英語文章9篇

英語文章9篇

英語文章(1)

英語作文

假如你是李華，向新西蘭朋友Terry介紹相關習俗。

1. 到達的時間

2. 如何選合適的禮物

3. 中國的餐桌禮儀

Dear Terry,

How are you doing? l know you will go to your Chinese friends’s home. So l think l need to tell you something about Chinese customs that can make a good impression on others.

Ln China,you’d better arrive earlier , so that you can help the family to prepare the dinner , which make you get along better . The choice of gifts is also important . You’d better bring some of your own local specialties , which isn’t expensive but novel . What’s more , if you think the dinner is delicious , you should eat more and praise the host.

I hope you will have an unforgettable experience and look forward to your good news!

英語文章(2)

Freshman Friendship 新生情誼
Almost two years ago, I stood with my three most intimate friends on a balcony and listened to one of them tell a story about four girls who left home and went to college at a mythical place called Happy Valley.

　　On that last night of our freshman year, Alisa, Karen, Gabrielle and I ended up on the lawn, playing frisbee at 3 a.m. and sitting on the dormitory steps talking for hours. Indeed we had spent that day together just being freshmen ---- going to the sandwich shop for the last lunch of the semester, trying on each other"s clothes, watching movies and acting like we would never see each other again.　　

Three Months is a Long Time 三月如三秋
Three months can seem like a long time when you are leaving friends and acquaintances whom you have only known for a year. Your freshman year moments are irreplaceable.

　　 My advice to any freshmen reading this is to cherish those moments. Even if you have almost forgotten your freshman year roommates two years later, and barely recognize them when you encounter them in front of the gymnasium, you can never replace that year and the brand-new feeling that your first year of college brings.

Roommates and Majors in American Colleges宿舍與專業體制

Freshman roommates are usually assigned randomly, with no attention to their majors, and may have little in common with one another either academically or personally. They may take none of the same classes, and do not have to choose their majors the first year. In future years it"s very easy to change roommates, and in the junior or senior year it"s quite common for students to move to off-campus apartments.

So there"s much less likelihood that freshman roommates will become lifelong friends. A lot will change after your freshman year and you will meet new people and do new things. You will do a lot more growing up.

American and Chinese Friendships友誼面面觀
Americans are very apt at making new friends, while Chinese people are very skillful at keeping their old friends. The main reason for this is that Americans experience more changes in their personal circumstances, such as changing jobs, moving to another town, or getting divorced. Over the course of a lifetime an American will probably have more friends than a Chinese person has but a Chinese person may have more lifelong friends.

Alisa and Karen said no matter how far we drift apart or who else we become friends with after college, we will always incline to recall each other first whenever we think of college.

Class Reunions再聚首
In many Western countries it is customary for the people who graduated from a college or school in the same year to gather periodically at the campus or in their hometown for a class reunion. It often includes parties, dinners, dancing, golfing, bowling, and other special events such as visits with former teachers. Reunions usually occur every five years, beginning five years after graduation. Certain reunions such as the 10th, 25th, and 50th are often considered special.

英語文章(3)

縮寫英語文章

【篇一：縮寫英語文章】

【篇二：縮寫英語文章】

關于縮寫文章的作文(共9篇)關于縮寫文章的作文關于縮寫文章的作文 | 樓主 |2015-04-20 17:31:26 共有8個回復 4573次閱讀本文目錄有禮貌【內容提示】用120-150個英語單詞縮寫下面的文章，不得變更文中主要內容。good mannersmanners are important to happy relations among people. everyone likes a person with good manners. no one likes a person with bad manners. but what are good manners? how does one know what to do and what not to do?well, here are some examples.a person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. instead, he tries to help them. he is always kind to others. when people are waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. he does not push to the front of the line. on the bus he gives his seat to an older person or a person with a very young child. if he knocks into someone, or gets in his way, he says “excuse me”or“im sorry”.he says“please”when he asks for something and “thank you”when he receives something. he stands up when he is speaking to an older person, and he does not sit down until the other person takes his seat. he does not interrupt other people when they are talking. he does not talk too much. he does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. when he is eating he does not speak with his mouth full of food. he uses a handkerchief when he sneezes (打噴嚏) or coughs. he does not spit (吐痰) in public.as a student, it is bad manners to come late to class. if you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after class. it is also bad manners to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question. if you do not know the answer, say so immediately. if you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear. it is polite for the students to help the teacher. sometimes students can help their teachers to clean the blackboard, to close or open the doors or windows. sometimes there are papers to collect or to hand out. this kind of help is always appreciated (賞識的).ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different countries. but in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful.【作文示范】good mannersmanners are important to good relations among people. no one likes a person with bad manners. a person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. instead, he tries to help them. when he asks for something, he says “please”. and when he receives something, he usually says “thank you”. he does not interrupt other people when they are talking. he does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. when he sneezes or spits, he uses a handkerchief. as a student, it is bad manners to come late to class. if you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after class.though people have different ideas of what are good manners, in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful. (135 words)【寫法指要】1）縮寫文章時應保留原文的標題。2）縮寫文章時可先找出要點，寫成疑問句，然后回答問題并將答案連成文章，如前一篇范文。3）如果原文較長，需要刪減的內容較多，要注意縮寫文語意的連貫和語氣的銜接。不要使人產生只是拼湊句子和不通順、不流暢的感覺。4）本篇為說明文，縮寫時要把原文說明的要點講清楚。文中的要點是：禮貌的重要性，什么是有禮貌，什么是沒禮貌。原文所舉例子要選擇有代表性的寫，不必一一列舉。

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沙發縮寫《舉手》關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:31今天，我讀了一篇叫《舉手》的文章。這篇文章講的是我跟隨爸爸從一所鄉村小學轉到了鎮里的重點中學。由于鎮里的小學比村里的小學的教學條件好，所以我總聽不懂，好幾次都舉起了手，因為不會，有很多次都被同學恥笑。

在一堂數學課里，調來了一個女老師姓袁，也跟別的老師一樣愛提問題，我也習慣性地舉起了手，老師叫了我，我又回答不出來，還是受到了同學們的恥笑，我聽后傷心地哭了。放學后，袁老師走了進來，搭了搭我的肩膀，與我達成了一個協議。

從那以后，我天天可以舉手，老師也能知道我會不會。所以，這件事也就照亮了我快樂而幸福的童年。

板凳縮寫:一封奇怪的“信關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:31一封奇怪的“信”【內容提示】下面是一篇非常有趣的記敘文，請你閱讀后回答后面的問題。問題的答案要連成一篇不超過80個詞的文章。如果問題后面的括號里有用斜體字標明的特殊要求，請按要求寫句子。a strange “letter”my neighbours children love playing hide-and-seek (捉迷藏) as all children do, but no one expected that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper (地方報紙)。one afternoon, they were playing in the street just outside the postoffice. young lan, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. his sister, janet, had shut her eyes and was counting up to ten when lan noticed that the small metal (金屬的) door of the letter-box had been left open. the postman had just taken all the letters out and had gone into the post-office to see if there were any parcels (包裹).lan climbed into the letter-box and pulled the door from the inside so hard that it locked. soon realizing what he had done, he became very frightened and started crying. meanwhile, janet was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. it was lucky (幸運的) she happened to stop outside the letter-box and hear her brothers cries. she immediately ran to tell the postman who hurried out to unlock (開鎖) the metal door. lan was now free, but he had had such a bad fright (驚嚇) that he could not stop crying. the postman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. he told him that next time he wanted to hide in a letter-box, he should remember to stick a stamp on himself!questions1．what were my neighbours children playing outside the post-office one afternoon?2．had the letter-box been left open or not? where did young lan climb? did he lock himself in or not? (finding that) (and)3．when did his sister, janet, realize where he was hiding? what did she do? (so)4．how did the postman make lan stop crying after he had let him out?(after letting…by telling)【作文示范】a strange letterone afternoon my meighbours children were playing hide-and-seek outside the post-office. finding that the letter-box had been left open, young lan climbed into it and locked himself in. his sister, janet, realized where he was hiding when she heard his cries so she ran to tell the postman. after letting him out, the postman made lan stop crying by telling him that next time he wanted to hide in a letter-box he should remember to stick a stamp on himself. (80 words)【寫法指要】原文問題后的括號內容要求縮寫的文章中有一個“finding that”開頭的現在分詞短語結構和兩個“after letting… by telling”的介詞＋動名詞的短語結構。在寫這兩種結構的句子時要注意結構中的邏輯主語要與主句的主語一致，否則就會造成修辭上的錯句懸垂修飾語，如把“after letting”結構寫成“after letting him out, lan was made to stop crying…”，前半部分就是懸垂修飾語，因為letting的主語不是lan，而是postman。

#4樓縮寫《草船借箭》關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:32小升初

周瑜十分妒忌諸葛亮。

有一天，周瑜請諸葛亮商議軍事。他要諸葛亮造十萬枝箭。諸葛亮答應三天造好，并當場立下軍令狀。

事后，諸葛亮請魯肅幫忙：借給他二十條船，用青布幔子遮起來，還要一千多個草靶子排在船兩邊，每條船上還要三十名軍士。魯肅答應了，并且不告訴周瑜。

第三天四更，諸葛亮請魯肅去取箭。這天大霧漫天，他們靠近了曹軍水寨。諸葛亮命令軍士們擂鼓吶喊。曹操探不清虛實，不敢輕易出兵，只讓一千多個弓弩手朝江中放箭。

天亮了，諸葛亮讓船順風回到南岸。曹操發現上當了，可要追已經來不及了。

周瑜派人來取箭，一共有十萬多枝。諸葛亮如期交箭，周瑜自嘆不如。

名師點評 本文緊緊圍繞原文的主干進行敘述，在保持原文完整性的同時，又達到了精簡文章的目的，讓人讀來簡潔明快，能迅速理解和掌握全文內容。

#5樓方法關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:32寫作小技巧五、長話短說話縮寫

讀了一篇好文章，你一定很受感動吧？要是你想把這個故事簡單的介紹給別人，就可以用縮寫的形式。

縮寫是作文中的一種常見形式。所謂縮寫，就是在不改變中心，不改變體裁，保留原文的主要內容的情況下，把一篇長文章壓縮成短文章。學會縮寫，能幫助我們更好的理解課文內容，培養我們的閱讀能力和概括能力，進而提高語言表達能力。那么，怎樣進行縮寫呢？

（一）要留主干、去枝葉。在縮寫課文時，我們要刪減次要的人物、次要的事件，以及說明、交代等地方，留下課文的主要內容。如《小抄寫員》一文中我們首先要思考：敘利奧是在什么情況下開始幫爸爸工作的，他為什么要偷偷地做，怎樣做的，結果怎樣，把最使你感動的地方畫下來。然后把 幫爸爸抄寫的事情經過寫下來，而把當他被爸爸誤解后是怎樣想的等無關緊要的刪除。

（二）要直接簡化任務語言。在敘述中，我們要把直接敘述變成間接敘述，盡可能簡化人物語言。這樣，既使情節連貫，又使語句“簡練”。

（三）要保持文章脈絡清晰。縮寫課文要注意保持文章主要脈絡的清晰和完整，特別是故事發生的時間、地點、 人物、事件的起因、經過、結果等要素要齊全，讓人讀了對原文有個大概的了解。

（四）要不改變課文原意。縮寫課文最要緊的是縮寫后不可改變課文原意，做到內容基本保持和原文一直，不會使讀者產生歧義。

#6樓書香，伴我成長關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:32書從入學伊始就伴隨我共同成長，那書上的那一幅幅圖畫，那陣陣書香讓我留連忘返，一段段文字使我驚喜不已，在日記、作文上經常喜歡用上那些詞與句，使文章變得更加優美。這些書不僅僅豐富了我的知識，還增加了我的理解能力。語文試卷上的課外閱讀題，對我來說簡直是易如反掌，那些理解詞句、整理句子對來我來說也不費吹灰之力。

我還清楚地記得，四年級時那篇《窗邊的小豆豆》的縮寫。那篇小說是我三年級時看的，為了文章寫得更美，我先根據整本書的主要細節加以發揮，再加自身理解，就構成了一篇近500字的較好縮寫。不但得到老師的表揚，還去試著發上“建德教育信息網”，沒想到一舉成功，對我來說是很大的收獲，更是巨大的鼓勵呀！這本書里的知識是那樣的豐厚，理念是那樣先進。這次經歷，大大提高了我的語文興趣。

