎、靠、著論。
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，準。
特定時日和“一……就”，on后常接動名詞。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。
步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage則用in。
at山腳、門口、在當前，速、溫、日落、價、核心。

如大體掌握上面介詞用法口訣，就不易出錯。下面對該口訣分別舉例幫助你理解消化。

關于時間
早、午、晚要用in
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
例： in the afternoon 在下午
in the morning 在早上

at黎明、午、夜、點與分
例 at dawn /at daybreak 在黎明時候
at night 在夜間
at noon 在中午
at midnight 在午夜
（以上短語都不用冠詞）
at nine o"clock 在9點鐘
at half past ten 在10點半
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10點30分
at the weekend 在周末
at a quarter to two 1點45分

關于年、月、年月、季節、周
即在“來年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月” 但在某年某月某日則用on ，在四季，在第幾周等都要用in。

in 1927 在1927年
in March 在三月
in December 1986 在1986年12月
in July l984 在1984年7月
in the first week of this semester這學期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
in spring 在春季

關于日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚
以下皆用on

on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on May the first 5月1日
on the sixteenth 16號
on the second of January /on January the second 1月2日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一個夜晚
on New Year"s Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日

on winter day 在冬天
on December 12th 1950 l950年12月12日
on Sunday 在星期天
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上 on time準時，in time及時，等則不同。
【注】in the Christmas holidays在圣誕節假期 in the eighteenth century 在十八世紀 in ancient times 在古代 in earlier times 在早期 in modern times 在現代，則用in，at the present time 現在，at the present day當今則用at。

關于年月日，加早午晚，of之前on代in
on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
On the eve of their departure在臨行前夕

陽光、燈、影、衣、冒 in
即在陽光下，在燈下，在樹陰下，穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in。
Don"t write in dim light.切勿在暗淡的燈光下寫字。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.

他們在明亮的燈光下復習功課。
They are playing in the shade of a tree.他們坐在樹陰下玩耍。
a prisoner in irons 帶著鐐銬的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到車站去接我。
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的陽光下
a merchant in disguise 喬裝的商人
the woman in white black red yellow穿著白黑、紅、黃 色衣服的婦女
in uniform 穿著制服
in red shoes 穿著紅色鞋

關于將來時態in...以后
They will come back in 10 days.
他們將10天以后回來。
I"ll come round in a day or two.
我一兩天就回來。
We"ll be back in no time.
我們一會兒就回來。
Come and see me in three days" time.三天后來看我。從現在開始
（after... 從過去開始）

關于地點——小處at大處in
I live in a great city big city my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village.

我住在大城市，我姐姐住在一個小城鎮，而我的父母則住在農村。

關于成語——慣用in
in all 總計
in advance 事前
in addition to 除......以外
in the meantime 與此同時
in place 適當地
in hopes of或in the hope of 懷著.......希望
in connection with 和......有關
in contact with 和......聯系
in case of 倘若，萬一
in conflict with 和......沖突
in force 有效的，大批
in depth 徹底地
in regard to 關于
in the neighborhood of 大約、鄰近
in retrospect 回顧，一想起
in alarm 驚慌、擔心
in behalf of 代表......利益
in the least 一點，絲毫
in the opinion of 據......見解
in the long run 從長遠說來
in one"s opinion 在......看來
in a word 總之
in word 口頭上
in vain 無益地 白白地
in case 如果，萬一，以防
in detail 詳細地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 總之
in spite of 盡管
in other words... 換句話說
in love 戀愛中
in debt 負債
in fun jest、joke 玩笑地
in hesitation 猶豫不決
in wonder 在驚奇中
in return 作為回報
in the name of 以......名義
be confident in 對......有信心
be interested in 對......感興趣
in doubt 懷疑
in public secret 公開他秘密地
in a good humor 心情情緒好

【拓】——有形with無形by，語言 、單位、材料in——
The workers are paving a road with stone.工人們正用石子鋪路。（有形）
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.

這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。（有形）
〃Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy〃 is a good opera.

《智取威虎山》是一出好戲。（無形）
The product is separated by distillation into gasoline and gas oil. 這種產品是用蒸餾分離出氣油和粗柴油。 表示方式、手段、方法（無形）
I really can"t express my idea in English freely indeed. 我確實不能用英語流利地表達我的思想。 表示某種語言用in
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄語寫了一本小說。同上
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中最長的長度單位。 表示度、量、衡單位的用in

特征、方面與方式、心情、成語慣用in
特征或狀態：
They found the patient in a coma. 他們發現病人處于昏迷狀態。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他幾年來身體一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 許多人帶著絕望情緒而來，卻滿懷希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 這房屋成了廢墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 這個可憐的女孩淚流滿面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我說這話只是開玩笑的。
還有一些短語也用in，如：
in jest 詼諧地，

in joke 開玩笑地，

in fairness 公正地，

in spite 惡意地，

in revenge 報復

in mercy 寬大，

in sorrow 傷心地。
His mind was in great confusion. 他腦子里很亂。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb.

今天大家都興高采烈，沒有一個情緒低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同學都正值妙齡。
方面：
We accepted the item in principle. 我們在原則上接受了這個條款。
A good teacher must be an example in study.

一個好的教師必須是學習的模范。
They are never backward in giving their views.

他們從來不怕發表自己的意見。
方式：
All the speeches were taken down in shorthand.

所有報告都用速記記錄下來了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 黨一貫以愛國主義和國際主義精神教育我們。

介詞at、to表方向，攻擊、位置、善、惡、分
介詞at和to都可以表示方向。用at表示方向時，側重于攻擊的目標，往往表示惡意；用to表示方向時，突出運動的位置或動作的對象，側重表示善意。試比較下列各句：
1. A. She came at me. 她向我撲過來。
B. She came to me. 她向我走過來。
2. A. Jake ran at John. 杰克向約翰撲過去。
B. Jake ran to John. 杰克朝約翰跑去。
3. A. He rushed at the woman with a sword.
他拿著劍向那婦女撲過去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword.
他帶著劍向那婦女跑過去。
4. A. She shouted at the old man.
她大聲喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man.
他大聲向那老人說
5. A. I heard her muttering at Xiao Li.
我聽見她在抱怨小李。
B. I heard her muttering to Xiao Li.
我聽見她在同小李低聲說話。
6. A. He talked at you just now.
他剛才還說你壞話呢。
B. She talked to you just now.
她剛才還同你談話呢.。
7. A. She threw a bone at the dog.
她用一塊骨頭砸狗。
B. She threw a bone to the dog.
她把一塊骨頭扔給狗吃。

收音、農場，值日on
Did your supervisor like the story over or on the radio last night？ 您的導師喜歡昨天從收音機里聽到的故事嗎？
I heard the news over or on the radio. 我從收音機里聽到了這一條消息。
talk over the radio 由無線電播音
on TV 從電視里......
Hear something on the wireless在無線電里聽到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一個軍墾農場工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 學生們正在校辦農場勞動。
This is a farmer"s house on a farm.
這是農場的農舍。
Who is on duty today？ 今天誰值日？
We go on duty at 8 a.m.我們上午8點鐘上班。

關于、基礎、靠、著論
This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我們要聽關于國際形勢的報告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on traveling in America. 沈教授將給我們做關于美國之行的報告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在這些問題上你的看法都錯了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 這種信念是以實際經驗為基礎的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理論必須以實踐為基礎。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can"t afford luxuries on an income of 100 Yuan a month. 靠月薪100元的收入，你是買不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精飼料喂養她心愛的狗。
He is just a scrounger who lives on other people. 他正是一個小偷，專靠損害別人過日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil =boiling. 讓水壺的水一直開著。
The enemy are on the run =running. 敵人在逃跑。
on后接the加上一個作名詞的動詞.其意義與現在分詞所表達的相近。類似例子很多如：
on the march在行軍中，on the mend 在好轉中，on the prowl徘徊，on the move活動中，on the scrounge巧取豪奪埋語 ，on the go活躍，忙碌，on the lookout注意，警戒，on the watch監視著。on the hop趁不備抓住某人等等。
on the People"s Democratic Dictatorship《實踐論》和《矛盾論》
on the People"s Democratic Dictatorship《論人民民主專政》
〃on Coalition Government〃 《論聯合政府》

著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、準
注：口訣中的著指著火，罷指罷工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、辦公事；假指休假，準指準時。
例：The house next to mine was on fire. 我鄰居的房子著火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike. 鐵路工人罷工了。
Grapes and big water melons from Sin kiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
do something on the sly quiet . 秘密地暗地里，偷偷地 做某事。
I"ve come here on business. 我是有公事來的。
They went to Bern on a mission. 他們到伯爾尼去執行一項使命。
They has been away on a long trip. 他們出去做一次長途旅行。
I"ll go home on leave next month. 下月我將休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的，不是不告面別。
She came to see you on purpose. 她是專程來看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到這來是要與你討論這件事的。
This lunch is on me.
〃No. let"s go Dutch.〃
“這頓午飯我付錢。”
“不，還是各付各的”
On the contrary it was very easy to understand. 相反，這事兒很容易理解。
P1ease come on time. on schedule . 請準時來。
注：in time是“及時”的意思。
The train arrived on schedule. 火車準時到達。
特定時間和“一......就”，左右on后動名詞
例：Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 氣體加熱時膨脹，冷卻時收縮。特定時間
On entering the room he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一進屋，他就發現他的朋友們在愉快地跳舞。
On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就給老楊打了一個電話。
I"ll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的來信就給他寫信。一......就
以及on the left right向左向右，on the stair在臺階上等。

步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage用in
例：On foot步行 on horse騎馬
on donkey 騎驢。
He rode on blood flowing from his side. 他騎著馬，鮮血從腰部流下來。
The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 為趕上部隊，那位八路軍戰士騎馬日行百里。
Go on horse back 騎馬去！
You are having me on 你和我開玩笑呢
in cab和in carriage 不能用on或by cab或carriage。

at山腳、門口在當前，速、溫、日落價核心
即在山腳下、在門口、在目前，速度、以......速率、溫度、在日落時、在......核心要用at。
At the foot of the mountain there are
thirty of our comrades. 在山腳下，有我們30個同志。
There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山腳下有一個美麗的湖。
At the gate of the house there are many children playing glass ball. 門口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。
Who"s standing there at the door？ 誰站在門口？
I don"t need the dictionary at present. 我現在還不需要這本詞典。
He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在華盛頓。
The train runs at fifty kilometers an hour. 火車每小時行駛50公里。
We built the plant at top speed and minimum cost. 我們以最低的投資，最高的速度修建了該工廠。
at home 在國內，在家里
at ten degrees centigrade 在攝氏10度
at minus ten degrees centigrade 攝氏零下10度
Water freezes at 0°centigrade.水在攝氏零度結冰。
Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在攝氏l00度沸騰。
at the rate of 49 miles an hour
at full speed 全速
at zero 在零度
at a good price 高價
at a low cost 低成本
at a great cost 花了很大代價
at that time 在當時
Evaporation takes place at all temperatures. 蒸發在任何溫度下都能發生。
at 100RPM revolution per minute 每分鐘100轉
at a high speed 高速
The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 戰士們在日落時對敵人發起了攻擊。
at daybreak 日出時
The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一個原子核。
At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 這學期開始，我們的班主任老師對我們要求非常嚴格。

做人最好狀態是懂得尊重，不管他人閑事，不曬自己優越，也不秀恩愛。你越成長越懂得內斂自持，這世界并非你一人存在。

　　做人靜默，不說人壞話，做好自己即可。不求深刻，只求簡單。

　　你活著不是只為討他人喜歡，也不是為了炫耀你擁有的，沒人在乎，更多人在看笑話。你變得優秀，你身邊的環境也會優化。

　　3. 從今天開始，幫自己一個忙，不再承受身外的目光，不必在意他人的評價，為自己活著。

　　從今天開始，幫自己一個忙，做喜歡的事情，愛最親近的人，想笑就大笑，想哭就痛哭，不再束縛情感的空間，讓自己活得輕松些。

　　4. 很多你覺得天大的事情，當你急切地向別人傾訴時，在別人眼中也是個小事，他最多不痛不癢呵呵地應和著。

　　因為他不是你，他無法感知你那種激烈的情緒。直到有一天，你覺得無需再向別人提起，你就已經挽救了你自己。

　　這世界上除了你自己，沒誰可以真正幫到你。

　　5, 我們總是帶著面具走進愛情的，總想展示自己最優越的一面，你要接受一個人，不只是接受他的優越，而是看清了他的平凡普通卻仍然去深愛。

　　事實經常是：我們走著走著，就感覺對方變了，其實我們并沒有變，我們只是走進對方最真實的地方，然后迷失了自己。

　　6. 我捧你，你就是杯子，我放手，你就是玻璃渣子。無論是戀人還是朋友，珍惜在你每一次難過、傷心時都陪伴在你身邊的人。

　　珍惜經常和你開玩笑的人，說明你在這個人的心中肯定有一定的分量。 珍惜在你心情不好時第一個發現的人。

　　7. 今天再大的事，到了明天就是小事；今年再大的事，到了明年就是故事；今生再大的事，到了來世就是傳說。

　　人生如行路，一路艱辛，一路風景。你目光所及，就是你的人生境界。

　　總是看到比自己優秀的人，說明你正在走上坡路；總是看到不如自己的人，說明你正在走下坡路。與其埋怨，不如思變。

　　8. 歸零是一種積極的心態。所有的成敗相對于前一秒都是一種過去。過去能支撐未來，卻代替不了明天。

　　學會歸零，是一種積極面向未來的意識。把每一天的醒來都看作是一種新生，以嬰兒學步的態度，認真用好睡眠以前的時刻。

　　歸零，讓壞的不影響未來，讓好的不迷惑現在。

　　9. 總有一天，你會與那個對的人不期而遇：所謂的幸福，從來都是水到渠成的。

　　它無法預估，更沒有辦法計算，唯一能做得是：在遇見之前保持相信，在相遇之后寂靜享用。

寧可懷著有所期待的心等待下去，也不愿去對歲月妥協，因為相信幸福也許會遲到，但不會缺席。

做人最好狀態是懂得尊重，不管他人閑事，不曬自己優越，也不秀恩愛。你越成長越懂得內斂自持，這世界并非你一人存在。

　　做人靜默，不說人壞話，做好自己即可。不求深刻，只求簡單。

　　你活著不是只為討他人喜歡，也不是為了炫耀你擁有的，沒人在乎，更多人在看笑話。你變得優秀，你身邊的環境也會優化。

　　3. 從今天開始，幫自己一個忙，不再承受身外的目光，不必在意他人的評價，為自己活著。

　　從今天開始，幫自己一個忙，做喜歡的事情，愛最親近的人，想笑就大笑，想哭就痛哭，不再束縛情感的空間，讓自己活得輕松些。

　　4. 很多你覺得天大的事情，當你急切地向別人傾訴時，在別人眼中也是個小事，他最多不痛不癢呵呵地應和著。

　　因為他不是你，他無法感知你那種激烈的情緒。直到有一天，你覺得無需再向別人提起，你就已經挽救了你自己。

　　這世界上除了你自己，沒誰可以真正幫到你。

　　5, 我們總是帶著面具走進愛情的，總想展示自己最優越的一面，你要接受一個人，不只是接受他的優越，而是看清了他的平凡普通卻仍然去深愛。

　　事實經常是：我們走著走著，就感覺對方變了，其實我們并沒有變，我們只是走進對方最真實的地方，然后迷失了自己。

　　6. 我捧你，你就是杯子，我放手，你就是玻璃渣子。無論是戀人還是朋友，珍惜在你每一次難過、傷心時都陪伴在你身邊的人。

　　珍惜經常和你開玩笑的人，說明你在這個人的心中肯定有一定的分量。 珍惜在你心情不好時第一個發現的人。

　　7. 今天再大的事，到了明天就是小事；今年再大的事，到了明年就是故事；今生再大的事，到了來世就是傳說。

　　人生如行路，一路艱辛，一路風景。你目光所及，就是你的人生境界。

　　總是看到比自己優秀的人，說明你正在走上坡路；總是看到不如自己的人，說明你正在走下坡路。與其埋怨，不如思變。

　　8. 歸零是一種積極的心態。所有的成敗相對于前一秒都是一種過去。過去能支撐未來，卻代替不了明天。

　　學會歸零，是一種積極面向未來的意識。把每一天的醒來都看作是一種新生，以嬰兒學步的態度，認真用好睡眠以前的時刻。

　　歸零，讓壞的不影響未來，讓好的不迷惑現在。

　　9. 總有一天，你會與那個對的人不期而遇：所謂的幸福，從來都是水到渠成的。

　　它無法預估，更沒有辦法計算，唯一能做得是：在遇見之前保持相信，在相遇之后寂靜享用。

　　寧可懷著有所期待的心等待下去，也不愿去對歲月妥協，因為相信幸福也許會遲到，但不會缺席。

nevertheless用法(3)

Ａｓ的用法

　　一、as用作連詞
　　
　　1. 用于as...as...結構，其中第二個as為連詞，其后常跟一個名詞或代詞，省略了與前面句子相同的謂語和其他成分，既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句，否定句式也可用not so...as...
　　如
　　Tom runs as fast as John.(John后省略了runs)
　　She does not sing so well as her sister.(her sister后省略了sings)
　　2. as可表示時間，“當……的時候”，引導時間狀語從句。as作此用法時，常與when，while比較。when后的時間狀語從句的謂語既可是延續性動詞，又可是短暫性動詞，而while后必須是延續性動詞；as側重于主句與時間狀語從句的兩個動作同時發生，常譯為“一邊……一邊……”。
　　如
　　When／While he worked in the factory，he learned a lot from the workers. 當他在那個工廠工作的時候，他從工人那兒學到了很多。（work為延續性動詞）
　　He jumped up when she called. 當她打電話來的時候，他跳了起來。（call為短暫性動詞）
　　I read the novel as I walked along. 我邊走邊讀小說。
　　3. 表示原因，引導原因狀語從句，常與because，for，since辨析。because 表示直接原因，常用來回答why的提問；since因為，既然，表示顯然的或已知的理由；for因為，由于，表示附加的或推斷的理由，不放句首；as由于，鑒于，從句說明原因，主句說明結果，為常用詞。
　　{1} Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada，______this was a memory she especially treasured.
　　A. asB. ifC. whenD. where
　　答案為A。丟了在加拿大拍攝的照片，甄妮非常難過，因為這是她特別珍惜的記憶。
　　{2} A man cannot smile like a child，______ a child smiles with his eyes，while a man smiles with his lips alone.
　　A. soB. but C. and D. for
　　答案為D。成年人沒法像孩子那樣笑，因為孩子是用眼睛在笑，而成年人僅僅是用嘴在笑。
　　{3} ______ all of you knows the news，I won’t tell you about it again.
　　A. For B. SinceC. When D. Unless
　　答案為B。既然你們都知道了這個消息，我就不再告訴你們了。
　　4. 表示方式，引導方式狀語從句，“按照，如同”。
　　Do as I say. 按照我說的去做。
　　5. 引導讓步狀語從句，“雖然，盡管”。as作此用法時，常與though，although比較。as 引導的讓步狀語從句，必須倒裝，把名詞（省略冠詞）、作表語的形容詞、副詞或動詞原形提到句首，用法與though相似，不同的是though引導的讓步狀語從句可以倒裝，可以不倒裝；although引導的讓步狀語從句不倒裝，且多置于句首。
　　如
　　Child as he is，he knows a lot.(名詞提到as之前，且省去冠詞)。
　　Much as he likes the bicycle，he won’t buy it.(副詞much提到句首)
　　Improbable as it seems，it’s true.(作表語的形容詞提到句首)
　　Object as you may，I’ll go.（情態動詞后的動詞原形提到句首）
　　6. as可譯為“隨著”，這時常與with辨析。
　　as為連詞，后須跟句子，with為介詞，后常用復合結構。
　　如
　　隨著時間的推移：as time goes by 或 with time going by
　　
　　二、as用作介詞
　　
　　1. as用作介詞時，意為“作為”。
　　如
　　As a teacher，he devoted himself to his students.
　　2. as有時可譯為“當……的時候”。
　　如
　　As a child，he preferred to be an artist, but he has changed his mind.
　　
　　三、as用作代詞
　　
　　1. as用作代詞時，常引導限定性定語從句。當先行詞前有such，the same修飾時，關系代詞常用as，譯為“……一類的人或物”，構成such...as...和the same...as...結構。
　　{1} 注意the same...as...和the same...that...的區別。
　　the same...as...“相同的”，指的是同一類，而非同一個；the same...that...“同樣的”，指的是同一個。
　　如
　　This is the same watch as I bought in the department store. 這塊表跟我在商店里買的一樣。（指的是同一類，并非同一塊）
　　This is the same watch that I lost in the hotel yesterday. 這就是我昨天丟在旅店的表。（指同一塊表）
　　{2} 注意such...as...與such...that...的區別。
　　such...as... 引導的是定語從句，as后的定語從句缺少主語或賓語等句子成分，而such...that...為結果狀語從句，that后必須是一個完整的句子，意為“如此……以至于……”。
　　如
　　The teacher set such a difficult problem as none of us worked out. (as后為定語從句，先行詞problem在定語從句中充當work out的賓語)
　　The teacher set such a difficult problem that none of us worked it out. (that后為一個完整的句子，句意為老師問了一個如此難的問題，以至于我們都答不出來)
　　2. as可引導非限定性定語從句。
　　常用于下列結構：as we all know／as is known to us all 眾所周知
　　as is hoped／expected／announced... 正如希望／預料／宣布……的那樣
　　as is often the case 情況通常都是如此
　　as作此用法時，很容易與which引導的非限定性定語從句混淆。as引導的非限定性定語從句位置靈活，可置于句首，也可置于句中，且as有具體的含義“正如”，而which引導的非限定性定語從句只可置于句中，且which僅僅是一個引導詞，無具體含義。
　　

　如
　　As I explained on the phone，your request will be considered at the next meeting. 正如我在電話中解釋的那樣，你的請求在下次會議上將會被考慮。
　　Jim passed the driving test，which surprised everyone in the office. 吉姆通過了駕駛考試，這讓辦公室的每個人都很吃驚。
　　
　　四、as...as...結構
　　
　　as well as 和……一樣好，和，也
　　as(so)long as 和……一樣長，長達，只要
　　as much as 和……一樣多，多達，和……程度一樣
　　as soon as 和……一樣快，一……就
　　as far as 和……一樣遠，遠達，直到，就……，據……
　　
　　鞏固練習
　　1. _____，he talks a lot about his favourite singers after class.
　　A. A quiet student as he may be
　　B. Quiet student as he may be
　　C. Be a quiet student as he may
　　D. Quiet as he may be a student
　　2. The more I think about him，the more reasons I find for loving him _____ I did.
　　A. as much as B. as long as
　　C. as soon as D. as far as
　　3. _____，Carolina couldn’t get the door open.
　　A. Try as she might B. As she might try
　　C. She might as try D. Might she as try
　　4. _____ is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.
　　A. It B. As C. That D. What
　　5. I feel that one of my main duties _____ a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.
　　A. for B. by C. as D. with
　　6. Babies sleep 16 to 18 hours in every 24 hours，and they sleep less _____ they grow older.
　　A. while B. as C. when D. after
　　7. They expect the students to be responsible for the things they do，just as grown?鄄ups _____.
　　A. will B. do C. can D. are
　　8. These houses are sold at such a low price _____ people expected.
　　A. like B. as C. that D. which
　　9. He found it increasingly difficult to read，_____ his eyesight was beginning to fail.
　　A. and B. for C. but D. or
　　10. A typhoon swept across this area with heavy rains and winds _____ strong as 113 miles an hour.
　　A. too B. very C. so D. as
　　11. Pop music is such an important part of society _____ it has even influenced our language.
　　A. as B. that C. which D. where
　　12. _____ his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
　　A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange
　　C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound
　　13. —How far apart do they live?
　　—_____I know，they live in the same neighbourhood.
　　A. As long as B. As far as
　　C. As well as D. As often as
　　
　　參考答案
　　1—5 BAABC 6—10 BDBBD11—13 BDB

nevertheless用法(4)

It is ... that/since/before等句型歸納

1.??為了突出或強調句中的某一成分以加強語氣,?英語中通常用 “It is +?被強調成分?+ that/who”結構，這一結構叫作強調結構。該結構中的?It 是無人崐稱主語,?沒有詞匯意義,僅起到改變句子結構,使某一成分受到強調的作用。如被崐強調的是物，用?that;?如被強調的是人,?用?who,?也可用?that。

強調結構中被強調的成分通常是句中的主語、賓語、地點狀語或時間狀語。例如下面一句,?我們可分別對其不同成分進行強調：

John wore a white suit at the dance last night.

1.It was John that/who wore a white suit at the dance last night.（強調主語）

2. It was a white suit that John wore at the dance last night. (強調賓語）

3. It was at the dance that John wore a white suit last night. (強調地點狀語）

4. It was last night that John wore a white suit at the dance.（強調時間狀語）

強調結構亦可用來強調某些狀語從句：

It was because he was ill that he didn"t come to school yesterday.（強調?because?引導的原因狀語從句）

It was only when the war was over in 1949 that he was able to get back home.??