后來，我繼續努力，雖然失敗的次數也不少，但我卻從失敗中悟出一個道理：失敗并非無益，只要你從失敗中找出原因，下次不犯同樣的錯誤，就會一步一步走向成功。那一堆堆書使我受益匪淺；老師的一次次的鼓勵使我信心倍增；一次次的失敗使我漸漸走向成熟。

“書中有黃金屋”，只要你肯去努力，去發掘，一定會使你受益一生。“讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神”，學無止盡，只要你有信心，有恒心，出口成章不是夢想。知識大門一定會為勤奮的你打開，獻上無盡的知識財富。“金誠所致，金石為開”，我相信自己，一定會在這浩瀚的知識海洋里，實現自己的人生價值。

讀書不僅能增強語文各項能力，還能夠幫你調整并立下適合的志向，以前，我就想當科學家，當打仗的參謀……真是幼稚之極。現在，我的理想是當一名老師，精心澆灌祖國的花朵，讓我們的祖國更加繁榮昌盛，這是更符合我的實際情況的理想。

最近我又迷上了《中學生天地》的書刊，姐姐幾乎每個月都會帶來一本，雖說只有一本薄薄書刊，我卻那么愛不釋手。《中學生天地》有著更精密的構思，更成熟的語言，更優美的文章，我讀了一本還想讀下一本…… 讓我們一起以書為階梯，一步一步攀向知識的圣殿……

#7樓個家之言關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:32到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。到現在為止，本人在花花世界中已摸爬滾打十七年之久，十七個年頭的青春毫不留戀地向我揮手，一去不復返。第十八個春秋也早早準備好行囊邁開出走的腳步，無奈，留不住。

好在我有思想，好在我還能思考，縱使八十個年頭都毫不留情地棄我而去，我也不會難受，因為這么多日日夜夜，我和大多數人一樣，從“耳聾眼瞎不張口”到現在“聽覺甚好，視力尤佳，開口說話”，我們聽到了想聽到的不想聽到的一切，我們看到了想看到的不想看到的一切，我們從小到大經歷了想經歷的不想經歷的一切，于是開始有了自己的思想，自己的見解，甚至自己的語言。

記得老師說過：“這所有的詩呀什么的，無非是詩人們的滿腹牢騷，牢騷一出就名留后世了”這家伙，聽的我們目瞪口呆，一發牢騷就不朽啦？怪哉！

我是既不想流芳百世，也不愿遺臭萬年，可也想學學文人們發發牢騷，只是人家詩人們是有水平的牢騷，是不朽的牢騷，我也只是算沒有水沒平的牢騷吧。至于朽不朽的，那與我就無甚關系了。

抄襲與真實

抄襲的英文詞大概是cheat吧，記不太清，按讀音，我倒寧愿讀為“抽他”， 對“抽他”！都說抄襲的根本原因是考試，而考試的根本原因是國內教育制度，我倒不想像某些人似的大論教育制度利弊談。我只想說說這抄襲的人，姑且不論他為什么抄襲，單是抄襲這一行為，就讓人有鄙視他的沖動，抄襲的人不敢面對真實的自己，愛慕虛榮，貪圖小利，用別人抬高自己，拿別人的成果掩飾自己的空虛。

而真正優秀的人，并不是一定要有多么大的成就或多么多的財產，只要真實，做人就要真實！老師每次在考前都對我們說：“不要抄襲，不然我看不起你”也許沒有準會在意是否被老師看的起，但每個人都知道：如果抄襲，連自己都會唾棄自己！

文章與創新

繼韓、郭之后，有大批的孩子們加入所謂少年作家的行列，那叫一個壯觀！經各種商家的各種炒作。作家們的光芒比六月的陽光還刺眼，真讓人羨煞。但觀其作品，兩個字，垃圾（當然不是所有的都這樣）。一味的模仿，一味的傷懷，一點都沒有真我個性，其中模仿郭小四的居多，畢竟韓大哥的犀利沒有幾個能與之相匹敵。有時看到一些文章都覺得好笑，如果不看作者，還以為是郭小四兒童時期的作品呢，因為文章有小四的細膩與傷感，但缺少小四的文筆與才氣。更有的作品，不，是文章，千篇一律，看見開頭就能預見結果，甚至中間故事的細節都能猜個八九不離十，不知是我有先知能力，還是什么其他的原因。這讓我想到了八股與創新，老師說書信、說明書、通知單等形式創新，于是全部都按照這一形式寫作，寫完了，新也沒了，創新半天還是四到“八股”，有何用處？反倒是普通文章讀了讓人舒服，真是諷刺！

８０后、ＰＫ與單挑

近來聽到最多的詞是８０后，開始還不知是什么意思，后來才明白，原來是指８０年之后出生的人，那我８９年也是８０后？朋友告訴我：“你是８０末”大悟！我想２０００年出生的應該是００后吧。

這些詞不知是誰創的，他可真有本事，被如此之眾多的人們“傳頌”，大有洪水泛濫只勢。

我又想到了ＰＫ，它具體是個生造詞，還是某個詞拼音縮寫抑或是某個英文單詞首字母，我不得知之，只知ＰＫ一詞也逐漸取代了通常所說的“單挑”。一傳十，十傳百，現在連３歲的小孩都會說：“咱們倆ＰＫ一下誰厲害。”我就奇怪了，他到底有什么魅力能籠絡這么多人甚至小孩子的心？可也想不出個所以然來，只覺得ＰＫ一詞遠不如“單挑”來的簡明爽快有氣勢。就那句常說的“有種來單挑兒”若換成“有種來ＰＫ”我想那氣勢早不知隨Ｐ和Ｋ飛哪里去了吧！

月亮與太陽

月亮總是能成為人們歌詠的對象，月夜也總是人們迷戀的地方，因為它深邃，因為它迷人，是否也因為它黑暗得足也掩飾一切丑惡？有句話這樣說月亮：“本來是靠太陽的供給，又何必標榜自己的光明磊落”、“照得再嫵媚動人，也是別人的光芒”。真是象極了某些人。某些人在一些人的支撐下對另一些人頤指氣使、耀武揚威，轉地跟二五八萬似的，孰不知也只是狐假虎威罷了。

#8樓我的一家關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:32我的一家

第一實驗小學四年級（2）班劉燁

我家有四口人，有幽默詼諧的爸爸，有勤勞和藹的媽媽，有成績優異的姐姐和淘氣活潑的我。

我的媽媽是位護士，她和藹可親，平易近人。媽媽還是一位做菜“高手”，她做出來的菜特別好吃。記得上次我過生日的時候，媽媽做了一桌豐盛的飯菜，其中有我最愛吃的“椒汁牛肉”、“扒黃瓜”、“醋溜鯽魚”，最特別也是我們最愛吃的要數“燉大菜”。這道菜的主要原料有豬肉、茄干、粉條、豆腐、木耳、蘿卜等，調料有花椒、大料、姜、蔥、蒜、料酒、雞精等。它營養豐富全面，有益身體健康。我喜歡我的媽媽。

姐姐的成績特別好，每年都被評為三好學生。每次寫完她的作業，都要輔導我做作業。她特別愛看書，見到書就像著了魔，只顧著讀，什么也不管了……姐姐是我的學習榜樣，我一定要好好學習。

最淘氣的要數我了，把媽媽給我買的玩具都解剖開來，但大多數都無法復原了，為此也挨過不少批。最活潑的也是我，不論家里有什么活動我都積極響應。我的成績一般，每天都要努力刻苦地學習，所以我也是辛苦的。

這就是我的一家，我愛我的家。

#9樓復習指導：高考材料作文寫作技巧關于縮寫文章的作文 | 2015-04-20 17:32所謂材料作文，是要求寫作者根據所給的一段文字或圖畫等具體材料，按照作文命題要求，進行寫作的一種作文形式。它的特點是讀寫結合。寫作者要經過閱讀材料、理解分析、提煉主旨、聯想想象、篩選甄別、文字表達等步驟，才能完成一篇文章的寫作。材料作文的類型有：根據文字材料作文、看圖作文、擴寫、縮寫、改寫、續寫等。例如2005年中考作文題。

高考歷年滿分作文選

材料作文寫作中需要注意的是：

1.要讀懂材料。認真閱讀材料，理清材料思路，明確材料指向，歸納材料要點，把握材料寓意，最終提煉寫作中心。這是材料作文寫作的關鍵，也是考場作文能否及格的第一步。

提煉中心練習。閱讀所給文字，歸納寫作要點：

小時候媽媽經常教育我們說：“滴水之恩，當涌泉相報。無論何時何地，都不要忘記別人對你的恩情，這才是做人的根本。”現在我也用媽媽這句話教育我的孩子，希望他做一個知恩圖報、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，兒子放學回來，一進門就說：“媽媽，我們學校要給受災地區捐款，這一次我捐100元。”“為什么？”“因為這次受災地區有陜西省，我很擔心周至縣棗春小學的孩子們，還有我住過的老鄉家是否被水淹了。媽媽，他們會被水淹死嗎？還有那些可愛的小狗。”說著說著兒子的眼圈紅了起來，我也被他感動了，于是從包里拿出100元遞給他。他所說的地方是他2001年隨星星河記者團采訪過的地方。

這則材料只要找到點題句——希望兒子做一個知恩圖報、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心內容就迎刃而解了。

2.要聯系實際。確定寫作中心后，內容構思是要選擇切入點，從身邊小事、眼前情境、街頭見聞等入筆，徐徐展開生活畫卷，聯系作者的學習、生活實際，寫實事、抒真情、談看法、說體會。

3.要力求出新。在文章觀點無誤的前提下，展開多角度的思考，突破思維定勢，克服從眾心理，獨辟蹊徑，力求寫出人無我有、人有我新、攝人心魄的好文章。還是“感恩”的材料，一位同學的作文是這樣開頭的：

family，家庭。f代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表媽媽，mother；i代表我，i；l代表愛，love；y代表你們，you。把漢語的意思連在一起，就是“爸爸和媽媽，我愛你們”。

那晚，我和一個語文課代表，為了幫老師查點什么，晚上八點左右，才在同學們的關心聲與道別聲中，走出了校門。也就在此時此刻，我才想起我忘記把晚歸的事情告訴給這個世界上最愛我，最疼我，最關心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要錘煉語言，巧用修辭，力求使文章達到內容與形式的和諧統一。

5.避免材料作文跑題的方法是要注意開頭、結尾的寫法，做到首尾呼應，反復點題。

標題：

2006－2014 all rights reserved

【篇三：縮寫英語文章】

one day when i was unpacking my clothes ,my neighbor who is a sweet polish lady knocked my door in a hurry.she said that the fire alarm in her house was out of order and ringing for two hours.she was so scared that wanted me to help her.then i went to her house with her ,i climbed on the chair and fixed it up.at that time ,i saw she was shaking for fear ,so i comforted her and hugged her closely to calm her down .

英語文章(4)

第一篇How to Find Happiness Without Buying It如何不花錢就能找到樂子

Our materialistic society has led us to believe that happiness cannot be obtained without having money.

在這個物質社會，我們深信沒有錢就沒有幸福感。

Rather than learning to be satisfied with what we have, we are taught to want more. We learn from advertising, and from the media, that we need to buy trinkets and toys in order to make ourselves happy, or to fulfill emotional needs, and that the purchases they are trying to talk us into will provide us with the psychological comfort we are looking for.

我們不斷的奢望得到更多而不是學著滿足我們現有的。通過廣告和媒體，我們了解到為了讓自己開心，為了滿足心理需求，我們需要買一些小玩意兒和玩具，仿佛買了這些東西我們就能找到一直想要的心理安慰。

Unfortunately, as a society we have bought into these misguided messages and have come to believe that spending money on certain items will bring us fame, fortune, happiness, beauty, or popularity. We end up using money as a crutch to provide us with something we ultimately must find within ourselves. As we become caught up in this charade, we trade precious hours of our lives trying to earn the money we have been taught to covet so much.