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(強調when?引導的時間狀語從句）

It was not until his father came back that he went to bed. (強調?until引導的時間狀語從句）

現談談強調結構中值得注意的幾個問題：

一.?強調結構中的時態問題

如果被強調的成分，原句謂語動詞是一般現在時或一般將來時，強調結構用?It is...that/who;?如果原句的謂語動詞是過去時態，則用 It was...that/who;?有時還可用?be?的其它形式。例如：

It is the people who/that are really powerful.

It was in the street that I met your brother yesterday.

It must be your mother who you are thinking of.

二.?強調結構中代詞的格和謂語人稱與數的問題

如果被強調的部分是原句的主語, that/who??后面的謂語在人稱和數上均應與原句主語一致,?不與?it?一致。例如：

It is you that/who are to blame.

It is I that am mistaken.

一般說來,?強調主格人稱代詞就用主格,?強調賓格人稱代詞就用賓格,?但有時被強調的格與原句中的格不一致。例如：

I met her in the street this morning.

It was her that I met in the street this morning.

????her?在原句中是?met?的賓語,??所以被強調時仍用賓格形式,?但也可用主格she?替換?her。例如：

It was she that I met in the street this morning.

這時,?說話者遵循傳統語法,?認為動詞?be?后面的代詞用主格,而不管這個代詞在原句中究竟是主格還是賓格。

強調主格時也有兩種情況,?尤其是在非正式的口語中常用賓格代替主格。例如：

They saved the drowning girl.

It was they who saved the drowning girl.

It was them who saved the drowning girl.

三.?強調結構中的一般疑問句和特殊疑問句問題

一般疑問句只需將?"It"?與?"is/was"?交換位置即可。例如：

Was it you that broke the window?

Was it here that you met him?

如強調疑問句,?需將疑問詞置于句首：

Who was it that called him "comrade"?

What is it that you are going to do?

When is it that they will leave?

四.?強調結構中的?that/who?在口語中常可省略：

It was you I thought of all the time.

It is here he must come.

It was John I gave the book to.

Was it in Chengdu you first met him?

What is it you want me to do?

五.?注意固定言語中的意思：

It is a wise father that knows his own child.聰明的父親往往也不了解自己的兒子。

It is a long lane that has no turning.?胡同不管怎樣長，總是要拐彎的。（天無絕人之路）

It is a long night that never finds the day.?漫漫長夜，總有拂曉時。

It is a silly fish that is caught twice.?任何魚都不會愚蠢到上兩次鉤。

2．?It is (high) time that…

該句型中的that可省略，從句謂語通常是動詞的過去式，也可用should +?動詞原形。相當于It is time for sb. to do sth.例如：

It is time that we went to school.

It is time I ought to leave now.

It’s high time that we should put an end to the controversy.

3．?It is + n.+ that…

該句型為主語從句。It為形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的從句。例如：

It is a pity that you didn’t see the film yesterday.

It is a wonder that he refused such a good offer.

It is common knowledge that the traffic situation there is deplorable.

用于該句型的名詞常見有：common knowledge, common sense, a good thing, an honor, a mercy, a pity, a pleasure, a shame, a surprise, a wonder等。

4．?It is + adj.+ that…

該句型為主語從句。It為形式主語，真正的主語也是由that引導的從句。例如：

It is certain that we shall be late.

It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday.

Isn’t it strange that the lazy boy (should) pass the exam.

能用于該句型的形容詞常見的有：certain, clear, curious, disappointing, dreadful, fit, fortunate, frightening, funny, good, important, lucky, natural, necessary, obvious, peculiar, pleasing, possible, probable, proper, right, sad, surprising,????????? remarkable, unfortunate, unimportant, unnecessary, unusual, useless, well, wonderful, wrong, true等。that從句可用陳述語氣，也可用should +?動詞原型的虛擬語氣形式。用陳述語氣表示客觀事實；用虛擬語氣表示驚訝、喜悅、遺憾、失望等感情色彩或表示要求、建議、命令、愿望等。

5．?It is + p.p. + that…

該句型為主語從句。It為形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的從句。例如：

It was said that Mr. White had been writing a new TV play.

It is reported that the sports meet has been put off.

It has not been decided that when and where we ill hold the meeting.

能用于該句型的過去分詞常見的有：admitted, announced, believed, decided, demanded, disclosed, expected, found, hoped, reported, requested, said, seen, suggested, thought, told, unknown,等。

6．?It is…before…

該句型的is后可接long或一段時間。肯定句譯為“過多久…才…”；否定句譯為“沒多久…就…”。例如：

It was a long time before I got to sleep again.

It will be hours before he arrives here.

It was not long before he left his home town.

It will be five years before we meet again.

It wasn’t long before he told us about this affair.

It was evening before we reached the little town.

7．It is … since…

該句型表達“從……以來已經多久了”的意思。這一結構多用一般過去時，表示從過去某一時刻起到說話這一時刻止的這段時間的總和。時間的起點，無論是那種動詞，一律從since從句中的謂語動詞表示的動作的完成的那一刻算起。例如：

It is 15 years since the war ended.

It is just a week since we arrived here.

It is ten years since he left his home town.

It must be almost 5 years since we last met.

從句中可用現在完成時。例如：

It is three years since I’ve seen him. = It is three years since I saw him.

since從句如為延續性動詞，用一般過去時，表示“動作的結束”。例如：

It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much.

It is four years since she was a nurse.

How long is it since you were in London.

8．It is … when

該句型中when引導的是時間狀語從句，其前面是表示時間的詞作表語，強調句型中that前面被前調的是狀語。例如：

It was ten o’clock in the evening when he came back.

It is twelve o"clock at midnight when they arrived at a lovely village.

It was 2005 when he left his home town.

?

練習：

1.?????----He was nearly drowned once.

----When was____?

----____ was in 1998 when he was in middle school.

A. that, it??????????????????????B. this, This???????????????C. this, It???????????????????D. that, This

2.?????The Foreign Minister said “____ our hope that the two sides work towards peace.”

A. This?????????????????????????B. There is????????????????????C. That is????????????????????????????D. It is

3.??????It is almost five years ____ we saw each other last time.

A. before??????????????????????B. since????????????????????????C. after????????????????????????D. when

4.??????____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of tour E-mail account.

A. What is required????????B. What requires???????????C. It is required?????????????D. It requires

5.??????It is pretty well understood ____ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.

A. that??????????????????????????B. when???????????????????????C. what????????????????????????D. how

6.??????It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson.

A. until?????????????????????????B. after?????????????????????????C. since????????????????????????D. when

7.??????I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter ____ I’m talking to.

A. who is it???????????????????B. who it is???????????????????C. it is who???????????????????D. it is whom

8.??????It is none of your business ____ other people think about you. Believe yourself.

A. how?????????????????????????B. what????????????????????????C. which??????????????????????D. when

9.??????----Did Jack come back early last night?

----Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ____ he arrived home.

A. before??????????????????????B. when???????????????????????C. that until

10.??Scientists say it may be five or six years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

A. since????????????????????????B. after?????????????????????????C. before??????????????????????D. when

11.??He was told that it would be at least three more months ____ he could recover and return to work.

A. when???????????????????????B. before??????????????????????C. since????????????????????????D. that

12.??It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.

A. that??????????????????????????B. until?????????????????????????C. since????????????????????????D. before

13.??The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time ____ we meet them again.

A. after????????????????????????B. before??????????????????????C. since????????????????????????D. when

14.??Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ____ it was 20 years ago, ___, it was so poorly equipped.

A. what, when?????????????????????B. that, which???????????????C. what, which?????????????D. which, that

15.??That was really a splendid evening. It is years ____ I enjoyed myself so much.

A. when???????????????????????B. that??????????????????????????C. since????????????????????????D. since

16.??It was some time ____ we realized the truth.

A. when???????????????????????B. until?????????????????????????C. since????????????????????????D. before

17.??____ has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month.

A. That????????????????????????B. As????????????????????????????C. It?????????????????????????????D. What

18.??I’m afraid I’m not fit for the job, as it is one ____ requires lots of patience.

A. who?????????????????????????B. that??????????????????????????C. what????????????????????????D. where

19.??It is high time ____ I went back home.

A. on which??????????????????B. which??????????????????????C. when???????????????????????D. X

20.??----Was it midnight ____ you arrived home by taxi?

----I’m afraid so.

A. that??????????????????????????B. at which???????????????????C. the time????????????????????D. when

21.??It was several years ____ I finally realized ____ you enjoyed and built on those abilities.

A. when, that????????????????B. that, when????????????????C. before, that???????????????D. until, why

22.??It is not yet pretty well understand ____ made the rainforest disappear year by year.

A. what????????????????????????B. which??????????????????????C. that??????????????????????????D. how

23.??____ sometimes keeps her awake at night ____ Tom is getting more and more quiet at home.

A. That, which?????????????????????B. It, that??????????????????????C. Whether, what??????????D. What, that

24.??____ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.

A. This?????????????????????????B. That?????????????????????????C. What???????????????????????D. It

25.??It was in this park ____ they met for the first time ____ the old couple told us their unforgettable experience.

A. where, that???????????????B. that, that???????????????????C. where, when????????????D. that, when

26.??Why! I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to try.

A. What is it that???????????B. What it is that???????????C. How is it that????????????D. How it is that

27.??It was drinking ____ cost the man a lot of money ____ he ought to have spent on his family.

A. that, that??????????????????B. what, what???????????????C. that, what?????????????????D. what, that

28.??It is no wonder ____ he has succeeded.

A. when???????????????????????B. what????????????????????????C. which??????????????????????D. that

29.??----Where did you meet Joan?

----It was in the hotel ___she stayed.

A. that??????????????????????????B. where??????????????????????C. which??????????????????????D. there

30.?Is it good to look up every new word ____ I came across it in reading?

A. when???????????????????????B. before??????????????????????C. that??????????????????????????D. where

?

?

1------5 A D B C C????6-----10 A B B B C

11---15 B C B A D????16----20 D B B D D

21---25 B A B D A????26----30 A A D B A

nevertheless用法(5)

with結構是許多英語復合結構中最常用的一種。學好它對學好復合賓語結構、不定式復合結構、動名詞復合結構和獨立主格結構均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的構成、特點及用法等作一較全面闡述，以幫助同學們掌握這一重要的語法知識。

一、 with結構的構成

它是由介詞with或without+復合結構構成，復合結構作介詞with或without的復合賓語，復合賓語中第一部分賓語由名詞或代詞充當，第二部分補足語由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式或分詞充當，分詞可以是現在分詞，也可以是過去分詞。With結構構成方式如下：

1. with或without-名詞/代詞+形容詞；

2. with或without-名詞/代詞+副詞；

3. with或without-名詞/代詞+介詞短語；

4. with或without-名詞/代詞+動詞不定式；

5. with或without-名詞/代詞+分詞。

下面分別舉例：

1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名詞+形容詞，作伴隨狀語）

2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名詞+副詞，作時間狀語）

3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名詞+介詞短語，作伴隨狀語。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.

4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名詞+不定式，作伴隨狀語） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代詞 +不定式，作條件狀語）

5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名詞+現在分詞 ，作伴隨狀語）

6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.（without+代詞+過去分詞，作為原因狀語）

二、with結構的用法

在句子中with結構多數充當狀語，表示行為方式，伴隨情況、時間、原因或條件（詳見上述例句）。

With結構在句中也可以作定語。例如：

1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.

2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.

3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.

三、 with結構的特點

1. with結構由介詞with或without+復合結構構成。復合結構中第一部分與第二部分語法上是賓語和賓語補足語關系，而在邏輯上，卻具有主謂關系，也就是說，可以用第一部分作主語，第二部分作謂語，構成一個句子。例如： With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.） She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.） With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.）

2. 在with結構中，第一部分為人稱代詞時，則該用賓格代詞。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him.

四、 幾點說明：

1. with結構在句子中的位置： with 結構在句中作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因時一般放在句子前面，并用逗號與句子分開；表示方式和伴隨狀況時一般放在句子后面，不用逗號分開。若with結構作定語，則放在所修飾的名詞之后，一般不用逗號隔開。

2. with結構作狀語時，不定式、現在分詞 、和過去分詞的區別： 在with結構中，不定式、現在分詞作賓補，表示主動，但是不定式表示將要發生的動作，而現在分詞表示正在發生或發生了的動作；過去分詞表示被動或完成。

例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已領過路）

With the boy to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天將領路）

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寢室被關著）

3. with結構與一般的with短語的區別： with結構具有上述功能和特點，而"介詞with+名詞或代詞（組）"組成的一般的with短語在句子中可以作定語和狀語。作狀語時，它能表示動作的方式、原因，但不能表示時間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語中，with后面所跟的不是復合結構，也根本沒有邏輯上的主謂關系。

4. with結構與獨立主格結構的關系： with結構屬于獨立主格結構，但在結構上，with結構由介詞with或without引導，名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類所修飾，結構較松散；而獨立主格結構沒有with或without引導，結構嚴密，名詞前可用可不用修飾語。在句法功能上，with結構可以作定語，獨立主格結構則不能；獨立主格結構通常在句中作狀語，但也可以作主語，而with結構則不能。

獨立主格在口語中不常用，往往由一個從句代替，而with結構較口語化，較常用。例如：

There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.（"with+復合賓語"結構，在句中作定語）

A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.（名詞+現在分詞構成的獨立主格結構，作主語）

The boy said，turning to the man，his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.（獨立主格結構，表示伴隨狀況或行為方式，作狀語）

Then last night，I followed him here，and climbed in，sword in hand.（名詞+介詞短語構成的獨立主格結構，作狀語，表示伴隨情況）

nevertheless用法(6)

第一節it的基本用法

it是人稱代詞，意思是“它”，用來指一切生物和事物。
一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。?
一般指說話者心目中已經了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區分；可以是可數名詞，也可以是不可數名詞，在句子中既可作主語，也可以作賓語。?
1．指動物和植物。如：?
???—It?looks?like?a?cat！????????????????? 它看上去像只貓！?
??Where"s?tea?grown？It"s?grown?in?the?southeast?of?China．

哪里種茶葉？茶葉種在中國的東南部。
2．指代一些無生命的東西。如：?
???Is?it?your?newly-bought car？ 這是你新買的車嗎？?
???Look?at?the?rain！It"s?really heavy，isn"t?it？ 看這雨！雨真的很大，是吧？?
3．代替上文提到過的整個事情。如：??
???Well，you?mustn"t?play?on?the?road．It"s?dangerous．那么你不能在馬路上玩。那是很危險的。
?It?was?hard?work，but?they?really?enjoyed?it．工作很艱難，但是他們真的很喜歡。
二、用于指代人。?
1．指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個人，常用在打電話或敲門時。如：??
???—Who?was?it？????????? 是誰（打來的電話）？??
???—Was?it?Susan？ （打電話的）是蘇珊嗎？? —Yes，it?was．是的，我是。?
—Who?is?knocking?at?the?door？ 誰在敲門？?? —It"s?me．是我。?
2．指說話者心目中的那個人。如：??
???—Is?it?your?sister Jane？ （那舊照片上的?baby）是你姐姐簡吧？?
???—No！不是。? ??—I?know—it"s?you！ 我知道了，（那）是你。?
3．指代性別不詳的嬰幼兒或在不計較性別時，也可用it來指人。如：
The?child?smiled?when?it?saw?its?mother． 這小孩一見到母親就笑了。?
??I?don"t?know?who?it?is． 我不知道他是誰。?
4．在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時，常用it指人。如：??
???—Who"s?that？?Is?it?Alice？? 那人是誰？是愛麗絲嗎？?
???—Yes，I?think?you"re?right．It"s?Kate．??? 是的，我想你說對了，是愛麗絲。??
三、用于指時間、距離和自然現象等。?
1．表示時間。如：??

—What?time?is?it？? 幾點鐘？?? ?—It"s?ten．??十點鐘。?
???It"s?summer?in?Australia?now while it’s winter here in China．

現在澳大利亞是夏天,而中國這兒是冬天。?
特別注意it用于表示時間時還常見于以下三個句型中：?
（1）It"s?time（for?sb．）to?do?sth．／It"s?time?for?sth．譯為“是（某人）該干……的時間了”、“到……的時候了”。如：?
I?think?it"s?time?for?us?to?start?the?lesson?now．
我想現在是我們開始上課的時候了。??
（2）It?is?／has?been?＋時間段＋since?＋一般過去時。譯為“自從……以來已過了……（時間）”。此結構可以與另一種句型進行同義句轉換。如：??
It"s?three?years?since?he?came?here．

＝It?has?been?three?years?since?he?came?here．

＝He?has?been?here?for?three?years． 他到這里已經三年了。?

?（3）It is te first/second time that + 現在完成時。

It is the second time that I have been in London . 這是我第二次來倫敦。
2．表示距離。如：?? It"s?half?an?hour"s?walk?from?my?home?to?the?school．
從我家到學校步行得花半小時時間。

3．表示自然現象或環境。如：??
???Sometimes?it?snows?and?the?ground is covered with wite snow.．有時下雪，大地一片白。??
???It?is?very?quiet?here?at?the?moment． 眼下這兒很安靜。?
四、用作形式主語。?
英語中常常見到以it開頭一個句子，它就是一個形式主語，其后面的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語、名詞性從句等作真正的主語，以表達一個完整的意義。這是一種習慣表達法，這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。?
1．It＋is／was＋形容詞＋（for／of?sb．）＋動詞不定式短語。

對于這個句型中究竟用?for還是用of，一般遵循這樣的規則：

如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞，如：difficult，?easy，hard，important，dangerous等用for；如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質的，如：kind，good，nice，clever等則用of。如：?

It is very kind of you to give us a hand. 你們很善良來幫助我們。
It?is?interesting?to?play?with?snow?in?winter．冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。??
It"s?important?for?us?to?keep?the?water?clean．保持水質清潔對我們來說是很重要的。??
注意：這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞；連系動詞be也可換用其它連系動詞，如feel等。如：?
It?must?be?great?fun?to?fly?to?the?moon?in?a?spaceship．

乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。??
It?feels?strange?to?have?a?twin?sister． 有個孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。??

2．? It＋is／was＋形容詞＋從句。如：?
???It"s?true?that?he?may?fall?behind?the?other?students．他真的可能落后于其他同學。?
3．It?＋is?／was?＋one"s?turn（duty，pleasure）?＋to?do?sth．意為“該輪到某人做某事（做某事是某人的責任、愉悅的事）”。如：??
???It"s?your?turn?to?be?on?duty?tomorrow． 明天輪到你值日了。?
4．It?takes（sb．）some?time?to?do?sth．意為“（某人）花……時間做某事”。如
???It?took?me?a?week?to?finish?reading?Harry Porter．我花了一周時間看完哈利波特。?
5．It?＋cost／costs?＋sb．＋some?money?＋to?do?sth．譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如：?
???It?cost?me?3600?yuan?to?buy?the?new?computer．我買這臺新電腦花了3600元。?
6．It?seems?／seemed?＋從句。譯為“看起來好像……”，此結構可以轉換成“seem?＋動詞不定式”形式。如：?
???It?seems?that?he?is?ill．＝He?seems?to?be?ill．看起來他好像病了。??
五、用作形式賓語。?
當句子的真正賓語是動詞不定式、動名詞或從句時，為避免句子頭重腳輕，須將其放在賓語補足語之后，改用先行詞it占據其原來的位置。

it用作形式賓語的句型為：

主語＋謂語＋it＋賓語補足語＋動詞不定式／動名詞／從句。該句型中賓語補足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當。如：?
He?found?it?not?easy?to?learn?a?foreign?language?well．他發現學好一門外語是不容易的。?
We?think?it?no?good for the eyes reading?in?the sun．

我們認為躺在陽光下看書對眼睛無益處。?
I?think?it?necessary?that?we?criticize him immediately．我認為立即批評他是必要的。

六、用于強調結構。

It was Xiaoming whom(that)I met in the street last night.

It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night.

It was last night that I met Xiaoming in the street.

It was I who met Xiaoming in the street last night.

七、含有“It is …”的句型

1. It is time (for sb.) to do sth.

It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虛擬語氣)

2. It is + 形容詞（+of / for sb.）+ to do sth.

通常用?of的詞有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。

3. It is + 形容詞 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.（虛擬語氣）

能用于這個句型的形容詞有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossible等。有時可省去should而直接用動詞原形。如：

It is important that we should pay close attention to our pronunciation.

注意我們的發音很重要.

It is natural that he（should）say so.他這么說是很自然的事。

4. It is no use/ good + doing sth.

It is no use trying again. 再嘗試一下沒有用。

5. It is + 被強調部分 + that/who + …

Was it in the street that you met her?

Who was it that called him“comrade”?

It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.

It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.

比較：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.（定語從句）

6. It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known … that…

7. It is/was + 時間+ since …自從……已多久了。

It is three years since I met him in Beijing.自從在北京見到他已經3年了。

It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.

（注意兩句中的時態）

It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到紐約已經五個月了。

It is five months since I was in New York.我離開紐約已經五個月了。

（注意：終止性動詞表示從動作發生時算起；如果是狀態動詞或持續性動詞，則從動作或狀態結束時算起。）

8. It is + 時間 + before …

這個句型和上面句型中時間都是時間段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不過主句的時態多用一般將來時或一般過去時。

It will be several years before we meet again.我們要過好幾年才能再見面。

It was not long before they set out for the front.不久他們就出發去了前線。

9. It is /was/will be the first/second/third … time that …

It is the first time that I have been here.

It was the second time that he had seen the film.（注意時態區別）

10. It is up to sb. to do sth…應由某人做某事。

It is up to you to decide when we’ll start.由你來決定我們什么時候出發。

第二節基礎知識過關訓練

1.It took us over an hour along the street.

A.walk B.to walk C.walking D.walked

2.I think it a great honour to visit your country.

A.to invite B.inviting C.having invited D.to be invited

3.Many people now make a rule to buy cards for their friends before Christmas.

A.themselvesB.it C.that D.this

4. is very clear to everyone that he"s round and tall like a tree.

A.This B.What C.That D.It

5.In the United States, bus travel doesn"t cost as much as train travel, ?

A.don"t they B.does it C.do they D.doesn"t it

6.Someone is at the door. Who is ?

A.this B.that C.it D.he

7.—It is raining cats and dogs.

—.

A.So it is B.So is it C.Neither it is D.Neither is it

8.—My home is in that tall building over there.

—?

A.Can it see B.Can see it C.Can be seen it D.Can it be seen

9. raining hard for 3 hours without stopping.

A.It is B.It was C.It has been D.It had been

10.—Has the boy got his bicycle now?

—Yes, the police gave .

A.him to him B.it to it C.it to him D.him to it

11.—Boy,

—So it is. Looks like spring is coming soon.

—Yeh, it"ll just be a few more weeks.

A.it"s really a nice day today, isn"t it?B.whatknid of weather are we going to have today?

C.do you think it is going to rain today? D.what" it like outside today?

12.It is important their offer.

A.reject B.rejects C.to reject D.rejecting

13.Has been decided when we are to hold the sports-meeting?

A.that B.this C.it D.what

14.—Did Li Lei call me while I was out?

—Yes, it was that called you.

A.him B.he C.who D.whom

15.Nothing is wrong with the radio, ?

A.isn"t it B.is that C.is it D.isn"t that

16.I don"t know makes her afraid of having her business discussed.

A.what it is about Mary that B.that is it abut Mary what

C.what is it about Mary that D.that it is about Mary what

17.Which sentence is wrong?

A.I felt it impossible for him to take the exam.

B.I found it impossible that he should take the exam.

C.I thought that he might not take the exam.

D.In my opinion he might take the exam.

18.I don"t think difficult for a Chinese student to master a foreign language within five years.

A.that B.it C.too D.very

19.It"s the second time you late this week.

A.arrive B.arrived C.have arrived D.had arrived

20.It will not be we meet again.

A.long before B.before long C.soon after D.shortly after

21.It"s demanded that we there on foot.

A.not to go B.don"t go C.not go D.won"t go

22.“It”is often used to a baby.

A.mean to B.stick to C.point to D.refer to

23.It was not until 1936 basketball became a regular part of the Olympic Games.

A.that B.when C.which D.then

24.you met the Englishman?

A.Where it was that B.Who it was that

C.Where was it that D.Where was that

25.that she has gone to the United States?

A.Was it true B.Is it true C.It is true D.It was true

26.certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.

A.That"s B.This is C.It"s D.What"s

27.in 1914 the First World War broke out?

A.Was that, that B.Was that, when

C.Was it, that D.Was it, when

28.It is important that she with Mr Williams immediately.

A.speak B.spoke C.will speak D.to speak

29.that there′s another good harvest this year.

A.It says B.It is said C.It was said D.He was said

30.It"ll be the first time the play.