不幸的是我們還是會被這些信息誤導并且開始相信花錢買一些東西會帶給我們帶來聲譽，運氣，快樂，美麗或者名氣。我們不斷拿金錢作為靠山，得到最終想要的東西。一次一次我們深陷其中，于是，為了買到我們垂涎已久的東西，我們用寶貴的時間辛苦賺錢。

We trade hours of our lives working, sacrificing time that could have been spent with our families, for the pursuit of the almighty dollar.

我們把生命中的每時每刻拿來工作，犧牲我們本該和家人在一起的時間，只為了追求萬能的美元。

In order to find true happiness, we first must learn to change our attitudes about money. We must learn that money, and the spending of it, provides only a temporary relief but does not present us with any real long lasting benefits. We end up owning something we either do not really want or do not really need, and the underlying emotional issues remain.

為了找到真正的快樂，我們必須首先改變對待金錢的態度。我們必須要知道花掉掙到的錢只是讓我們暫時舒坦，卻并不能帶來任何持久的利益。最后我們擁有一些實際上我們根本不想要或根本不需要的東西，而內在的情感問題依然沒有解決。

Rather than focus on the temporary satisfaction you may feel from spending money, try the following to bring you happiness without it.

與其通過花錢讓自己得到一時的滿足感，不如試試下面幾招讓你不用花錢買就感到快樂：

Imagine Having no Money

假想自己分文沒有

Imagine what you would do for happiness if you had no money at all. Think about how you would spend your time, and what you would do for enjoyment. Change your focus from material possessions to other things that bring you enjoyment, such as spending quality time with your family and friends. Rather than focusing on the accumulation of possessions, concentrate instead on playing with or reading to your children, or spending time out enjoying nature.

想象一下如果你一分錢沒有做什么會感到快樂。想一下沒錢的你將如何打發時間，如何找樂子。把焦點從物質層面的東西轉移到能讓你快樂的其他事上，比如，陪家人朋友一起度過休閑時光。多和你的孩子玩耍或者給孩子朗讀或者出去親近大自然，而不是專注于積累財富。

Want What you Already Have

滿足你所擁有的

Society teaches us to want what others have. Instead, shift your thinking so that you are satisfied with, or want, what is already yours. What tends to happen is once we reach our goals in terms of owning personal possessions, we trade those old goals in for a set of new ones that involves bigger, better, and grander objects.

社會教會我們追逐潮流，別人有什么，我們就追求什么。然而，我們不應該真這么做，而是對于我們已經擁有的東西感到知足。往往我們一旦達到目標就會制定一堆新的更大更好的目標。

Goals are good to have because they motivate us to work, and to continue to strive for self improvement. The key is to find a balance between having worthy goals and recognizing when we are allowing the desire for possessions to overwhelm the importance of other aspects of our lives. Rather than constantly striving for things we do not have, we need to shift our focus to being thankful for the things we already possess.

有目標是好的，因為目標讓我們的工作更有積極性，讓我們不斷改進。而關鍵是我們要找到一個平橫點，不僅能讓我們的目標有價值，還要讓我們不能因為對物質的欲望而忽視了生活其它方面的重要性。我們應該感謝那些我們已經擁有的，而不是不斷追求我們沒有的。

Volunteer Your Time

把你的時間貢獻出來

One way to appreciate what you have is to work with others who have nothing, or who have disabilities that no amount of money can overcome. Volunteering time to work in a food bank, or to work with underprivileged children, can really alter your perspective on where you are in life, and can create a deeper appreciation for the gifts you do have in your life.

有一個辦法讓你珍惜擁有，那就是和那些一無所有的人或者那些身患殘疾的人共事。做一名志愿者在食物銀行（美國慈善機構）工作或者幫助貧困兒童，這樣真的會讓你有不同的生活感悟，讓你深深的感謝上天賜予你的一切。

Helping others can boost your spirits as well. There is a great deal of personal satisfaction to be gained from giving aid to those who are in need of it, leaving you with a sense of satisfaction that will carry over into your own life. Use the experiences of helping others to teach your children compassion and civic responsibility.

同時，幫助他人是很高尚的品質。幫助那些需要幫助的人會讓你有很大的滿足感，也讓你終生受益匪淺。這樣，你可以用幫助過別人的經驗去教育自己的孩子要有同情心和責任感。

There are a number of ways to enjoy life without the need for a great deal of money. Certainly, it is important to work and earn enough to provide for our basic needs and the needs of our families, but it is important to recognize when the desire for personal possessions becomes overly consuming. There needs to be a balance between a satisfying work life and a rich home life, and the best way to achieve such a balance is to ensure the drive for material possessions does not become all consuming.

第二篇How to quickly build a new social circle in any new city如何在陌生的城市快速建立新的社交圈

Even if you are naturally shy, these three tricks will help you to quickly build a new social circle in any new city.

即使你天性靦腆，這三個小技巧也能幫助你在任何陌生的城市迅速建立新的社交圈．

1. Take Pictures

1．拍照片

One of the great things about taking pictures at an event or party is that it gives you an excuse to get in touch with the person later. Everybody loves seeing pictures of themselves, and it’s very easy after taking a picture to say “Are you on Facebook?” or “If you’d like I can email it to you.”

在活動或聚會時拍照片，最容易讓你日后有理由與他人接觸。人們都喜歡看到自己的照片，拍過照片后，你還可以很自然地問“你上Facebook嗎？”，或問“我用電子郵件把照片發給你好嗎？”

This can be the seed that leads to new connections. The next time you hear about a fun event email your new contacts to let them know about it.

這樣能幫你建立新的聯系機會。下次再聽說有什么有趣的活動，你就可以發郵件給新認識的人通知他們。

2. Eat Alone In Public

2．獨自在公共場所吃飯

If you don’t know anyone in a new city, it can be tempting to order take-out and retreat back to your lonely apartment or hotel room. Instead, try eating by yourself in public as often as possible.

如果在一座新城市你沒有任何熟人，就可能情愿叫外賣，呆在自己的公寓或賓館房間里。不要這樣，要努力盡可能地獨自到公共場所吃飯。

You might feel self-conscious eating by yourself but it has an important benefit: you are much easier to approach when you are alone. People may be afraid of interrupting you or being rude if you are in a conversation with someone else.

獨自吃飯可能會使你感到不自在，但是那樣做很有好處：單獨的一個人比較容易接觸。如果你正和別人談話，人們可能會擔心打斷你們，或顯得太魯莽。

Bring a book or newspaper to read (this will make you feel less self conscious). Plus, having an interesting book with you will give others an excuse to start a conversation if they’ve read it.

帶本書或報紙去看（這可以減輕你不自在的感覺）。另外，帶一本有趣的書，也會給看過的人提供談話的理由。

3. Join A Class, Sports Team, Or Club

3．加入學習班，運動隊或俱樂部

Yoga, salsa dancing, volleyball, jogging, Toastmasters (a public speaking club), a class for work, martial arts, etc. Take up a new hobby or continue an old one!

瑜伽，薩爾薩舞，排球，慢跑，Toastmasters（公開演講俱樂部），工作學習班，武術，等等。接受一項新的業余愛好，或繼續原有的業余愛好。

These are all great places to meet new people, primarily because you will be forced to see the same people over and over again in the class. You will automatically make friends with them if you have a common interest and are forced to see each other again.

這些地方都是認識人的好地方，主要因為你被迫一次次地在班里看到同一群人。如果你們有共同的愛好，又被迫重復相見，就會很自然地交上朋友。

Bonus Tips:

額外提示：

* In the beginning, never turn down an invitation from someone, even if it’s something you wouldn’t normally do.

* 開始時，絕不要拒絕別人的邀請，即使那是你一般不喜歡做的事情。

* Email your new friends with fun things to do instead of always asking what their plans are. If they have a better plan you can always still drop yours and join them. This will help establish you as someone who is contributing value instead of just taking it (people want this in a friend).

* 給新朋友發郵件要說些有趣的事，不要總是問他們的打算如何。如果他們有個不錯的計劃，你可以談談你的想法，加入進去。這樣有助于讓別人看到你的價值，而不會僅僅是猜測（人們希望朋友是這樣的人。）

* Don’t let little things in life piss you off or be a negative person. Others won’t want to be around you!

* 別為生活中的小事煩惱，或做悲觀的人。別人不會愿意和這種人交往。

第三篇10 Foods That Will Kill You!要命的十種高危食物

You’re probably aware of all the foods that are good for you, like fresh fruits and vegetables, but do you know about the foods that can kill you? These unhealthy foods can lead to some serious health problems, especially if you eat them regularly. Want to know what they are? Well, keep reading!

你也許很清楚哪些食品對自己有益，比如各種水果和蔬菜，但你知道哪些食物是危害身體健康的嗎？吃不健康食物能引發嚴重的健康問題，經常吃的話后果尤甚。想知道哪些是高危食物嗎？好吧，繼續往下看吧！

1. Fruit Juice

1.速溶果汁

A lot of shoppers think they are healthy when they purchase fruit juice, but these are actually very bad for the body. Not only are most made with artificial flavors and not any real fruit, they are packed full of sugar and other chemicals that can cause obesity and other serious health problems. Even real fruit juice is packed full of sugar that provides you with no nutritional value. It’s best to eat a piece of fruit instead of drink it, unless you’re juicing your own fresh fruits and vegetables at home.

十之八九的人在購買速溶果汁的時候都覺得它是健康產品，但實際上它卻對身體百害無一益。多數果汁不僅是人造風味，而且不含真正水果，其中大量的糖分和其他化學劑會導致肥胖癥和各種嚴重的健康問題。就算是貨真價實的果汁也含有毫無營養價值的糖分。所以與其喝速溶果汁，還不如吃點水果，當然若是自己在家用新鮮果蔬現榨的就另當別論了。

2. Processed Meats

2.加工肉類

The chemicals that are inside of processed meats have been linked to colon cancer and many other health problems. They are also packed full of sugar, salt and fat that can lead to obesity and diabetes. You’re always better off cooking your own meat from lean cuts and avoiding the processed meats all together.

加工肉類所含的化學成分會引發直腸癌和其他健康問題。其中同樣含有大量導致肥胖癥和糖尿病的糖分，鹽類和脂肪。所以最好還是自己切點精肉來烹飪，切記不要和加過工的肉一起煮。

3. Energy Bars

3.能量棒

Energy bars are marketed as healthy snacks for people who want to lose weight and get fit. Unfortunately a lot of people don’t read the nutritional information on these bars in the first place. Many of them are made with a lot of sugar and fat, even though they are high in protein. You’re better off staying away from these and reaching for a natural snack, like almonds and cheese, instead.

對于想減肥和追求健康的人群來說，能量棒是貼了健康標簽的小吃。很遺憾多數人在選擇的時候都沒有去注意能量棒的營養信息。多數能量棒都摻加了大量糖分和脂肪，就連高蛋白的也不例外。所以最好遠離它，相反考慮考慮杏仁和奶酪之類的天然小吃。

4. Frozen Dinners and Lunches

4.冷凍餐點

Sure those frozen meals are convenient, but what price do you pay for that convenience? These frozen dinners, even those that are low in calories, are really high in sodium. They are also extremely processed, which means they really put your body through a lot of work in order to digest through your body.

冷凍餐點雖然方便，但為了這絲方便你付出了怎樣的代價？冷凍餐點，即便卡路里含量低，但鈉含量卻相當高。它的工序繁多，這就意味著你的身體需要進行大量運作來消化它們。

5. Breakfast Cereals

5.早餐麥片

There are really only a few breakfast cereals on store shelves today that are actually good for you. Even those that are labeled “healthy” generally turn out to be packed full of sugar and fat. You might be surprised to find that most of the cereals you love have more sugar than your dessert does! On top of all of that, cereals are normally processed quite a bit and made with chemicals to make them seem “healthier” to the consumer.

如今市面上真正有益身體的麥片已零星點點。而那些打著“健康”旗號的麥片其實也添加了大量糖分和脂肪。當知道一般你鐘愛的麥片所含糖分比甜點還多時，你可能會大吃一驚！除此之外，麥片通常經過了一系列的化學加工，以便在消費者眼里顯得“比較健康”。

6. Doughnuts

6.甜甜圈

Speaking of breakfast foods, who doesn’t love a sugary doughnut when they are running late to start the day? Although they may taste good, these are a huge source of sugar, fat, trans fat and carbohydrates. In fact, just one of these fried treats is generally well over 300 calories. Since most people tend to eat more than one, this can lead to quick weight gain without even realizing it.