A.I"ve watched B.I"ll watch C.I watch D.I would watch

keys：1—5 .B D B D B 6—10 CA DCC11—15 .ACCBC 16—20 ACBCA

21—25 .CDACB 26—30 CCABA

nevertheless用法(7)

一、 and可以連接語法作用相同的詞、短語或句子，表示并列或對稱的關系，可翻譯為“和”、“并”、“又”、“兼”等。
1. 連接兩個并列主語。如：
Millie and Amy go to the park every week. Millie和Amy每周去公園。
2. 連接兩個并列謂語。如：
You must take care of yourself and keep healthy.你必須照顧你自己并保持健康。
3. 連接兩個簡單句。如：
They love playing football and we love playing football too.他們喜歡踢足球，我們也喜歡踢足球。
4. 如果連接兩個或兩個以上的詞語，通常把and放在最后一個詞語前面；為了強調，可在兩者之間分別加上and；把詞語連接起來時，通常把較短的詞語放在前面。如：
I like eggs, meat, rice, noodles and dumplings.我喜歡雞蛋、肉、米飯、面條和餃子。
All that afternoon we jumped and sang and did all kinds of things.整個下午我們又唱又跳，做各種各樣的事情。
但是有些用and連接的詞語，順序是固定的，不能隨意改變。如：Men, women and children男人、婦女和兒童，fish and chips 炸魚加炸土豆片。
二、 表示動作的先后關系
And常用來連接兩個動詞或動詞詞組，后面一個動詞所表示的動作比前面的動作發生得遲一點，可翻譯為“然后”。如：
Go along the street, and take the second turning on the right，you will find the cinema.沿著這條街走，然后在第二個路口向右拐，你就會發現電影院。
He got out of the lift and climbed the fifteenth floor on foot.他從電梯里走出來，然后步行爬上第十五層樓。
三、 表示目的
在口語中，and常用在come，go，try等動詞后連接另一個動詞，表示目的，此時and相當于to，不需要翻譯。如：
Let us go and ask Miss Green.讓我們去問格林小姐吧。
Come and meet this family.來見見這家人吧。
四、 表示因果關系
And連接兩個動詞或者兩個分句，帶有因果關系，此時and相當于so，可以翻譯為“便”、“于是”、“因而”、“結果”等。如：
She could not find her mother and began to cry.她找不到媽媽，于是哭了起來。
It is a fine day today，and everyone is busy.今天是個好天氣，因而人人都很忙。
五、 表示條件和結果
在祈使句中，經常用and連接一個簡單句，表示條件與結果的關系，相當于if引導的條件狀語從句。它們在語法上是并列關系，但是在意義上卻是主從關系，可以翻譯為“如果……就……”。如：
Study hard and you will catch up with others.=If you study hard，you will catch up with others.如果你努力學習，你就會趕上其他人。
Come early and you will see him.=If you come early，you will see him.如果你早來的話，你就會見到他。
六、 表示強調，加強語氣
And連接兩個相同的動詞表示動作的反復，連接兩個相同的副詞表示動作的延續，連接同一個形容詞或者副詞的比較級表示程度的逐漸加深。如：
The little boy danced and danced.那個小男孩跳啊跳，跳個不停。
They talked on and on very happily.他們很高興地談了又談。
When spring comes， it is warmer and warmer.當春天來的時候，天氣越來越暖和。
七、 and連接兩個數詞，可以翻譯為“加”。如：
What is one and two？一加二等于多少？
and也可以連接數詞的百位和十位，可以不翻譯。如：
There are three hundred and sixty-five days in a year.一年有三百六十五天。
八、 and用于固定詞組或者固定結構中。如：
Both Millie and John are in Class Six.米莉和約翰都在六班。
The post office is between our school and the hospital。郵局位于我們學校和醫院之間。
綜上所述，and拼寫雖然簡單，但是用法很多。大家在使用的時候一定要分清楚它的具體用法，尤其是初學英語者，千萬不要一遇到and就翻譯為“和”。隨著知識的不斷增多和不斷積累，就能逐步掌握and的用法，并且能夠靈活地運用它。

作者：江蘇連云…

nevertheless用法(8)

As這個詞的用法很多，可作連詞、關系代詞、介詞、副詞等。下面歸納總結一下它的用法。
?1 作連詞用 (Used as conjunction)??? ????????????????????

????? As作連詞用時可表示時間、原因、比較、動作方式與讓步等。
? 1.1 表示時間和原因(Of time and reason)
????? --As they were walking towards the bus stop, it began to rain.?
????? --He came up just as I reached the door.?
????? --She won’t be coming, as we didn’t invite her.?
?

1.2 表示比較(In comparison)

????? --Tom is twice as capable as Jim.?
????? --It was as pleasant a day as we had ever spent.?
????? --He found riding as tiring as walking.?

?
1.3 引導方式與讓步狀語從句(Introducing clauses of manner and concession)

????? --Leave it as it is.?
????? --When in Rome, do as the Romans do.?
????? --Cold as it was, we continued our journey.?
????? --Much as I like ice-cream, I never eat much at a time.?
?

2 作關系代詞用（Used as relative pronoun）????????? ????????????????As作為關系代詞用，可以代替一個名詞，也可以代替一個句子或一件事情，例如：
????? --They took in as many people as could be accommodated in the small motel.?
????? --As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules.?
????? --Pedro is late, as is often the case.?
3 作介詞用 (Used as preposition)???????????????????????????????? As作為介詞時是“像……”、“以……身份”、“作為……”、“當作……”之義。
????? 它引導的介詞短語在句中用作賓語補足語或主語補足語。作賓語補足語的例子如下：
????? --Sam took his long days as a matter of course.?
????? --I don’t regard you as being dangerous.?
????? --We think of the wire as disconnected.?
????? 常用于這種結構的動詞有：accept, acknowledge, choose, class, classify, consider, declare,?

????? define,?denounce, describe, elect, express, interpret, look upon, name, organize, recognize,?

????? refer to, regard,?represent, see, take, think of, treat, use, view 等，但是consider不用于此結構。
????? 作主語補足語的例子如下：
????? --His life as a pilot came to a sudden end.?
????? --The report was thought of as false.?
????? --All his life he worked hard as the only employee in the small grocery.?
?

4 作副詞用 (Used as adverb)??????????????????????????????????As做副詞用可表示同等程度、數量、質量等，為“一樣地……”之義。例如：
????? --Paul runs fast, but I run just as fast.?
????? --Tom has a lot of money but I don’t have as much.?
????? 另外as還可用在形容詞或-ed形式詞之前，例如：
????? --man as different from other animals
????? --man as described by scientists
?

5 As-短語 (As-phrase)??????????????????????????????常見的as-短語及其用法舉例如下：
??a. as if, as though（似乎、好象）引導方式狀語從句，從句用過去時:?
????? --He talks as if he knew all about it.?
????? --It isn’t as though he were poor.?
??b. as for（至于）有時暗示不關心或輕視：
????? --As for you, I never want to see you here again.?
????? --As for Roy, we almost forget him.
??c. as to（關于、至于）短語一般放在句首，以加強語氣：
????? --As to your brother, I will deal with him later.?
????? --As to accepting their demand, it is hard decision to make.
??d. such…as引導關系從句：
????? --Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming.（認識湯姆的女人都認為他很有魅力）?
????? --Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.（湯姆認識的女人都認為他很有魅力）?
??e. the same…as（同樣）：
????? --You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.?
????? --We drove out of town by the same road as we had entered by.?
??f. so as to（以便、足以）：
????? --He stood up so as to see better.?
????? --It is foolish to behave so as to annoy your neighbors.

nevertheless用法(9)

2. 用于“ here ,there，now，then , in，out，up，down，away, off, over, back

等副詞開頭的句子里，以表示強調。如：

Here comes the bus. Here it is. Out he rushed.

There goes the bell. Now comes your turn.

Out went the children.

注意：（ 1 ）主語是代詞時，主語和謂語不倒裝。

（ 2 ） here ， there 放在句首通常用一般現在時。

there/here引導的倒裝句，當主語是指物的名詞時，采用全部倒裝，

如The bus comes here.為正常順序。

Here comes the bus；

主語是人稱代詞時用第二種形式部分倒裝

倒裝句用法

倒裝句的意義和分類：英語的基本語序是“主語+謂語”。但有些場合是“謂語+主語”。這種語法現象稱為倒裝。整個謂語被放在主語的前面，稱為完全倒裝。例如：

There goes the bell. 鈴響了。

Under a big tree sat a boy reading a book.大樹下坐著一個男孩在讀書。

謂語的一部分（系動詞、助動詞或情態動詞）放在主語的前面，其余的部分仍在主語之后，稱為部分倒裝。

例如：

Not until 10 o"clock will the library open. 直到十點種圖書館才開門。

倒裝的目的：

語法結構的需要：通常疑問句、there be 結構等需要用倒裝句。例如：

Was the Communist Party of China founded in 1921? 中國共產黨是1921年成立的嗎？

There stants a bridge across the river. 河上有座橋。

Where are you going? 你上哪去？

語法修飾的需要：倒裝句可以起強調作用，加強語氣。例如：

Still greater contributions should we make to our motherland. 我們應該對祖國作出更大的貢獻。（強調賓語）

Such is the case. 情況就是這樣。（強調表語）

Now comes your turn. 現在該輪到你了。（強調狀語）

Up went the model plane. 那架航模飛機飛起來了。（強調狀語

nevertheless用法(10)

such as用法

一、表示舉例

意為“例如，諸如此類的，像……那樣的”，相當于like或for example。如：

There are few poets such as Keats and Shelly. 像濟慈和雪萊這樣的詩人現在很少了。

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, such as “quickly” in “she ran fast”. 副詞用來修飾動詞，例如“她跑得快”中的“快”。

Animals such as rabbits and deer continue to be active all winter，finding food wherever they can . 像兔和鹿這樣的動物整個冬天都是很活躍的，它們到處尋找食物。

用于此義時的幾點說明。如：

(1) 這類結構既可表現為“名詞+such as+例子”，也可表現為“such+名詞+as+例子”。如：

I enjoy songs such as this one.= I enjoy such songs as this one. 我喜歡像這首歌一樣的歌。

(2) 若后接動詞，通常用動名詞，有時也可用動詞原形。如：

Don’t do anything silly such as marry him. 不要做什么蠢事，比如說去嫁給他。

Magicians often perform tricks such as pulling a rabbit out of a hat. 魔術師常常變從帽子里抓出兔子的戲法。

(3) 不要按漢語意思將such as用作such like。

(4) 其后不可列出前面所提過的所有東西。如：

正：I know four languages, such as Japanese and English. 我懂四種語言，如日語、英語。

誤：I know four languages, such as Chinese, French, Japanese and English. 我懂四種語言，如漢語、法語、日語和英語。

(5) 在現代英語中，such as可與etc. 連用。如：

They planted many flowers, such as roses, sunflowers，etc. 他們種了許多種花，如玫瑰花、向日葵等。

They export a 1ot of fruits，such as oranges，lemons，etc. 他們出口許多水果，如桔子、檸檬等。

二、表示“像……這樣的”

其中的 as 用作關系代詞，引導定語從句，as 在定語從句中用作主語或賓語。此外，不要按漢語意思把該結構中的 as 換成like。如：

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起來那么傻。

Such men as he (is) are rare now. 現在像他這樣的人很少了。

三、表示“凡是……的人(或事物)”、“所有……的人(事物)”

其意相當于 everything that, all those, those that (who)等。其中的 such 為先行詞，as 為關系代詞。如：

Take such (things) as you need. 你需要什么就拿什么。

You may choose such as you prefer. 你可挑選自己想要的東西。

Such (people) as have knowledge and skill will not want to work. 有知識和技能的人不愁沒有工作。

四、用作關系代詞

有時 such as 整個兒用作關系代詞，用以引導定語從句。如：

We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. 我們本來希望給你一個別人從未有過的機會。

Then I left it，feeling a weight at my heart such as I had never had before. 然后我離開那里，心頭感到一種前所未有的沉重心情。

五、用于 such…as to do sth

表示結果，其中的such為限定語，as to do sth 表示結果。如：

It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house. 聲音很大，屋里的所有人都被吵醒了。

You shouldn’t put such high prices as to frighten your customers off. 你不應該要價這么高，以致把顧客都嚇跑了。

六、用于such as to do sth

表示程度或結果。其中的such是代詞，as to do sth引出的結構作程度狀語或結果狀語。如：

Her illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 她的病不是很重，不必擔心。

The pain in her foot wasn’t such as to stop her walking. 她腳疼，但還不至于不能行走。

七、用于such as it is

構成習語，表示讓步，意思是“盡管不怎么好”“盡管不一定正確”“盡管沒什么價值或重要性”。如：

The food, such as it is, is plentiful. 食物不是很好，但量很多.

You may use my bike, such as it is. 盡管我的自行車不好，你可以將就著用吧。

You’re welcome to join us for supper, such as it is—we’re only having soup and bread. 歡迎你和我們一起吃晚飯，只是沒什么好吃的——只有湯和面包。

淺談as的用法

as 多次出現。它的含義較多，且用法靈活。現將其用法分析歸納如下：

1. as 作為副詞，常與連詞 as 連用，意為“和……一樣”。例如： as easy as ABC （非常容易）， as cool as cucumber （沉著的）， as stubborn as a mule （非常頑強的，倔強的）， as clear as crystal （非常透明的）， as poor as a church mouse （非常貧困的）， as busy as a bee （非常繁忙的）。在這些短語中，第一個 as 是副詞，第二個 as 是連。在否定句中，作副詞用的 as 可以用 so 代替。例如：

　　It"s not so easy as I thought. （這不像我想的那么容易。）

　　2. as 作為連詞，其意義和用法主要有：

　　（ 1 ）意為“當……之時”，引導時間狀語從句，在意思上相當于 when 和 while 引導的時間狀語從句。例如：

　　As he grew up， he became silent. （他長大以后，變得沉默寡言。）

　　（ 2 ） 意為“既然，因為”，引導原因狀語從句，不過它引導的原因狀語從句時所表示的原因不如 because 引導的從句所表示的原因那么直接和強烈。試比較：

　　As he wasn"t ready， we went without him. （既然他沒有準備好，我們就自己去了。）

　　Because he was ill， he couldn"t go to school. （因為他病了，所以不能去上學。）（原因狀語從句表示“不能去上學”的直接原因）

　　（ 3 ） 意為“雖然，盡管”，引導讓步狀語從句，在意思上相當于 although 引導的從句。 as 引導讓步狀語從句時，常以下列句式出現：名詞 / 副詞 / 動詞 （原形） / 形容詞 +as+ 主語 + 其他成分。例如：

　　Child as he is （ =Although he is a child ） ， he can speak English. （盡管他是個孩子，他卻能講英語。）

　　Young as you are （ =Although you are young ） ， you can do it very well. （雖然你年輕，但你卻能做得很好。）

　　Much as I like it ， I"ll not buy it. （雖然我很喜歡它，我也不會買。）

　　Try as he may， he has little hope to win. （盡管他會盡力，但取勝的希望卻很小。）

　　（ 4 ） 意為“如，像”，引導方式狀語從句。例如：

　　You must do as I tell you . （你必須按照我告訴你的那樣去做。）

　　（ 5 ） 意為“作為……（某種身份），當做，視為”。例如：

　　As a student， you must obey the rules. （作為學生，你必須遵守紀律。 ）

　　3. as 作介詞，意為“如同，作為”。例如：

　　Unite as one man. （團結得像一個人。）

　　as 還可以用于 regard ， view ， treat ， acknowledge 及類似意義的動詞之后，構成固定搭配。例如：

　　Most of us regard him as a kind man. （我們大多數人認為他是個好心人。）

　　We treat them as our friends. （我們把他們當作朋友。）

　　4. as 用作關系代詞，引導非限制性定語從句，并在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語等，有“正如……”或“據……”的意思；它所引導的從句位置較靈活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。例如：

　　As we know from his accent， he is from Shanghai. （正如我們從他的口音中所知道的，他來自上海。）（從句位于句首）

　　Mary， as we had expected， passed the exam. （正如我們所預料到的，瑪麗通過了考試。）（從句位于句中）

　　as 還可以引導限制性定語從句。若先行詞被 the same ， such 修飾，關系代詞應用 as .例如：

　　This is such an interesting book as everybody likes to read. （這是一本有趣的、每個人都喜歡看的書。）（ as 在從句中作賓語）

　　This is such a good book as will help you in your study. （這是一本對你學習有幫助的好書。）（ as 在從句中作主語）

　　He is not such a kind boy as he looks. （他看上去地個善良的男孩，實際上卻不是。）（ as 在從句中作表語）

　　You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. （你必須尊重我的妻子，就像尊重我一樣。）（ as 在從句中作賓語）

　　需要注意 as 引導定語從句時與 so/such……that 引導的結果狀語從句的區別。試比較：

　　This is such an interesting book as everybody likes to read. （ as 引導定語從句，代替先行詞 book ，在從句中作賓語）

This is such an interesting book the everybody likes to read it . （ that 引導結果狀語從句，因為從句中 read 后面有代詞 it 作賓語。）

as…as 結構用法詳解

其基本意思為“與…一樣”，其中的第一個as為副詞，其后通常接形容詞或副詞(用原級)，第二個as可用作介詞(后接名詞或代詞)或連詞(后接從句)。使用時應注意以下幾點。如：

(1) 在否定句中，第一個 as 也可換成 so。如：

He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他學習不如他弟弟努力。

(2) 在該結構的兩個as之間通常接形容詞或副詞的原級，但若涉及數量或程度，可用“as much+不可數名詞+as”和“as many+復數名詞+as”。如：

You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的錯誤和我犯的一樣多。

I haven’t got as much money as I thought. 我不像原來想像的有那么多錢。

其間接形容詞時，有時該形容詞還可修飾另一名詞，但這個名詞應帶有不定冠詞(注意詞序)。如：

She is as good a teacher as her mother. 她和她媽媽一樣是位好老師。

也可說。如：She is a teacher as good as her mother.

但不說。如：She is as a good teacher as her mother. / They are as good teachers as us.

(3) 第二個as后接從句時，該as通常為連詞，但有時這個as還充當其后從句的主語或賓語，此時該as實為關系代詞。如：

I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就給了他多少。

We’ve got food for as many people as want it. 我們的食物，無論多少人吃都夠了。

(4) 該結構根據情況可用使用以下修飾語。如：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等，并且這些修飾語必須置于第一個as之前，而不能置于其后。如：

He doesn’t play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。

This dress is twice as expensive as that. 這件連衣裙比那件貴一倍。

(5) 若第二個as引導一個表示將來意義的從句，則該從句可用現在時表示將來，也可直接使用將來時態。如：

We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到，我們就到。

(6) 在非正式場合(尤其是美國英語中)，有時可以省略第一個as。如：

When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself. 他在40多歲時娶了一個像他本人一樣窮的女人。

另外，若意思明確，有時可省略第二個as及其后的相關詞語。如：

The radios in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good. 那家商店的收音機會便宜些，但質量沒那么好。

nevertheless用法(11)

不定代詞用法小結

代詞是歷屆高考的考查熱點。涉及到it的各種用法；反身代詞；替代詞的不同功能；尤其是不定代詞的用法。

●— There is still a copy of the book in the library.Will you go and borrow _______?

— No, I’d rather buy _______ in the bookstore. A. it; one B. one; one C. one; it D. it; it

[解析] 答案為A。第一空用it指代前面的a copy of the book；第二空用one，表泛指。

[難點點撥] it, one和 that的區別：

it表特指，用來替代前面出現的事物，是同名同物的替代，即“同類且同一”；one替代前面出現的可數名詞，是泛指概念，“同類但不同一”。that替代前面出現的可數名詞單數或不可數名詞，相當于the+可數名詞單數/不可數名詞，常有定語修飾。試比較：

The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than _______ in the newspaper.

A. it B. those C. one D. that

Little joy can equal _______ of a surprising ending when you read stories. A. that B. those C. any D. some

In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than _______.

A. that used to be B. it is used to C. it was used to D. it used to be

1. 作代詞用, 指剛提到的事物或一件事.

Have you seen my pen? Yes, it’s on the table. There is a car near the building. It’s my neighbor’s.

You have saved my life; I shall never forget it.

2. 作代詞用, 指代”baby” 或”child”.

What a beautiful baby--- is it a boy? The child smiled when it saw its mother.

3. 用來表示時間、天氣、自然環境、距離等。

I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. It was twilight when they came out of the hall. 時間

It was an overcast day. It’s damp and cold. I think it’s going to rain. 天氣

It was very quiet in the cafe. It will be lovely in the garden tonight. 自然環境

How far is it from your office to the bank? For one thing, it was a long journey to that part of the country. 距離

4. 作形式主語

代替主語從句:

a. It is/ was+ adj. + that …( adj.: important; necessary; strange; essential; clear; obvious; …)

其中:It `s important/ necessary/ strange/ essential that sb. should do…

b. It is + a + n. + that… ( n.: a pity; a shame; a fact…)

It’s a pity that you have missed the lecture. It’s a burning shame that little children should have to beg in the street.

It’s a fact that more and more foreigners are interested in learning Chinese.

c. It is + P.P( done) + that…( P.P: said; reported; thought; believed; known; expected;…)

d. It + link verb + that…( Link verb: seem; appear; happen; chance; turn out; prove…)

注意: 這一類句型都可以轉換成簡單句:

e.g. It seems/ appears that Tom has already known about it. ( Tom seems/ appears to have known about it.)

It (so) happens that my new neighbour comes from my home town. ( My new neighbour happens to come from my home town.)

It (so) chanced that someone found the lost ring. ( Someone chanced to find the lost ring.)

It turned out that the examination was very difficult.( The examination turned out to be very difficult. )

It proved that he was a coward. ( He proved to be a coward.)

e. It makes no difference whether…/ It doesn’t matter whether…/ It is still a doubt whether…

f. 其它:

It hasn’t been decided when we will go for a picnic. It depends on the style of writing when we use certain words.

代替動詞不定式

a. It is / was + adj. + (for sb.) / of sb. to do…

e.g. It is important/ necessary/ strange/ essential/ interesting/ exciting/for sb. …to do…

It’s important for us to master a foreign language.

It’s kind/ nice /polite/ wise/ clever/ smart/ foolish/ stupid/ silly of sb. … to do…

It was polite of you to bow to the teacher when he came in.

b. It is + a+ n. to do… It is a wonder to catch up with her.

代替動名詞

It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. .

It will be useless learning English without practice. It’s good fishing in troubled waters. 渾水中好摸魚.

It’s no good playing computer games. It takes up a lot of my time travelling to Beijing.

5. 作形式賓語

代替賓語從句:

feel/ think/ find/ make/ consider.. + it+ n./ adj. + that…

I hate it when people talk with their mouth full. I felt it an honor that we had a chance to visit China.

I find it important that we should learn English well.

代替動詞不定式: feel/ think/ find/ make/ consider.. + it+ n./ adj. + to do…

We find it important to read English aloud every morning.

代替動名詞: feel/ think/ find/ make/ consider.. + it+ no use/ no good + doing…

Our teacher thinks it no good learning without practice. She found it no use crying over the spilt milk.

6. 用于指時間的專用句型中:

It + is/ has been ( was/ had been) +一段時間 + since…

It is three years since she began to settle down in New York.

It was＋一段時間＋before＋主語＋動詞過去時“過了多久，才…”，如：?

It was three hours before he got there.

It will be＋一段時間＋before＋主語＋動詞一般現在時“多久后，將…”，如：

It will be three years before we meet again. 三年后我們再相見。

7.用于強調句型中:

It is/ was + 被強調部分+ that ( 強調人時, 也可以用who/ whom; 強調時間地點時仍然用that; 被強調部分可以是短語, 也可以是句子)

She didn’t find she had left her purse in the office until she got home.

It was not until she got home that she found she had left her purse at home.

句型整理：

形式主語/ 形式賓語句型

1. It is possible important / necessary / difficult (for sb.) ＋to do

2. It is important/ necessary / difficult that sb. (should) do sth.

3. It is a shame /our duty /my honor to do

4. It is no use/good doing …

5. It is true /evident / clear/ obvious /certain that ..

6. It is said /reported that… 據說/報道…

7. It is thought / believed that… 認為…

8. It is suggested /insisted that sb. (should) do …人們建議/要求..

9. Sb think / believe / find/make it possible / a rule / a duty …+ to do

10. 強調句型 ( It + be + 被強調的部分 + that…)

11. It is/ was not until … that …

12. It is/ was (high) time that sb. did sth. 是做…的時候了

13. It is / was (high) time that sb. (should) do

14. It is / was time (for sb.) to do

15. It is the first / second … time that sb. has/ have done sth.

16. It was the first / second … time that sb. had done sth.

●Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly ______ left in the house.

A. anything B. everything C. nothing D. something

[解析] 答案為A。考查不定代詞的詞義及用法辨析。根據前句中的most可排除B。 something用于肯定句；noting 不與hardly 連用；anything則用于否定句和疑問句。根據句中的hardly可知答案。

The book is of great value. _______ can be en joyed unless you digest it. A. Nothing B. SomethingC. Everything D. Anything

[拓展] someone / somebody, anyone / anybody, everyone / everybody, nobody / no one, none與some?thing, anything, everything, nothing的用法相似。如：— What do you think of the performance today?