說起早餐食物，美滋滋的甜甜圈怎會不受趕時間一族的青睞呢？可甜甜圈味雖美，卻含有大量糖分，脂肪，反式脂肪酸以及碳水化合物。事實上，僅一塊油炸甜甜圈大概就有300多卡路里。但很多人不僅僅只吃一塊，他們的體重會在無形中飆升。

7. Soda

7.蘇打

Regular soda is a huge source of sugar and a variety of other chemicals that have been linked to several different types of cancer. These provide absolutely no nutritional value to you and can lead to diabetes as well. Even diet soda carries risks, as it’s made with a lot of chemicals to make up for the lack of sugar, and these have been linked to diseases and cancers.

一般的蘇打含有大量糖分和各種化學成分，這些化學成分會導致誘發各種癌癥。顯然，如此的蘇打非但不會提供營養價值，還有引發糖尿病。就連飲食中的蘇打也有危險，因為其中為彌補缺失的糖分而添加的化學劑就有致病致癌的危險。

8. Potato Chips

8.薯片

Before you reach for that bag of potato chips; think again! These are filled with a lot of fat and calories, but did you know they are also loaded with dangerous chemicals? Most chips are made with acrylamide, which is created when foods are fried at extremely high temperatures. This chemical is linked to cancer, which can result in death.

當你準備向一包薯片下手之前，三思！這種零食所含的脂肪和卡路里相當高，并且你知道它們也暗藏了致命的化學制劑嗎？大多薯片中含有丙烯酰胺，這種物質在極高溫度炸薯片時產生。它會引發癌癥，并且導致死亡。

9. Low-Fat Foods

9.低脂食品

A lot of people think that they are being healthy by purchasing foods that are labeled as “low fat”. Unfortunately this is not the case, as most of these foods are packed with unhealthy chemicals to make up for the lack of fat. These chemicals are extremely bad for your body and can even damage your health over time.

很多人認為購買標有“低脂”的食品能為身體獲得健康。很抱歉事實并非如此，因為大多低脂食品都因缺少脂肪而被添加了化學劑。這些化學劑對身體極其不利，時間久了甚至還會破壞你的身體機能。

10. Margarine

10.人造奶油

People choose margarine over butter because it doesn’t have cholesterol in it, but what you need to pay attention to is what IS in it! Margarine is extremely high in trans-fat, which can damage your blood vessels and even increase your cholesterol.

人們選擇用人造奶油代替黃油是因為它沒有膽固醇，但你要當心人造奶油所含成分！其高濃度的反式脂肪酸會損害血管，增加膽固醇的攝入。

第四篇

How Google Picks New Employees (Hint: It"s Not About Your Degree)谷歌招聘新職員的五大標準

I’ve been having disagreements for years about the usefulness of college degrees as a measure of someone’s ability to be an outstanding employee. Now, don’t get me wrong – I don’t think it’s ever a bad thing to have a degree. I just think people make an assumption about formal education that’s often untrue. They assume that if two people are exactly the same in terms of age, life and job experience and demographics, and one has a college degree and the other doesn’t – that the one who has the degree will be a better employee and have a more successful career.

多年來，對于將大學文憑作為一些人是否能夠成為優秀員工的衡量標準一事，我一直持有不同意見。但不要誤會我的意思——我不認為獲得學位會是件壞事。我只是認為，人們就正規教育作出的假設往往與真實不符。他們假設，如果兩個人的年齡大致相仿，且無論生活與工作經歷還是背景出身都類似，但其中一人擁有大學文憑，另一人則沒有，那么擁有大學文憑的那個人將成為一位更加優秀的員工，并會在事業上取得更多成功。

So I was thrilled to read an article by Thomas L. Friedman in the NYT a few months ago, called “How To Get A Job At Google.” Friedman’s article expands upon an interview between Adam Bryant of the NYT and Lazlo Bock, SVP of People Operations for Google , where Bock goes into depth about the core attributes Google looks for when hiring. At one point, Bock says, “G.P.A.’s are worthless as a criteria for hiring, and test scores are worthless. … We found that they don’t predict anything.”

所以，幾個月前，我懷著興奮的心情拜讀了托馬斯·弗里德曼（Thomas L. Friedman）在《紐約時報》撰寫的一篇題為“如何在谷歌（Google）找到一份工作”的文章。弗里德曼的文章在《紐約時報》亞當·布萊恩特（Adam Bryant）對谷歌人事高級副總裁拉茲洛·波克（Lazlo Bock）的采訪基礎上進行了擴充。在此采訪中，波克深入介紹了谷歌在招募人才時所尋找的核心特征。波克一度表示，“作為招聘的標準，總平均成績（GPA）和測試成績都毫無價值……我們發現它們并不能說明任何問題。”

My point exactly. Someone can do very well in college and not have what it takes to succeed in the real world – and vice versa. Bock went on to say that an increasing proportion of people hired at Google these days don’t have college degrees. Bock then shared the five criteria Google does use when evaluating job candidates. I was struck not only by the list, but by the order. Here’s my understanding of what he said, and why it’s important for any job seeker:

這與我的觀點一拍即合。有些人在大學表現得非常出色，但在現實世界中卻很難獲得成功——反之亦然。波克接著說，在谷歌近期招聘的新職員中，沒有大學文憑的人越來越多。之后，波克分享了谷歌在評估應聘者時采用的五項標準。讓我驚訝的不僅僅是他們提供的這些標準本身，還有這五項標準的先后順序。以下是我對他的言論的解讀，以及這對求職者至關重要的原因：

5. Expertise. Bock noted that, except for making sure that people in technical jobs having coding ability, expertise is last on their list of five. They’ve found that the other four attributes (which I’ll get to in a minute) far outweigh expertise when it comes to predicting the abilities that Google has found they need in their employees. Bock notes that experts are more likely to simply default to the tried-and-true. I’ve seen this as well – when people self-identify as “expert” in an area, or as “highly experienced,” there’s a much higher likelihood that they will strongly defend their existing point of view when questioned, rather than being curious…their identity is all too often wrapped up in being the authority, vs. finding a better solution.

第五標準：專業知識。波克指出，除了確保科技工作者擁有編程能力之外，專業知識在五項核心特征排名中墊底。至于哪些因素能預測谷歌需要從其員工身上獲得的能力，他們已經發現，其他四個特征要比專業知識遠遠更加重要。波克指出，專家們更有可能簡單地選擇墨守成規。我也體會到了這一點——當人們自認為是一個領域的“專家”或者“經驗豐富人士”時，他們很有可能在受到質疑時堅決捍衛自己已有的觀點，而不是充滿好奇心……他們往往被“充當權威”的目的所蒙蔽，而沒有將尋找更好的解決方案作為目標。

4. Ownership. At Google, they look for people who take responsibility for solving problems and moving the enterprise forward – who feel passionate about making things work. I see the importance of this in my own company and in all of our client companies. In this era of daily change and upheaval in almost every industry and area of knowledge, it’s a huge disadvantage to have employees who are passive doers of tasks and order-takers. You need people who are internally motivated to figure out how to make things better.

第四標準：主人翁意識。在谷歌，人們尋找對解決問題并推動這家企業向前發展負責的職員，即對解決問題充滿熱情的一群人。無論是在我的公司，還是所有客戶的公司，我都看到了它的重要性。在這個幾乎所有行業和知識領域每天都會發生巨大變化的時代，擁有不積極完成任務或只被動接受指令的員工，會使公司處在非常不利的地位。你需要一群從內心真正想要更加出色完成工作的職工。

3. Humility. At the same time, Bock notes that passion and drive toward responsibility has to be balanced by humility: an openness to someone else having an even better idea than you, or knowing more about how to make something work. In Bock’s words: “You need a big ego and small ego in the same person at the same time.” I’ve noticed that when someone has both these qualities – a fierce drive to make things better combined with a welcoming attitude, an assumption that others have as much to offer, or more – that person tends to be both enormously effective individually and a wonderfully useful member of any team.

第三標準：謙遜。波克同時還指出，熱情和承擔責任的動力需要用謙遜加以平衡：當別人的點子比你更加完美，或者辦事比你更加在行時候，就要抱以接受的心態。用波克的話說，“你需要同一個人身上同時展現出一個強大的自我和一個謙遜的自我。”我注意到，當一些人具備這兩種特質的時候——強大的上進心，再加之友好的態度，認為其他人總能提出很好的意見——這樣的人往往在單獨工作時極為高效，同時在任何團隊中都能發光發熱。

2. Leadership. I love that Bock and his colleagues look for leadership at every level. And not, as he says, a traditional evaluation of leadership as in, “…were you president of the chess club? Were you vice president of sales? How quickly did you get there?” They’re looking for folks who can step in to guide and influence others toward an outcome when that’s what’s needed – no matter what their job or title may be. (And who also know – back to the humility criterion – when to step back and let someone else take that role. )

第二標準：領導力。波克和他的同事們在各個層面都不忘尋找領導力，這一點我很贊賞。而且正如他所說，他們采用的還不是對領導力的傳統評估方法，比如“……你是國際象棋社的社長嗎？你是銷售副總裁嗎？你的升值用了多長時間？”他們尋找的是能夠在必要的時候挺身而出，指導并影響其他人取得成果的人——無論他們的頭銜是什么（回到謙遜這一標準，這些人也該知道何時該置身事外，讓其他人擔當起某個角色）。

1. Ability to Learn. This is where I decided that Lazlo Bock and I are kindred souls; he notes that pure learning ability – the ability to pick up new things, to learn on the fly, to find patterns in disparate pieces of information and take the next step – is the number one thing hiring managers at Google have learned to look for in candidates. I could not agree more: I believe that people will succeed in today’s world to the extent they develop the ability to learn new things quickly and well. And that’s not only true in companies like Google or LinkedIn or Amazon, companies that pride themselves on coming up with new ideas and new approaches on a daily basis. Every company needs employees who are curious, who are willing to make mistakes and go out on a limb and ask dumb questions in order to develop new capabilities and new solutions – that’s how organizations will thrive and grow into the future.

第一標準：學習的能力。正是這一點讓我覺得我和拉茲洛·波克英雄所見略同；他指出，純粹的學習能力——擷取新鮮事物，隨時隨地學習，在分散的信息中發現規律并邁出下一步——是谷歌招聘經理們學到的應該在求職者身上找尋的最重要的標準。我完全同意：我認為，人們在當今世界中能夠取得的成功，取決于他們能在多大程度上培養出又快又好地學習新鮮事物的能力。這不僅僅適用于谷歌或者LinkedIn，又或者亞馬遜——那些以每日都提出新想法和新方案為豪的公司，實際上，所有的公司都需要這樣的員工——充滿好奇心，愿意犯錯、冒險并提出愚蠢問題以開發新能力、找出新的解決方案——這正是企業實現未來茁壯成長之道。

In the very wise and prescient words of Ari De Geus (he said this in the mid 90s): “The ability to learn faster than your competitors may be the only sustainable competitive advantage.”

用當代管理大師阿里·德赫斯（Arie de Geus）一句非常具有遠見卓識的話說，“比你的競爭對手更快學習的能力或許是唯一可持續的競爭優勢。”

第五篇

10 Reasons Why You Will Never Become Rich這輩子你富不起來的十大原因

There’s an interesting maxim about how long wealth actually stays with a person and their descendants. The saying is three generations, tops: one to make it, one to spend it, and the third to blow it. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule, but have you ever sat down and seriously thought about wealth and what it means to you? Or do you figure, “What the heck, I’ve always been broke, my forefathers were broke; it’s generational” – it’s just a rite of passage of sorts. If you feel that wealth is out of your reach, you aren’t alone. According to some experts, there are millions of ‘clueless potential millionaires’ who could be at the top of the wealth ladder if they only reined in a few bad habits. However, you may be a skeptic, and rightly so. Being wealthy means different things to different people. But according to the experts, there are financial mistakes many people make that keep them away from their possible wealth.