— Great! _______ but a musical genius could perform so successfully. A. All B. None C. Anybody D. Everybody

●The mayor has offered a reward of $5,000 to _______ who can capture the tiger alive or dead.

A. both B. others C. anyone D. another

He has made a lot of films, but _______ good ones. (2007北京)

A. any B. some C. few D. many

[解析] 答案為C。本題通過語境考查不定代詞的用法。“他拍了許多電影”，根據轉折連詞but，可知后面表示否定，因此用few，“可是沒有幾部好電影”。注意區分few, a few, little, a little, a bit, some, many, any, much等詞的用法。

● If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow, why don’t you take _______? I won’t read them this week. (2006浙江)

A. all B. any C. either D. both

[解析] 答案為D。根據前面的two可排除A和B；根據句意“如果無法決定兩本書借哪本的話，為什么不把兩本都帶走？”可知是“兩者都”，用both。

[拓展] 注意區分：both（兩者都）, neither（兩者一個也不）, either（兩者之一）, all（三個及以上都）, any（三個及以上中的任何一個），none（三個及以上中一個也沒有）等。

跟蹤練習

1. — When shall we meet again? — Make _______ any day you like; _______ is all the same to me.

A. it; that B. it; it C. one; that D. that; it

2. _______ is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but _______ is quite another to perform skillfully by yourself.

A. There; it B. That; that C. It; it D. It; that

3. _______ does not matter whether you win or lose. If you try your best, there is nothing to regret.

A. It B. This C. That D. What

4. Why don’t you bring _______ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?

A. this B. that C. it D. what

5. I’ve learned that, no matter what happens and how bad _______ seems today, life goes on and _______ will be better tomorrow.

A. that; it B. that; that C. it; that D. it; it

6. — Who is making so much noise in the garden? — _______ the children.

A. It is B. There are C. They are D. That is

7. This pair of glasses is rather expensive. I can’t afford to buy _______.

A. these B. it C. them D. one

8. — I heard that John is much worse now. — How can _______ be? He looked better when we saw him in the hospital this morning.

A. he B. this C. it D. one

9. He dislikes _______ when others make fun of him. A. that B. this C. what D. it

10. Will you see to _______ that my children are taken good care of while I am away? A. them B. that C. this D. it

11. I really think _______ impossible to finish the work in a short time. Don’t you think so?

A. it B. this C. them D. that

12. Do you consider _______ any good sending more people over? A. that B. this C. it D. us

13. Can _______ be in the restaurant in which you had dinner with me yesterday _______ you lost your handbag?

A. it; that B. that; that C. it; when D. that; when

14. We found _______ to keep a diary in English. A. it important B. that important C. what important D. this important

15. — Who knocked at the door?— I have no idea. I just pretended that nobody was at home, so I didn’t ask who ______ was.

A. he B. that C. she D. it

16. _______ certain that his invention will lead to the development of production. A. That’s B. This’s C. It’s D. What’s

17. That’s _______ shirt; _______ is over there hanging on the clothes stand. A. my; hers B. my; her C. mine; hersD. mine; her

18. The young lady at the corner was holding a baby in her arms and _______ was crying for some more milk.

A. it B. one C. she D. he

19. Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, _______ is likely that many of them will be born in Zhongguancun. A. which B. what C. that D. it

20. They are good friends. _______ is no wonder that they know each other so well. A. This B. That C. It D. There

21. We all took _______ for granted that he would agree with us. A. it B. him C. that D. what

22. _______ remains a secret how they climbed up the mountain. A. It B. That C. If D. Whether

23. I enjoy _______ when you help _______ is in trouble. A. it; those B. that; who C. this; anyone D. it; whoever

24. Whom is _______ up to to decide where to spend the holiday? A. it B. this C. that D. one

25. — Come back quickly, John.— Sure, _______ won’t be long. A. it B. we C. them D. I

26. _______ needs further discussion whether we’ll build a library or not.

A. Them B. That C. It D. This

27. _______ is too hot to play football today. A. That B. It C. What D. This

28. _______ four years since I graduated from college.

A. It is B. There is C. It was D. There was

29. They said they had finished the book, but I can’t believe _______.

A. it B. none C. one D. what

30. When _______ comes to politics, he knows nothing about it.

A. he B. it C. this D. that

參考答案：

1-5 BCACD 6-10 ABCDD 11-15 ACAAD

16-20 CAADC 21-25 AADAA 26-30 CBAAB

nevertheless用法(12)

冠詞用法專項練習與解析?

I.冠詞填空：在下列句中空白處填入適當冠詞，不需用冠詞處劃×。???

1．There?is?_______?picture?of_______?elephant?on?_______?wall．???

2．This?is?_______?useful?book．I"ve?read?it?for?_______?hour．??

?

3．?_______?elephant?is?much?heavier?than?_______?horse．???

4．?_______?doctor?told?him?to?take_______?medicine?three?times?_______?day．???

5．Let"s?go?out?for?_______?walk．??

?

6．It"s?too?hot．Open_______?door，please．??

?

7．There?is?_______?woman?over?there．?_______?woman?is?Meimei"s?mother．???

8．?_______?sun?rises?in_______?east．??

?

9．?_______?Changjiang?River?is_______?longest?river?in?_______?China．???

10．Are?you?going?to?do?it?_______?second?time？???

11．Washington?is?_______?capital?of?_______?USA．??

?

12．?_______?Turners?are?living?at?the?end?of?_______?Turner?Street．???

13．He?joined?the?army?in?_______?spring?of?_______?1995．??

?

14．?_______?old?man?is_______?teacher．He?likes?playing_______?basketball?after?_______?supper．??

?

15．After?I?had?_______?quick?breakfast，I?hurried?to?school．???

16．Are?_______?sheep?kept?by_______?farmers?for?producing?_______?wool?and?_______?meat？??

?

17．They?went?to?_______?People"s?Park，but?we?both?went?to?_______?People"s?Cinema?yesterday．??

?

18．I?often?watch?_______?TV?in_______?evening．??

?

19．?_______?day?of?_______?December?20，1999?is?Monday．???

20．Tomorrow?is?_______?Christmas?Day?and?my?father?and?I?went?to?choose?_______?Christmas?tree?today．??

?

21．I?think?_______?maths?is?more?important?than?any?other?subject．???

22．He?often?goes?to?_______?school?by?_______?bike．???

23．What?does?this?_______?word?mean，?_______?Father？???

24．What?_______?important?news！???

II.選擇填空。??

?

1．—Does?Jim?have?_______?ruler？???

—Yes，he?has?_______?．??

?

A．an；some?B．a；one?C．a；／?D．any；one?

?

2．There?is?_______?old?bike．?_______?old?bike?is?Mr?Zhao"s．???

A．an?；The?B．the；An?C．a；The?D．the；The???

3．?_______?apple?a?day?keeps?the?doctors?aw?ay．???

A．The?B．A?C．An?D．Two???

4．—How?many?books?do?you?have？??

?

—I?have?_______?book．That"s?_______?English?book．???

A．a；an?B．a；one?C．one；an?D．one；one???

5．At?that?time?Tom?was_______?one-year-old?baby．???

A．a?B．an?C．the?D．／??

?

6．?_______?tiger?is?_______?China．???

A．The；a?B．A；the?C．The；from?D．The；the???

7．We?can"t?see?_______?sun?at_______?night．???

A．the；the?B．the；／?C．a；／?D．／；／??

?

8．?_______?useful?book?it?is！??

?

A．What?an?B．How?a?C．What?a?D．What??

?

9．One?afternoon?he?found_______?handbag．There?was?_______?“s”on?the?corner?of?_______?handbag．??

?

A．a；an；the?B．a；a；the?C．an；an；an?D．the；a；a??

?

10．?_______?old?lady?with?white?hair?spoke?_______?English?well?at?_______?meeting．???

A．An；an；a?B．The；／；an?C．The；／；a?D．The；／；the???

11．?_______?Great?Wall?is_______?longest?wall?in?the?world．???

A．A；a?B．The；the?C．A；the?D．The；a??

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12．?_______?new?bridge?has?been?built?over?Huangpu?River．???

A．The；a?B．A；／C．A；the?D．An；the??

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13．?_______?woman?over?there?is_______?popular?teacher?in?our?school．???

A．A；an?B．The；a?C．The；the?D．A；the??

?

14．He?used?to?be?_______?teacher?but?later?he?turned?_______?writer．???

A．a；a?B．a；the?C．／；a?D．a；／???

15．They?made?him?_______?king．??

?

A．a?B．the?C．an?D．／???

16．His?father?is?_______?English?teacher．He?works?in?our?school．??

A．a?B．an?C．the?D．／???

17．Is?he?_______?American?boy?？???

A．an?B．a?C．one?D．／??

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18．Does?Tom?often?play?_______?football?after?_______?school？???

A．／；／?B．／；the?C．the；／?D．a；／??

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19．They?passed?our?school?_______?day?before?yesterday．???

A．an?B．one?C．a?D．the??

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20．Australia?is?_______?English-speaking?country．???

A．a?B．an?C．the?D．／??

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21．She?has?_______?orange?skirt．?_______?skirt?is?nice．???

A．a；The?B．an；The?C．an；A?D．the；The???

22．This?is?_______?apple．It"s?_______?big?apple．???

A．an；a?B．a；the?C．a；an?D．an；the???

23．Look?at?_______?horse?over?there．???

A．a?B．an?C．the?D．／??

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24．Don"t?play?_______?basketball?here．It"s?dangerous．???

A．a?B．an?C．／D．the??

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25．There?is?_______?old?woman?in?the?car．???

A．／?B．the?C．a?D．an??

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26．Beijing?is?_______?beautiful?city．It"s?_______?capital?of?China．???

A．a；a?B．the；the?C．／；the?D．a；the???

27．Shanghai?is?in?_______?east?of?China．???

A．／?B．an?C．a?D．the??

?

28．I"ve?been?a?student?there?for?nearly?two?and?_______?half?years．???

A．a?B．an?C．the?D．／??

?

29．Bill?is?_______?English?teacher．He?likes?playing?_______?football．???

A．a；the?B．an；the?C．a；／?D．an；／??

?

30．The?museum?is?quite?far．It?will?take?you?half?_______?hour?to?get?there?by_______?bus．???

A．an；／?B．an；a?C．a；／?D．／；／??

初中英語冠詞用法專項練習答案與詳解???

I．1．a；an；the??

?

2．a；an。第一個空的a是泛指，第二個空的an是指“一小時”。??

?

3．An；a。這兩個空都是泛指，故都用不定冠詞。???

4．The；the；a。前兩個空都是特指，故填the；后一個空中的a相當于every或each，three?times?a?day意為“一天三次”。???

5．a。go?out?for?a?walk意為“出去散步”。???

6．the??

?

7．a；The。前者泛指，后者特指。??

?

8．The；the。第一個空用the表示太陽是世界上獨一無二的物體；第二個空用the是因為在方位詞的前面一般用定冠詞。??

?

9．The；the，×。第一空用the是因為在河流名稱的前面用定冠詞；第二空用the是因為在形容詞最高級前面用定冠詞；第三空“零”冠詞是因為專有名詞前一般不加冠詞。???

10．a。a?second?time意為“再一次”、“另一次”。the?second?time意為“第二次”。此句填a是表示動作的重復，而不能用the（表順序）。??

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11．the；the。第一個the是特指美國的首都。第二個the是在由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前應加定冠詞。??

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12．The。“the?＋姓氏的復數”表示“一家人”或“夫妻二人”。由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前應加the。??

?

13．the；×。表示在某一年的季節名稱前應加定冠詞。??

?

14．The?a；×；×。在球類名稱前不加冠詞。泛指的三餐名稱前不加冠詞。???

15．a。三餐名稱前若有形容詞，則可在形容詞前加冠詞，此處是泛指，故用a。?

??16．×；×；×；×。此句意為“農民養羊是為了產毛和肉嗎？”前兩個空也可填定冠詞，意為：“那些農民養的那些羊是為了產毛和肉嗎？”???

17．the；the。普通名詞構成的專有名詞前應加the。??

?

18．×；the。TV前不加冠詞。“早、午、晚”名詞前加冠詞。???

19．The；×；×。第一空是特指。日期名詞前不加冠詞。???

20 ×；a21．×。學科名稱前一般不加冠詞。???

22．×；×。go?to?school上學。by?bike騎自行車。???

23．×；×。指示代詞不能與定冠詞連用。???

24 ×。注意news是不可數名詞，故不能加a。???

II．??

?

1．B。第一空是泛指；第二空的one是不定代詞，用以替代前面的ruler。???

2．A??

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3．C。這是一句諺語，意思是“一天吃一個蘋果，用不著看醫生。”??

?