據lifespan網站報道，有句關于財富在人們及其后代中保留時間的格言，非常有趣。格言中的答案是富不過三代：一代賺，二代花，三代敗。當然，凡事總有例外，但你曾經是否，冷靜下來，認真思考過財富及其對你的意義？或者你是否想過：到底是哪門子的事，我祖上曾破產，我也總是破產？世世代代都這樣。”或者只是思考財富的方式各有不同。如果覺得自己跟財富無緣，要知道有這樣想法的人不止你一個。一些專家認為，還有著千百萬毫無頭緒“潛在的百萬富翁”，只要他們控制好自己的一些壞習慣，他們的名字就會出現在富豪榜單前列。然而，你也許是個懷疑論者，或者恰恰如此。不同的人對富裕有著不同的概念。但有些專家表示，錯誤的財務決定導致人們與財富無緣。

What is Wealth Anyway?

那么，財富究竟是什么呢？

Most people do not equate wealth with a mansion or a big yacht. In fact, a scanty 7% of people surveyed associate wealth with material possessions like cars, houses and boats. Rather, to many, being rich means having just enough to not worry about the next payday – that’s according to 33% of those questioned. An additional 26% define being wealthy, or rich, as having more than enough money to quit their jobs. Still, few people place an actual dollar amount on what it means to be wealthy. Only 17% felt that being rich means having at least $1 million or more, and 11% stated a six-figure yearly income would make them feel rich. Yet most people who are rich don’t even consider themselves rich. Maybe it’s because being ‘rich’ or ‘wealthy’ has very little to do with material possessions, and more to do with how people feel about themselves. Nonetheless, according to financial experts you will never be rich if you are bogged down by anything on the following list:

多數人并不會把財富等同于豪華大宅或游艇。事實上，在受訪人群中，僅7%的人認為財富與車子、房子及游艇這樣的物質財產密不可分。但是對于多數人，有33%的受訪人群表示，富裕意味著有足夠的經濟實力，且不用擔心工資不夠用的問題。另外的有26%認為富裕或者有錢就是家里的錢足夠多，可以不用工作。但是，很少人會用具體多少錢來衡量富裕與否。只有17%的人表示有錢意味著你至少得有一百萬美元以上，11%的人表示六位數的年收入才會讓他們覺得自己富有。但是大多數富人并不認為自己有錢。也許因為他們認為“有錢”或“富裕”與物質財產沒多大關系，更多的是人們自己怎么看待自己。然而，理財專家表示如果你有下列壞習慣，那么你就富不起來：

1. Overspending

1. 過度消費

If you have a ferocious appetite for spending beyond your means, you’re not alone. According to a survey, of the 52% of people who habitually overspend, many balance the shortfall by taking from their savings, and 22% rely on credit cards. Blowing all your money each month is not a realistic pathway to wealth. Start tracking where your money goes each month, check where you can cut back, and create a ‘realistic’ budget that allows you to pay your bills and invest in a retirement account or an emergency fund.

很多人消費欲望強烈，常常入不敷出。據一項調查顯示，52%的人已養成過度消費的習慣，其中許多人動用存款平衡收支，還有22%的人對信用卡產生依賴。每個月浪費掉你所有的錢，你怎么能富裕的起來呢。現在開始記錄每月用錢情況，看看哪里是否可以節省，制定一個“切實”的預算方案，該花的花，辦個退休賬戶或是留些應急基金。

2. Not Saving Enough

2. 儲蓄不足

Welcome to the club! The personal savings percentage in the US is a measly 4.9% of disposable income. Saving should become a priority if you want to accumulate wealth. Start with an emergency fund. Once your emergency fund is substantial, you can redirect small amounts toward other goals like purchasing a home or paying for college.

歡迎加入這個行列！在美國，個人存款占可支配收入的比重僅有4.9%。如果你想要積累財富，那么首先，你就應該存錢。先設立應急基金。當應急基金存夠了以后，你可以花一小部分錢用作他途，比如買房子或者付大學學費。

3. You Have Too Much Debt

3. 負債累累

Certain debts are a precursor to financial success, like purchasing real estate or starting a business; however, a high-interest credit card balance is not. Pay off credit cards with the highest rates first.

某些負債會帶來成功，比如說買地產或創業；但高利率的信用卡債務絕對是個災難。先還清利率最高的信用卡吧。

4. You Don’t Have a Plan

4. 缺乏計劃

Without a definite, clearly defined plan, becoming rich will seem like an unbelievable dream. This alone will solidify your excuses for overspending and not saving. As the saying goes, “Those who fail to plan, plan to fail.” Putting together a financial plan may seem tedious, but it doesn’t have to be, and you can get used to it.

缺乏一個明確清晰的計劃，想要富起來就像白日做夢。僅僅這一點，就會為你美化過度花費，存款不足的種種借口。常言道，“不制定計劃的人注定失敗。”制定理財計劃也許單調乏味，但也不一定無聊，習慣就好。

5. You Don’t Have an Emergency Fund

5. 無應急基金

Experts say you need at least six months of income saved in case of an emergency. Life is tricky, and not having some type of safety net can turn a comfortable situation into a disaster.

專家表示每個人至少需要半年工資收入作為應急基金。畢竟，生活沒有一帆風順，缺乏相關安全保障有時也會將安逸順境轉為苦難逆境。

6. You Started Late

6. 起步較晚

Time is slipping by. Just like starting an exercise routine, the most difficult part about saving is getting started. Even if you have debt, a small income, or many expenses, you can save something, even if it’s only a small amount.

時光消逝，歲月如梭。就像要開始日常鍛煉，最困難的一步就在起步階段。縱然你欠有債務、收入甚微、或是花錢如流，你也可以存點錢，哪怕只是一點點。

7. You Complain Rather Than Commit

7. 光說不練

“I don’t earn enough money”; “Life is too expensive”; “It’s hopeless, I’ll never get out of debt.” Have you uttered any of these statements before, or perhaps all of them? Old habits die hard; however, as long as you do nothing to change, nothing will change. Stop complaining and making excuses. Instead, take responsibility for your non-productive habits and concentrate on how to change them – and then do it!

“賺的不多”；“物價太高”；“債務纏身，毫無希望。”你有過其中的想法嗎？還是全都有？江山易改，本性難移；不付諸努力，什么也不會改變。那么，不再抱怨，不再尋求借口。而應該為自己無用的習慣買單，專注于如何改變他們，且說到做到！

8. You Live for Today, and Forget About Tomorrow

8. 不話當下，只論明天

It’s no fun getting serious and thinking about retirement and all that stuff. Nonetheless, eventually it has to be done. The problem is that impulsive and unregulated spending leads to debt… period! Do yourself a big favor: Get rid of the ‘buy now, worry later’ attitude, and switch to a ‘save now, get rich later’ way of thinking.

認真思考退休生活等類似事情，毫無樂趣。但是，你還是會這么想。原因在于沖動無節制的開銷導致了負債生活沒有終日！幫自己個大忙：轉變“現在買入，日后擔憂”的態度，開啟“現在存錢，日后富有”的思維方式。

9. Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket

9. 把雞蛋放在一個籃子里

You might get lucky by wagering all your money on one type of investment. Just like you might get lucky winning the lottery. But that’s not a strategy to live by, or for getting rich. Putting all your money in one place is not advised because it puts you at too much risk. Your investment portfolio should include multiple investments with varied levels of risk and ROI potential and liquidity.

將所有的錢投在一處，你或許會有好運氣。但，機率就像是中彩票一樣。所以，這不是一種適合的生活準則，更不會使你富裕起來。在一棵樹上吊死存在巨大的風險。投資組合應該搭配不同風險，回報率、流動性均不一的多種形式投資。

10. You Just Don’t Get It!

10. 就是不明白

You may be one of those people who believe that somehow something will come along and save you, so why bother with saving or trying to get out of debt? Maybe you will get lucky and land a fantastic job, receive a big pay raise, inherit money, hit the lottery, or whatever! But ‘whatever’ won’t cut it if you really want to become rich. Yes, life is uncertain. No one knows what will, or will not, actually happen; therefore, why not focus on what you can control today? Get it together now and save yourself, in case someone or something else won’t.

你也許屬于這樣的人，想著無論怎樣，總會有好事出現，拯救你，所以，為什么去費腦子，非要存款，或是還清債務呢？可能，你會交好運，找到份好工作，再來個大幅度加薪，或是繼承錢財，中彩票等等！但是，如果你真想富起來，這些還不管用。是的，生活無常，沒有人知道將來會發生，不會發生什么；因此，為什么不集中精力做你今天能做到的呢？如果沒有人或事幫你的話，那就打起精神，幫幫自己吧。

One thing you can be sure of: You are already rich. Think about it. If someone came to you and offered you a million dollars for your arm, would you give it up? Why not, you have two; you can surely spare one of them! Of course the answer would be no! Being rich is more than physical ownership; it’s a state of happiness and well-being, while wishing the same for others. So while you are working on getting rich materially, remember to be happy along the way!

有件事你可以確信無疑：你已經是百萬富翁了。想一想，如果有人打算出一百萬美元買你的手臂，你愿意嗎？為什么不呢，你有左右兩支手臂；你完全可以出賣一支！當然，大家的回答都是不可能。富裕不僅僅是身體要健康，還是一種快樂幸福的狀態，當然，同時也不忘祝福他人。所以，努力奮斗在致富之路上，請記住，要一路幸福。

英語文章(5)

"Give me a decaf triple vente, 2 pump vanilla, non-fat, extra hot, stirred, no foam caramel macchiato with whip cream and caramel sauce top and bottom."

“給我一杯熱的、無咖啡因和泡沫的香草糖漿脫脂加奶油濃縮式焦糖瑪奇朵咖啡。”

If you happen to be standing in one of the ubiquitous Starbucks or Coffee Bean chains in the US, chances are pretty good you might hear someone order something like this. The advent of big business coffee powerhouses like Starbucks has transformed coffee-drinking into an extremely popular and profitable industry that is quickly spreading across the globe. Like other successful consumer-oriented businesses with a stranglehold on modern culture (iPod and Google come to mind), big coffeehouse businesses have made their product increasingly user-friendly, highly customizable, and readily accessible to people all around the world.

如果你碰巧在隨處可見的星巴克或者香啡繽之類的咖啡連鎖店附近，你會經常聽見有人這樣點咖啡。像星巴克這樣的大型商業咖啡連鎖店的出現已經將傳統的咖啡飲品轉變成一種盈利的流行產業，并且在全世界范圍內迅速發展。不同于其它的一些以消費者為導向的知名成功產業束縛了現代文化的發展（馬上就想到了iPod和Google），大型商業咖啡連鎖店使他們的產品更具親和力、更適合消費者、更接近全球大眾。

Coffee has a history dating back to at least the 9th century and has been a catalyst for social interaction across cultures and eras. Originally discovered in Ethiopia, coffee beans were brought into the Middle East by Arab traders, spreading to Egypt, Yemen, Persia, Turkey, and North Africa by the 15th century. Muslim merchants eventually brought the beans to the thriving port city of Venice, where they sold them to wealthy Italian buyers. Soon, the Dutch began importing and growing coffee in places like Java and Ceylon (largely through slave labor), and the British East India Trading Company was popularizing the beverage in England. Coffee spread across Europe and even reached America.

咖啡的歷史可以追溯到9世紀，并被看成是一種超越文化和時代限制、促進社會交往的催化劑。最初埃塞俄比亞人發現了咖啡豆，阿拉伯商人將其帶往中東地區，并在15世紀傳播到埃及、也門、波斯、土耳其和北非。接著穆斯林商人把這些豆子帶往繁榮的港口城市威尼斯，并將其賣給富有的意大利商人。很快，荷蘭引進咖啡豆并在爪哇、錫蘭（大多是奴隸勞動）等地開始種植。大不列顛東印度貿易公司將這種飲料在英國普及開來。經過這一系列的不斷傳播和發展，咖啡遍及歐洲，并最終來到美國。

Where there has been coffee, there has been the coffeehouse. From the 15th century Middle Eastern establishments where men gathered to listen to music, play chess, and hear recitations from works of literature, to Paris" Cafe le Procope where luminaries of the French Enlightenment such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot came to enjoy a hot cup of joe, coffeehouses have traditionally served as centers of social interaction, places where people can come to relax, chat, and exchange ideas.

哪里有咖啡，哪里就有咖啡屋。從15世紀人們聚集在一起聽歌、下棋、講述文學作品的中東地區，到法國啟蒙運動中的文化名人聚集的巴黎普洛各普咖啡館，比如伏爾泰、盧梭、狄德羅就曾經來這里品嘗熱咖啡，咖啡館自古以來就是一個供人們休息、聊天、交流思想和進行社會交往的中心。

The modern coffee shop is modeled on the espresso and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses that arose with the establishment of Italian-American immigrant communities in major US cities such as New York City"s Little Italy and Greenwich Village, Boston"s North End, and San Francisco"s North Beach. New York coffee shops were often frequented by the Beats in the 1950"s. It wasn"t long before Seattle and other parts of the Pacific Northwest were developing coffee shops as part of a thriving counterculture scene. The Seattle-based Starbucks took this model and brought it into mainstream culture.

現代咖啡館借鑒意大利咖啡館的濃縮咖啡和圓心餡餅模式，以至于在很多美國的大城市出現了一系列意大利裔移民聚集區，比如紐約的小意大利、格林威治村、波士頓北極、舊金山北灘。在20世紀50年代，“垮掉派”也是咖啡館的常客。不久在西雅圖和太平洋西北部的城市也出現了越來越多的咖啡館，并且迅速發展成為了反傳統文化的中心。源自西雅圖的星巴克利用這種模式，并將其帶入主流文化。

Although coffeehouses today continue to serve their traditional purpose as lively social hubs in many communities, they have noticeably adapted to the times. Rediscovering their purpose as centers of information exchange and communication, many coffee shops now provide their customers with internet access and newspapers. It has become extremely common to see someone sitting at a Starbucks listening to music or surfing the web on his or her laptop. Coffee stores today also maintain a fairly identifiable, yet unique aesthetic: wooden furniture and plush couches, paintings and murals drawn on walls, and soft-lighting combine to give coffee shops the cozy feeling of a home away from home.

盡管今天的咖啡館仍然像過去一樣，在很多地方扮演著社會活動中心的角色，最顯著的特點是它們的時間適應性。重新作為信息交換和談論的中心，咖啡館為客人提供上網的途徑和報刊雜志。在星巴克看見有人聽歌或用筆記本上網是極為平常的事情。直到今天咖啡館仍然保持其清晰獨特的審美品味：木制的家具、舒適的沙發、以及墻上的彩繪和壁畫。所有的一切包括柔和的燈光，都給咖啡館營造了一種舒適安逸的氛圍，仿佛置身于自己的另一個家中。

Today, big business retail coffee shops are expanding quickly all over the world. Starbucks alone has stores in over 40 countries and plans to add more. Despite its popularity, Starbucks has been criticized and labeled by many as a blood-sucking corporate machine, driving smaller coffee shops out of business through unfair practices. This has even spawned an anti-corporate coffee counterculture, with those subscribing to this culture boycotting big business coffee chains. Increasingly popular coffee stores such as The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf are also giving Starbucks some stiff competition. In any case, it seems pretty clear that coffee has weaved itself into the fabric of our consumer-oriented culture.

今天，大型商業咖啡零售店在全球迅速發展。僅僅是星巴克就已經遍及全球40多個國家并且還在不斷擴展中。盡管受歡迎，但星巴克還是被有些人指責或標榜為“吸血鬼機器”，因為它的壟斷使得許多小型咖啡企業破產。甚至造成了一種反企業壟斷的非主流文化和與其相呼應的抵制大型商業咖啡連鎖店活動。像香啡繽這樣的咖啡館的興起也增加了星巴克的競爭壓力。無論如何，可以肯定的是，咖啡已經將自己置身于以消費者為導向的文化結構中。

Coffee, it would seem, is more than just a drink. From early on after its inception, coffee has been tied closely with cultural trends and has been indicative of important periods in history. It was poured into the cups of the giants of the French Enlightenment as they changed the course of human thought, it was placed on the backs of Brazilian slaves in the era of Imperialism, it"s fragrance was in the air as Beat poets like Kerouac and Ginsberg wrote of their alienation, and it is here now as the world continues to change in this era of technology and globalization. So the next time you enjoy your latte or your ice-cold caramel frappuccino, appreciate the fact that you are connected to countless numbers of people spanning many different cultures and eras through your love of that wondrous beverage: coffee.

可以說，咖啡已經不僅僅是一種飲料。自始至終，它都和文化發展緊密相聯并且成為歷史重要時期的象征。咖啡在改變了人類思想進程的法國啟蒙運動巨人們的杯中緩緩流動；咖啡是帝國主義時代巴西奴隸肩上沉重的負擔；咖啡在“垮掉派詩人”凱魯亞克和金斯堡描寫孤獨寂寥的空氣中肆意飄香。到了今天，它依舊在這個科技和全球化的時代里隨著世界不斷地發展和改變。所以下次，在你享受熱鐵拿或冰卡布奇諾時，可以想象一下，你正在穿越文化和時空的界限與無數的偉人進行思維的交流和碰撞，都是由于對這種美味飲料的熱愛：咖啡。

英語文章(6)

View from an Empty Nest

I felt sad and lonely when my kids left the house—until I saw that my most important relationship was waiting to be rekindled.

BY: June Cerza Kolf

Years ago when I first heard the term "empty nest," it sounded like a pleasant position to be in.? I had three toddlers and the thought of waking up in the morning fully rested, instead of having my eyes pried open by tiny fingers, was quite attractive.

?I correctly assumed that in an empty nest, I could wear clothes without spit-up stains, finish sentences when speaking to my husband, and carry a purse without squeak toys, or pacifiers, or cookie crumbs.

?Oh, the beauty of dinnertime without spilled milk, a house without the background sounds of crying, walls without sticky fingerprints, and being able to sleep through an entire night.?I could push a shopping cart that was filled with groceries instead of children!

?However, when I reached that sought-after goal, it was rather a disappointment.?Up close, the empty nest no longer looked quite as attractive.?This was partly because the ensuing years had automatically solved many of the distasteful parts of motherhood.?For some time, no one had been spitting up on me or crying to be fed in the middle of the night.?Nobody needed to be bathed or dressed or have their shoes tied ten times a day.? Just when the children became pleasant company, they moved out.? Is there no justice?

?I tried not to look into the three empty bedrooms as I passed by them.? Even though the beds were all neatly made, the rooms lacked character.?The one-eyed teddy bear was missing from his favorite spot on the floor.?School books, papers, and cans of hair spray had all disappeared.?The closet doors covered vacant areas that at one time had been stuffed beyond their limits.

?When I finally crept out of my depression to take a peek around me, I noticed my dear husband, Jack, looking almost the same as when I had fallen wildly in love with him.?Except for showing a bit of wear and tear, the years had been good to him.?I fondly looked at the gray hairs at his temple, knowing exactly where they had come from.?I caught myself grinning when I realized that the creases on his face were smile lines, not worry wrinkles.

?As I sat gazing at him, I realized my nest was not empty after all.?It still held the one special person I had chosen to share my life with.?In the quiet of the empty nest, it might be easier for us to find each other.? As I looked at him I wondered if maybe, just maybe, we could rekindle the sparks we had originally ignited.? And then, as if to answer my unspoken question, he looked up at me and winked.

Footprints

Deep in his slumber, one night a man had a very real, yet surreal dream. He dreamt that he was walking along the beach with God. As he looked up at the sky, he saw all the scenes of his life flash by along with two sets of footprints: one set for himself, and another for God.

After all the scenes had flashed before him, he looked back at those footprints and noticed something quite disturbing: At the most difficult times in his life, he saw only one set of footprints.

This deeply troubled the man, so he turned and said to God: “You said that if I followed you, then you would always walk with me through thick and thin. In looking back, I see that during the most painful times there is only one set of footprints. Why did you leave me when I needed you the most?”

“I love you and would never leave. It was during those times when you suffered the most that I carried you.”

Digging a way out

There’s a man who has been by himself in a prison cell with a dirt floor, crude stone walls, and there’s two windows one of which looks out towards the ocean. All of the sudden, he hears a scratching noise, and he looks down at the ground that is furthest away from the window facing the ocean. He sees the ground moving, and he starts to think he’s losing his mind. But soon the ground breaks, and up pops a head with long hair and a beard… it’s a prisoner.

And the prisoner says “Sssh. Listen. A group of us have been tunneling for about six years, and we’ve finally reached your cell. We have ways to cover up my entrance into this, but now it’s all on your shoulders, man. All you have to do,” he said while pointing out the window towards the ocean, “you just start digging here and go down about six feet and about 75 feet in that direction and there is freedom, and we’re out here!”

“Oh, I love that! That’s great; I want to be free!”

“Okay, I’ll check back with you in a few weeks.”

Two weeks later, the pops back in to check on his friend’s progress, and his friend nods back with great affirmation. “Yeah, I’ve done it.”

So the man who was providing the instructions pops down the hole, and two seconds later pops right back up and says, “What have you done?!?!?”

“Huh?”

“I told you to dig in the direction towards the OCEAN! This tunnel that you dug goes back under the wall and into the prison yard.”

“Well, the digging was easier in the other direction…”

The Old Man

Once long ago, there lived an old man. He had no money. He had no plan. All that he had was a horse oh so grand and he and his horse lived off the land.

The King offered riches for this horse oh so fine, “I’ll give you money if you’ll make your horse mine.” But the old man said, “My horse will not be sold, he lives with me. He lives free and bold.”

Then one day the horse was plain gone. “The horse had been stolen,” the townsfolk cried on. The old man said, “Friends, don’t look so sad, though the horse be gone that may not be so sad.”

“You foolish old man, look what you’ve done. You had a fine horse and now you have none. A curse it is and a curse it will be, you shouldn’t have let your horse wander free!”

The horse soon returned with others by its side. There were twelve now of beauty and pride.The townsfolk said, “Old man, you were right. You are blessed to have horses of unearthly delight!”

“I have 12 horses, yes that is true but that does not mean I am blessed with them too.It is too soon to judge, who knows what will be?Try not to make stories from the little you see.”

As it came to pass, the old man’s only son tried riding a horse, just for fun.Yet he broke both his legs while playing this game and the townsfolk cried, “Oh what a shame!”

The old man said, “Friends don’t speak so soon.You hear just one note yet you sing an entire tune. Who’s to say what the future may hold? My son’s legs are broken but the future lies untold.”

Soon there was war, and the young men of town were all sent to fight and were shot down. But the old man’s son was saved from this plight. He had broken his legs, he was forced not to fight.

And the townfolk cried out, “Again you were right!” But the old man replied, “Have you no sight? Only God knows what is and will be. To live and let live is to live and live free.”

— By Jonathan Robinson

Wait For The Brick

A young and successful executive was traveling down a neighborhood street, going a bit too fast in his new Jaguar. He was watching for kids darting out from between parked cars and slowed down when he thought he saw something. As his car passed, no children appeared. Instead, a brick smashed into the Jag"s side door! He slammed on the brakes and drove the Jag back to the spot where the brick had been thrown. The angry driver then jumped out of the car, grabbed the nearest kid and pushed him up against a parked car, shouting, "What was that all about and who are you?
Just what the heck are you doing?
That"s a new car and that brick you threw is going to cost a lot of money.
Why did you do it?"
The young boy was apologetic. "Please mister ... please, I"m sorry... I didn"t know what else to do," he pleaded.
"I threw the brick because no one else would stop..."
With tears dripping down his face and off his chin, the youth pointed to a spot just around a parked car.
"It"s my brother," he said.
"He rolled off the curb and fell out of his wheelchair and I can"t lift him up."

Now sobbing, the boy asked the stunned executive, "Would you please help me get him back into his wheelchair? He"s hurt and he"s too heavy for me."
Moved beyond words, the driver tried to swallow the rapidly swelling lump in his throat. He hurriedly lifted the handicapped boy back into the wheelchair, then took out his fancy handkerchief and dabbed at the fresh scrapes and cuts. A quick look told him everything was going to be okay.

"Thank you and may God bless you," the grateful child told the stranger.
Too shook up for words, the man simply watched the little boy push his wheelchair-bound brother down the sidewalk toward their home. It was a long, slow walk back to the Jaguar. The damage was very noticeable, but the driver never bothered to repair the dented side door. He kept the dent there to remind him of this message: Don"t go through life so fast that someone has to throw a brick at you to get your attention!