4．C。one強調數量，用以回答“Howmany．．．？”問句；第二個空是泛指，故用an。???

5．A。one雖以元音字母開頭，但以輔音音素［w］開頭，故填a。???

6．C。此句意為：“這只老虎來自中國。”??

?

7．B。在“太陽、月亮、地球”的前面一般都加定冠詞the；at?night“在夜晚”，注意該短語中沒有冠詞。???8 C??

?

9．A。“s”雖為輔音字母，但卻以元音音素［e］開頭，故填an。??

?

10．D。第一個空填the，是特指那個“白發老太太”；第二個空不填冠詞，是因為在語言名稱前面一般不加冠詞。English后面如有language，就得說the?English?language。“在會議上”應為at?the?meeting。??

?

11．B。the?Great?Wall長城。??

?

12．C。第一個空是泛指，用a；第二個空是河流名稱，故用the。??

?

13．B。第一個空：“那邊的那個婦女”，是特指；第二個空是指那個婦女的身份、職業，是泛指。??

?

14．D。第一個空是泛指；第二個空用“零冠詞”是因為turn后面的名詞前一般都不加冠詞。???

15．D。表示某人的職位時可用“零冠詞”。???

16．B17．A?18．A。after?school放學以后。???

19．D。the?day?before?yesterday前天。???

20．B21．B。第一空泛指，第二空特指。???

22．A。兩個空都是泛指。???

23．C???

24．C???

25．D???

26．D??

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27．D。in?the?east?of在某地區（內）的東部。??

?

28．A。two?and?a?half?years也可說成two?years?and?a?half，意思都是“兩年半”。???29 D???

30 A。half?an?hour半小時，by?bus乘公共汽車。?

nevertheless用法(13)

一、as if 從句的作用

　　1． 在look, seem 等系動詞后引導表語從句。

　　如： She looks as if she were ten years younger．

　　她看起來好像年輕了十歲。

　　It seems as if our team is going to win．

　　看來我們隊要勝了。

　　2． 引導方式狀語從句。

　　如： She loves the boy as if he were her father．

　　她愛這男孩，就好像他是她的父親一樣。

　　The child talked to us as if he were a grow-up．

　　那孩子跟我們談起話來，像個成年人似的。

　　二、as if 還可用于省略句中如果as if 引導的從句是“主語+系動詞”結構，可省略主語和系動詞，這樣as if 后就只剩下名詞、不定式、形容詞（短語）、介詞短語或分詞。

　　如：

　　He acts as if （he were） a fool．

　　他做事像個傻子。

　　Tom raised his hands as if （he was going） to say something．

　　湯姆舉起手好像要說什么。

　　She left the room hurriedly as if （she were）angry．

　　她匆忙離開房間好像生氣的樣子。

　　三、as if 從句的語氣及時態

　　1． as if 從句用陳述語氣的情況。 當說話者認為句子所述的是真實的或極有可能發生或存在的事實時。

　　如：

　　It sounds as if it is raining．

　　聽起來像是在下雨。

　　He talks as if he is drunk．

　　從他談話的樣子來看他是醉了。

　　2．as if 從句用虛擬語氣的情況。 當說話人認為句子所述的是不真實的或極少有可能發生或存在的情況時。從句虛擬語氣動詞時態的形式如下：

　　（1）如果從句表示與現在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時。

　　如： You look as if you didn’ t care．

　　你看上去好像并不在乎。

　　He talks as if he knew where she was．

　　他說話的樣子，好像他知道她在哪里似的。

　　（2）從句表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”。

　　如： He talks about Rome as if he had been there before．

　　他說起羅馬來好像他以前去過羅馬似的。

　　The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone．

　　那女孩傾聽著，一動也不動，像已經變成了石頭似的。

　　（3）從句表示與將來事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/could/might+動詞原形”。

　　如： He opened his mouth as if he would say something．

　　他張開嘴好像要說什么。

　　It looks as if it might snow．

　　看來好像要下雪了。

　　(4)as if 后面可以接陳述語氣和虛擬語氣，如果句子的情況是真實的，那么只要保持時態一致即可，如果后面接的并非真實情況，則要按照虛擬語氣規則把句子形式改變（簡單說就是時態倒退原則）。

　　(5) as if 在俚語中能表示反諷，功能類似"like"，舉例：As if / Like you are going to do the dishes；"like"不能獨立成句，但as if 能（完整句子為：as if that/it is true.），例子：甲：She said she would help me with the project. 乙：As if！

nevertheless用法(14)

notice的用法

1.notice作名詞,意為"布告,公告,啟事",是可數名詞。如:

? There is a notice on the office gate saying "No Parking". 辦公室門口上貼著一張"禁止停車"的告示。

? We have put a notice of renting these flats in the newspaper. 我們已經在報上登了出租這幾套房的啟事。

1. notice作名詞,意為"通知,預告,警告",是不可數名詞。如:

? The hotel is closed until further notice. 賓館現已停業,開業時間另行通知。

? These rules can"t be changed without notice. 這些規則不預先通知不可以隨便更改。

2. notice作名詞,意為"注意",是不可數名詞,常用的詞組有:

1 take notice of sb./sth.意為"注意某人/某物"。如:

? Take notice of what they say. 注意聽他們說。? ②take no notice of sb./sth.意為"不理會某人/某物"。如:? Take no notice of his angry words-he is not well. 別理會他那些氣話,他身體不好。? ③bring sth. to one"s notice意為"使某人注意某事(物)"。如:? It was the director of the company who brought the problem to our notice. 正是公司董事長提醒我們注意那個問題。? ④come to one"s notice意為"被某人看到、聽到等"。如:? It has come to my notice that you are always careless. 我覺察到你老是粗心大意。? 4.notice作動詞,意為"注意到,留心,看到"。常用于notice sb. do sth.; notice sb. doing sth.和notice sth. done結構中。如:? Didn"t you notice? He has dyed his hair. 你沒注意?他染了頭發。? He was too proud to notice me. 他太傲慢了,理都不理我。

? Did you notice his hand shaking? 你有沒有注意到他的手在抖?

? Did you notice Jack come in? 你注意到杰克進來了嗎?

? He was noticed to leave the house an hour ago. 一小時前有人注意到他離開了這所房子。

? She just wants to be noticed, that"s why she dresses so strangely. 她就是想引人注目才穿得這么稀奇古怪。

? No one but Miss Zhou noticed the flowers on the table changed. 除周小姐外,沒有人注意到桌子上的花被換過。

nevertheless用法(15)

文言文中意動用法、使動用法和為動用法

一、意動用法

所謂意動用法，是指謂語動詞具有“以之為何”的意思，即認為賓語怎樣或把賓語當作怎樣。一般可譯為“認為……”“以……為……”等。意動用法只限于形容詞和名詞的活用，動詞本身沒有意動用法。

1、名詞的意動用法：名詞用作意動，是把它后面的賓語所代表的人或事物看做 這個名詞所代表的人或事物。

例1：邑人奇之，稍稍賓客其父。（《傷仲永》） 賓客：本為名詞，這里活用為意動詞。“賓客其父”是動賓結構，意 為“以其父為賓客”。

例2：父利其然也。（《傷仲永》）利：是名詞活用作意動詞。“利其然”即“以其然為利”（把這種情 況視為有利可圖）。

2、形容詞的意動用法：形容詞用作意動，是主觀上認為后面的賓語所代表的人 或事物具有這個形容詞所代表的性質或狀態。

例1：漁人甚異之。（《桃花源記》） 異：原為形容詞，這里用作意動詞。“異之”，即“以之為異”（認為這件事奇怪）

例2：邑人奇之，稍稍賓客其父。（《傷仲永》） 奇：原為形容詞，這里用作意動詞。“奇之”，即“以之為奇”（認為他才能非凡）

二、使動用法

所謂使動用法，是指謂語動詞具有“使之怎么樣”的意思，即此時謂語動詞表示的動作不是主語發出的，而是由賓語發出的。實際上，它是以動賓的結構方式表達了兼語式的內容。使動用法中的謂語動詞，有的是由名詞、形容詞活用來的。由于原來的詞類不同，活用作使動之后，它們所表示的語法意義也不完全相同。

1、動詞使動用法：動詞和它的賓語不是一般的支配與被支配的關系，而是使賓語所代表的人或事產生這個動詞所表示的動作行為。

例1：直可驚天地，泣鬼神。（《〈黃花岡七十二烈士事略〉序》） 驚：使……震驚。泣：使……悲泣。

例2：操軍方連船艦，首尾相接，可燒而走也。（《赤壁之戰》） 走：使操軍逃跑。

2、名詞使動用法：名詞用作使動詞，是指這個名詞帶了賓語，并且使賓語所代 表的人或事物變成這個名詞所代表的人或事物。翻譯時要采用兼語式的形式。

例1：文王以百里之壤而臣諸侯。（《毛遂自薦》）

臣：使……稱臣。

例2：先破秦入咸陽者王之。（《鴻門宴》）

王：使……為王。

3、形容詞使動用法：形容詞帶上賓語以后，如果使得賓語具有這個形容詞的性 質和狀態，那么這個形容詞則活用為使動詞。

例1：既來之，則安之。（《季氏將伐顓臾》）

安：使……安。

例2：大王必欲急臣，臣頭今與璧俱碎于柱矣！（《廉頗藺相如列傳》） 急：使……急。

三、為動用法

表示“主語為賓語怎么樣”。謂語可以由動詞、形容詞或活用的名詞充當。現代漢語中“造福人民”“服務教改”即該用法的沿用。

1、表示為了某一目的而施行某一行動，賓語是動詞謂語賴以產生的目的。

例1：而世又不與能死節者比。（《報任安書》）“死節”譯為“為（堅持）氣節而死”。“節”是“死”的目的。例2：等死，死國可乎？（《史記·陳涉世家》）

“死國”譯為“為國而死”。

2、表示出于某一原因而施行某一行動，賓語是動詞謂語賴以產生的原因。

例1、昨使醫曹吏劉租針胃管訖，便苦咳嗽，欲臥不安。（《三國志· 魏書·方技傳》）。

“苦”，形容詞活用作動詞，為動用法，為……而感到痛苦。

3、表示給（替）賓語施行某一行動，賓語是動詞謂語的服務對象。

例1、名我固當。（《種樹郭橐駝傳》）。名，為動用法，意思是“給……起名”。

例2、廬陵文天祥自序其詩，名曰《指南錄》。（《指南錄后序》）。序，為動用法，意思是“給（替）……作序”。

4、表示對（向）賓語施行某一行動，賓語是動詞謂語的面向對象。

例1、既泣之三日，乃誓療之。（龔自珍《病梅館記》）。賓語“之”是動詞謂語的面向對象。“泣”本是不及物動詞，這里是為動用法。

nevertheless用法(16)

notice的用法

1.notice作名詞,意為"布告,公告,啟事",是可數名詞。如:

? There is a notice on the office gate saying "No Parking". 辦公室門口上貼著一張"禁止停車"的告示。

? We have put a notice of renting these flats in the newspaper. 我們已經在報上登了出租這幾套房的啟事。

1. notice作名詞,意為"通知,預告,警告",是不可數名詞。如:

? The hotel is closed until further notice. 賓館現已停業,開業時間另行通知。

? These rules can"t be changed without notice. 這些規則不預先通知不可以隨便更改。

2. notice作名詞,意為"注意",是不可數名詞,常用的詞組有:

1 take notice of sb./sth.意為"注意某人/某物"。如:

? Take notice of what they say. 注意聽他們說。? ②take no notice of sb./sth.意為"不理會某人/某物"。如:? Take no notice of his angry words-he is not well. 別理會他那些氣話,他身體不好。? ③bring sth. to one"s notice意為"使某人注意某事(物)"。如:? It was the director of the company who brought the problem to our notice. 正是公司董事長提醒我們注意那個問題。? ④come to one"s notice意為"被某人看到、聽到等"。如:? It has come to my notice that you are always careless. 我覺察到你老是粗心大意。? 4.notice作動詞,意為"注意到,留心,看到"。常用于notice sb. do sth.; notice sb. doing sth.和notice sth. done結構中。如:? Didn"t you notice? He has dyed his hair. 你沒注意?他染了頭發。? He was too proud to notice me. 他太傲慢了,理都不理我。

? Did you notice his hand shaking? 你有沒有注意到他的手在抖?

? Did you notice Jack come in? 你注意到杰克進來了嗎?

? He was noticed to leave the house an hour ago. 一小時前有人注意到他離開了這所房子。

? She just wants to be noticed, that"s why she dresses so strangely. 她就是想引人注目才穿得這么稀奇古怪。

? No one but Miss Zhou noticed the flowers on the table changed. 除周小姐外,沒有人注意到桌子上的花被換過。