God whispers in our souls and speaks to our hearts. Sometimes when we don"t have time to listen, He has to throw a brick at us.

The Wooden Bowl

A frail old man went to live with his son, daughter-in-law, and a four-year old grandson. The old man"s hands trembled, his eyesight was blurred, and his step faltered. The family ate together nightly at the dinner table. But the elderly grandfather"s shaky hands and failing sight made eating rather difficult. Peas rolled off his spoon onto the floor. When he grasped the glass often milk spilled on the tablecloth. The son and daughter-in-law became irritated with the mess. "We must do something about grandfather," said the son. I"ve had enough of his spilled milk, noisy eating, and food on the floor. So the husband and wife set a small table in the corner. There, grandfather ate alone while the rest of the family enjoyed dinner at the dinner table. Since grandfather had broken a dish or two, his food was served in a wooden bowl. Sometimes when the family glanced in grandfather"s direction, he had a tear in his eye as he ate alone. Still, the only words the couple had for him were sharp admonitions when he dropped a fork or spilled food. The four-year-old watched it all in silence.

One evening before supper, the father noticed his son playing with wood scraps on the floor. He asked the child sweetly, "What are you making?" Just as sweetly, the boy responded, "Oh, I am making a little bowl for you and mama to eat your food from when I grow up." The four-year-old smiled and went back to work. The words so struck the parents that they were speechless. Then tears started to stream down their cheeks. Though no word was spoken, both knew what must be done. That evening the husband took grandfather"s hand and gently led him back to the family table.

For the remainder of his days he ate every meal with the family. And for some reason, neither husband nor wife seemed to care any longer when a fork was dropped, milk spilled, or the tablecloth soiled. Children are remarkably perceptive. Their eyes ever observe, their ears ever listen, and their minds ever process the messages they absorb. If they see us patiently provide a happy home atmosphere for family members, they will imitate that attitude for the rest of their lives. The wise parent realizes that every day that building blocks are being laid for the child"s future.

英語文章(7)

Saving the Environment is Everyone’s Business

“Save the environment!”

Nowadays slogans like this are being cited on different media frequently. What is happening to our environment? Why does environmental protection become such an urgent affair?

As far as I’m concerned a number of reasons contribute to this phenomenon. Above all, one of the most serious problems is the seriously polluted air. As is known to all, Beijing as well as most of the northeastern China is suffering from heavy haze. As a result, citizens have to ware respirators when going out. In the second place, plastic pollution has become a serious problem. As a kind of useful oil product they can’t decompose in a short time. Once discarded into earth they will pollute the surrounding soil and water in a long term. Moreover, during the last thirty years, the temperature of the world has increased sharply. Global warming has become a serious problem we must face ahead of anything.

Taking all these factors into consideration we may safely come to the conclusion that saving the environment is everyone’s business. In fact we can play a very important role in saving the environment by doing the following things.

Be “green commuters”!

Green commuting is an unreplaceable part of reducing pollution in the air. We should ride bikes more often instead of driving cars. As we all know, automobile exhaust is the direct source of the greenhouse gases. By riding a bike, we can exercise our body while protecting our environment. Also, we can choose not to use the elevator but to climb stairs instead which can save the electricity.

Wipe off the “white”!

Do you often use the plastic bags? People all around the world use a massive number of plastic bags every year. People should pay for the plastic bags in shops and supermarkets. This encourages people to use their cloth bags and baskets. It’s good for our environment. As for students, we should not only stop using plastic bags but also lead the people around us to follow our steps.

More “green” means less green gas.

An increasing amount of carbon dioxide is discharged into the air from burning the coal and oil every year which eventually lead to the gobble warming. Thus, more trees should be planted. It’s a common sense that trees can provide us with oxygen and observe the noxious gas in our atmosphere. Since an increasing number of trees are being cutting down we should plant threes regularly so as to maintain the natural environmental self-cleaning capability.

Saving the environment is everyone’s business. From all that has been discussed above we can see clearly that even the simplest things we can do every day can have a positive effect on improving the environment. Therefor I believe with the joint effort of every one of us the world is sure to become a better place for you and me. Now, let’s join hands to save the environment!

英語文章(8)

Study on Effect of Grinding Fluid Supply Parameters on Surface Integrity in Quick-point Grinding for Green Manufacturing

Abstract. In high and super-high speed grinding process, there is an airflow layer with high speed around the circle edge of the grinding wheel that hinders the grinding fluid into contact layer, namely, the air barrier effect. The speed of airflow layer is directly proportional to the square of the wheel speed. Quick-point grinding is a new type of high and super-high speed grinding process with a point contact zone and less grinding power. The edge effect of the air barrier is weakened because the thin CBN wheel is applied in the process. By the analysis of dynamic pressure and velocity distributions in the airflow layer around the wheel edge, the mathematic models of the flow and jet pressure of grinding fluid for effective supply in the process were established and the process of optimization calculation of the jet nozzle diameter for green manufacturing was also analyzed based on the thermodynamics and the technical character of quick-point grinding process. The quick-point grinding experiment for surface integrity influenced by grinding fluid supply parameters was performed.

Introduction

Grinding is the machining process that has heavy effect on both environment and resource. The heavy effect results from the grinding powder and grinding fluid that is used in grinding process largely for cooling, washing and lubricating functions mainly. Especially for high and super-high grinding speed process, there is the airflow layer with high rotary speed around the circle edge of the grinding wheel that hinders the grinding fluid into the contact layer [1], namely the airflow barrier effect. So it has to increase the grinding fluid supply parameters to keep the fluid effect during grinding process. In recent years, it has been the focus of research in engineering to improve the grinding greenness and develop the green grinding process. Quick-point grinding is a new type of high and super-high speed grinding process with some excellent performances, such as low grinding force and temperature, good cooling conditions, long wheel life and so on. It is possible to achieve the dry grinding by designing the grinding fluid system and the grinding fluid supply parameters reasonably, and optimizing grinding process parameters for green manufacturing.

Analysis of Pressure and Velocity of Airflow Layer around Wheel

Grinding heat is generated from the deformation and friction of materials during the grinding process and makes the grinding temperature rise, which can result in the thermal surface damage of workpiece. Therefore, a reliable grinding fluid system is necessary for the most grinding process to keep cooling, washing and lubricating functions. For high and super-high speed grinding process, the grinding fluid supply parameters and jet way must be designed reasonably to overcome the airflow barrier effect on fluid supply, increase the ratio of the effective fluid and reduce the splash and waste of the fluid. In quick-point grinding process, it is the point contact between wheel and workpiece due to the point grinding angles and the thin CBN wheel (Fig. 1), so the airflow layer is very narrow and the airflow barrier effect weakens, the fluid effect is improved greatly, as a result, the grinding fluid supply parameters can be lessened.

Fig. 1 Principle of quick-point grinding

The thickness and pressure of the airflow layer with high rotary speed around the circle edge of grinding wheel is the main factors to influence the fluid effect in high speed grinding, the higher the wheel speed, the thicker the airflow layer is and the higher the pressure of the airflow layer is. According to Bernoulli Equation [2], the dynamic pressure of the airflow layer is given by

where va is the airflow speed [m/s], ρa is the air density [kg/m3]. If the dynamic pressure pa of the airflow layer is measured on the different wheel position, the airflow speed at same position can be calculated. Table1 gives the experiment values of dynamic pressure and speed of air layer. If the diameter of wheel is 600mm and the wheel speed is 30m/s and 60m/s respectively, the measured values of the dynamic pressure and the airflow speed are shown in Table1. It is visible that the dynamic pressure of the airflow layer is increased with increase of the wheel speed.

Table 1 Measured values of dynamic pressure and speed of airflow layer

Fig. 2 shows the distribution of the speed of airflow layer with the distance t between the airflow layer and the wheel edge [3]. The airflow speed is decreased with the increase of the distance between the airflow layer and the wheel, and increased with the increase of wheel speed. The maximum speed of airflow is generated on the circle of the wheel edge and approaches the maximum peripheral wheel speed. But there are the sharper grads of the airflow speed along the radial direction of the wheel. Therefore, the rotary airflow layer with high pressure keeps the grinding zone off grinding fluid and lowers the workpiece integrity and the wheel life due to the fail in the fluid effect. In quick-point grinding process, it is the point contact between wheel and workpiece in theory because the axes of the wheel and the workpiece are unparallel each other (Fig. 1) which is different from the conventional cylindrical grinding, so the cooling condition is better. Because the thin CBN wheel is used in the process, in addition, the airflow layer barrier effect on grinding fluid is weakened.

Calculation of Grinding Fluid Flow

In general, the work of 85%~90% to be absorbed for deformation and friction of materials converts into heat energy at normal temperature [4, 5], namely the thermal effect. For grinding process, the deformation and friction of materials as the main work is generated through the whole process.Therefore, it can be concluded that the most non-elasticity work convert into heat in grinding process. Based on the heat-work balance equation, the flow of grinding fluid is given by

where ρ is the fluid density [kg/m3], N is the grinding power [kW], c is the specific heat [J/kg·K], G is the cooling coefficient that rests with the contact area between wheel and workpiece and the ratio of the effective fluid to enter grinding zone, generally, G is selected in range of 1.0~2.0, Δt is the increment of temperature and selected in range of 5 ~15 ℃. For the grinding fluid supply system (Fig. 3) in quick-point grinding, the larger G can be selected due to the better cooling conditions and the less contact area.

Analysis of Fluid Jet Pressure

To overcome the airflow barrier effect and make the fluid enter contact zone, the grinding fluid jet pressure must fit for the following inequation

where v0 is the fluid jet speed [m/s]. Given the diameter of the fluid jet nozzle, the fluid flow Q is increased with the increase of the fluid jet pressure. On the other hand, the higher the jet pressure of fluid, the heavier the splash and spray of the fluid are, and the more the consumed power is. Therefore, the jet pressure is usually 0.3~3 MPa in high and super-high speed grinding process. In quick-point grinding process, it is the point contact between the wheel and the workpiece in theory because the axes of the wheel and the workpiece are unparallel each other (Fig. 1) which is different from the conventional cylindrical grinding, so the less contact area lowers the grinding heat and force greatly, and improves the cooling performance and the grinding fluid effect. In addition, the thin CBN wheel makes the airflow barrier effect weaken. Therefore, given the fluid jet pressure, the flow can be lessened by reducing the diameter of the jet nozzle to weaken the influence of grinding fluid on environment and improve the greenness of the grinding process.

Calculation of Jet Nozzle Diameter

The fluid flux through the jet nozzle is calculated by

where d0 is the jet nozzle diameter [mm]. Combined Eq.3 with Eq.4, the maximum diameter of jet nozzle is given by

For improving the fluid effect, double nozzles are applied in quick-point grinding process (Fig. 3). Given the fluid flux, the maximum diameter of the primary and secondary jet nozzle is calculated by

In quick-point grinding process, provided that the local area near the contact point was considered only and the curvature effect of the contact arc on the workpiece was omitted, the real contact length may be less than 0.5mm [6], therefore the larger G can be selected due to the better cooling conditions.

Experiment for Effect of Grinding Fluid on Surface Integrity

Experiment Conditions. The experiment conditions are shown in Table 2.

The grinding wheel and fluid system are shown in Fig. 4 and ground workpiece is shown in Fig. 5。The hardness is measured with TH550 Rockwell Hardness Tester at the depth 0.1 mm from the surface.

Analysis of Experiment Results. Given the fluid jet pressure 2 MPa, the ground surface roughness presents a decline trend appreciably with increase of fluid flow at the range of 0~20 L/min, but the decline extent is very less. So the grinding fluid flux is not a main factor to influence the surface roughness under certain fluid jet pressure. Given the fluid jet pressure 2MPa, the ground surface hardness presents a decline trend appreciably with decrease of the fluid flux at the range of 0~20 L/min. Especially in dry grinding, the surface hardness drops observably, which shows that the thermal damage is generated at a certain extent. Consequently, although the dry grinding can be applied in quick-point grinding process some time for high greenness, it is necessary to design the proper grinding fluid supply parameters against the thermal damages in grinding some quenched steels.

Conclusions

(1) In high and super-high grinding speed process, there is the airflow layer with high rotary speed around the circle edge of grinding wheel that hinders the grinding fluid into contact layer. The pressure of the airflow layer increases with raise of the rotary speed of grinding wheel. There are the sharper speed grads in the airflow layer along the radial direction of the wheel.

(2) The less contact area in quick-point grinding makes the grinding heat and force lower observably, and the cooling performance and the grinding fluid effect increase. Due to the thin CBN wheel used, the airflow barrier effect is weakened. Therefore, it is possible to lower the fluid supply parameters in quick-point grinding process for weakening the influence of grinding fluid on environment and improving the greenness of the grinding process.

(3) The grinding fluid flow is not main factor to affect the surface roughness under certain fluid jet pressure. Although the dry grinding can be applied in quick-point grinding process for high greenness, it is necessary to design the proper grinding fluid parameters against the thermal damages in grinding some quenched steels.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Liaoning Province of China under granted No. 20072030 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under granted No. 50775032.

References

[1] E. Brinksmeier, M. Heinzel. Annals of the CIRP, 1999, Vol. 2:48 (1999), p. 581-598

[2] M.T. Tan: Microcosmic Investigation on Metal Cutting (Shanghai Science and Technology Press, China 1988)

[3] G. L. Song: Basic Study on Super-high Speed Grinding Technology. (Ph.D. Northeastern University, Shenyang, 1997)

[4] S. C. Chen, Q. R. Ye: Principle of Plasticity Process for Metal. (Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, 1991)

[5] J. X. Ren, and D. A. Hua: Grinding Principle. ( Northwest Technical University Press, Xian, 1988), p. 234-238

[6] S. C. Xiu, G. Q. Cai and Y. D. Gong. Diamond and Abrasives Engineering, No.4 (2005), p.33-35

Grinding at Very Low Speed

Abstract.

Grinding is a very complex machining process. Single grain grinding methods are useful to study complex grinding action. Very low speed single-grain grinding tests were carried out for 45 steel and 20Cr alloy with 14# ZA grain. The grinding groove width and depth, the grinding force ratio, specific grinding forces, and grain wear and fracture are studied. The plowing decreases with the grinding section area or grinding depth increase. The average tangential force at grain fracture in the experiments is 54.4N; the average normal force at grain fracture is 949.6N. The ratio of tangential-to-normal force varies suddenly when grain fracture.

Introduction

Grinding is a machining process which utilizes a grinding wheel consisting of abrasive grains. It is a very complex process with many variations. In scientific research, complex phenomena are usually abstracted to simple models. The single grain grinding is an important method to study complex grinding action [1-6]. Single grain grinding experiments are useful because with the application of a large load, the extent of damage can be amplified for interpretation while unaffected by interactions

with the damage in surrounding locations undergoing similar processes. The method provides the most detailed picture of the cross-sectional shape of a grinding point. Many scholars, studied the grain wear and crash, the chip formation and the grinding forces with an ideal shape of grain, and obtained some useful conclusions. In this paper, single grain grinding tests for 45 carbon steel and 20Cr alloy with 14# ZA grain (aluminum oxide, 10~15%ZrO2) have been conducted. Grinding force ratio, grain wear and fracture are discussed.

Experimental Condition and Procedure

The experiments have been done on a machine tool in Northeastern University. A single grain is adhered to a bolt. The bolt is installed on the dynamometer device. The device is shown in Fig. 1. The tangential and normal grinding forces are measured by Y82-7 piezoelectricity crystalloid force-sensor (sensitive degree: 4.08pc/N, intrinsic frequency: 30KHZ) and FDH-2T electricity amplifier. The signal is output to CS2092 dynamic testing instrument to note and deal with the data after amplified. In order to reduce noise and improve accuracy, the sensors are prestressed. The dynamometer can be in better condition because of the force prestressed. The calibration is done after the dynamometer device is fixed.

The grain used in the experiments is 14# ZA Aluminum Oxide (10~15%ZrO2). The materials of work is 45 steel (HV hardness, 222 kg/mm2) and 20Cr alloy (HV hardness, 162 kg/mm2).The experimental conditions of single grain grinding is shown in Table 1. The experiments were carried out in atmospheric condition of room temperature 20℃; relative humidity, 40-60%.

Fig. 1 Configuration of single grain grinding test

Table 1 Conditions of test

Results and Discussion

Grinding Groove Morphology. The groove cross section is shown in Fig. 2. w is groove width, and d groove depth. The relationships between groove width and depth under different conditions are shown in Fig. 3. Those relations reflect conditions of grains cutting blade and elastic comeback of groove.

Fig. 2 Cross section of grinding groove

Force Ratio ε. Force ratio can be defined as ε=Ft/Fn, where Ft is tangential force, Fn normal force. Force ratio ε is very useful to study the friction between grain and work, to evaluate grain cutting conditions. For sharp grains, tangential force Ft is mainly used to form chips, Force ratio ε is larger than that for blunt grain. The relationship between force ratio ε and groove cross section area is shown in Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 4, force ratio ε increase with groove cross section area. This demonstrates that the plowing decreases with grinding section area increase. It indicates that the sliding decreases with the grinding section area or grinding depth increase.

Fig. 3 Scheme of the grind width versus the grind depth of grooves

Fig. 4 Relation between ratio of tangential-to-normal force and groove section area

Specific Grinding Force. Specific grinding force definite as σ’= Fgt/A. Specific grinding force σ’ may reflect characteristic of work material and grain tartness degree. Specific grinding force has the similar physics meaning and the same dimension with specific energy. The specific melting energy of steels is 10.35J/mm3.The specific force for single grain grinding 45 carbon steel and 20Cr alloy is about 12×103N/mm2 at v=2.8cm/s with the cross section area of undeformed chip increase. That value is higher than the specific melting energy of steels.

Fracture of Grain. The actual cutting points on abrasive grains at wheel surface are micro-cutting tools which interact with the work material. The grain fracture can produce new abrade on the grain. That is the foundation of the characteristic of wheel self-sharpen. The ratio of tangential-to-normal force ε varies along the groove in a single pass grinding is shown in Fig. 5. The value of force ratio ε stabilizes in the middle part of the groove. In this period the chips were formed. The force ratio ε varies suddenly at beginning and end. The reason may be micro fracture.

Fig. 5 Ratio of tangential-to-normal force along the groove

Conclusions

Grinding is a very complex machining process with many variations, which utilizes a grinding wheel consisting of abrasive grain. Single grain grinding experiments are useful to study complex grinding action. In this investigation, single-grain grinding tests were carried out for 45 steel and 20Cr alloy with 14# ZA grain. Thetangential-to-normal grinding force ratio increase with groove cross section area. The plowing decreases with the grinding section area increase. The tangential-tonormal grinding force ratio ε varies suddenly when grain fracture. The average tangential force atgrain fracture is 54.4N; the average normal force at grain fracture is 949.6N. The tangential force atgrain fracture for 14# grain is smaller than that for 12# grain.

Acknowledgment

The research is supported by the innovation fund No.2004J003 of young science and technology talent of Fujian province in China, the innovation team fund of Ludong University in China, and the science and technology development fund No.LY20064302 of Ludong University in China.

References

[1] B. F. Feng and G. Q. Cai: Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 202-203(2001):115.

[2] O. Desa and S. Bahadur: Wear, 225-229(1999), p.1264.

[3] Y. Ohbuchi and T. Matsuo: Annals of CIRP. Vol. 40 (1991), p.327.

[4] B. F. Feng; H. H. Zhao; G.Q. Cai and T. Jin: Journal of Northeastern University (Natural

Science), Vol.23 (2002), 5: 470-473(In Chinese).

[5] B. F. Feng and G. Q. Cai: Key Engineering Materials, Vol.304-305(2006):196.

[6] G. Q. Cai and H. W. Zheng: Grinder and Grinding, No.5 (1985):1.

英語文章(9)

1.Very Pleased to Meet You 很高興認識你　　

During World War II, a lot of young women in Britain were in the army. Joan Phillips was one of them. She worked in a big camp, and of course met a lot of men, officers and soldiers.

　　One evening she met Captain Humphreys at a dance. He said to her, "I"m going abroad tomorrow, but I"d be very happy if we could write to each other." Joan agreed, and they wrote for several months.

　　Then his letters stopped, but she received one from another officer, telling her that he had been wounded and was in a certain army hospital in England.

　　Joan went there and said to the matron, "I"ve come to visit Captain Humphreys."

　　"Only relatives are allowed to visit patients here," the matron said.

　　"Oh, that"s all right," answered Joan. "I"m his sister."

　　"I"m very pleased to meet you," the matron said, "I"m his mother!"

　　在第二次世界大戰中，有許多年輕的婦女在軍營中服役。瓊.飛利浦斯是其中之一。她在一個大軍營中工作，當然遇到了許多男士，包括軍官和士兵。

　　一天晚上她在舞會上遇到了軍官漢弗雷斯。他對她說，“我明天就要出國，但如果我們能夠相互寫信，我會很高興。”瓊同意了，于是他們幾個月里一直通著信。

　　后來，他再沒有來信。她收到了另一個軍官的信，告訴她，他受傷了，住在英格蘭的某個部隊醫院里。

　　瓊到了醫院，她對護士長說，“我來看望軍官漢弗雷斯。”

　　“這里只有親屬可以探望病人。”護士長說。

　　“噢，是的，”瓊說，“我是他的妹妹。”

　　“很高興認識你，”護士長說，“我是他的母親。”

2.動物比人先會笑

　　

　　As the human brain evolved, humans were able to laugh before they could speak, according to a new study.
　　一項最新的研究結果顯示，由于大腦的進化，人類在能夠說話之前就已經學會笑了。

　　But here"s the punch line: Laughter and joy are not unique to humans, the study says. Ancestral forms of play and laughter existed in other animals long before humans began cracking up.
　　研究結果同時表明，笑和喜悅并不只是人類所特有的，早在人類會笑之前，其它一些動物就已經擁有原始形態的笑聲了。

　　"Human laughter has robust roots in our animalian past," said Jaak Panksepp, a professor of psychobiology at Bowling Green State University in Ohio.
　　美國俄亥俄州保令·格林州立大學( Bowling Green State University)的神經生物學家杰克·潘克塞普表示：“人類笑的歷史深深植根于我們的動物史。”

　　Panksepp has studied rats and found that when they "play," they often chirp--a primitive form of laughter, according to the scientist. And he makes the argument that animal laughter is the basis for human joy.
　　潘克塞普曾對老鼠進行了相關研究，他發現，當老鼠“玩耍”的時候，他們經常發出一種唧唧喳喳很尖的聲音，而這則是笑的一種原始形態。潘克塞普在文章中提出的論點是，動物的笑是人類快樂的基礎。

　　In studying laughter, scientists have focused mostly on related issues--humor, personality, health benefits, social theory--rather than laughter itself.
　　在以前的研究中，科學家們曾把工作的重心大部分集中在和笑相關問題上，如幽默感、個性、以及健康的好處等，而非笑本身。

　　New research, however, shows that "circuits" for laughter exist in very ancient regions of the human brain. As humans have incorporated language into play, we may have developed new connections to joyous parts of our brains that evolved before the cerebral cortex, the outer layer associated with thought and memory.
　　而最新的研究結果則顯示，笑的“循環線路”存在于人類大腦非常古老的區域中。當人類把語言與玩耍結合在了一起時，我們或許已經和大腦的快樂部分建立了新的關系，這個部分的進化要早于和人們思考及記憶密切相關的大腦皮層的進化。

　　Researchers say that the capacity to laugh emerges early in child development, as anyone who has tickled a baby knows.
　　對此，研究人員表示，笑的能力在孩子發育階段早早地就顯現出來，這一點是任何一個曾經胳肢過小嬰兒的人都知道的。

　　There is ample evidence that many other mammals make play sounds, including tickle-induced panting, which resembles human laughter. Indeed, animals are capable of many emotional feelings, just like humans, some scientists say.
　　有很多證據可以表明，其他一些哺乳動物也可以發出類似笑的聲音，其中包括很類似于人類笑聲的由撓癢癢引起的喘息聲。一些科學家說，事實上，動物和人類一樣是具有多種情感和情緒的。

　　"The recognition by neuroscientists that the brain mechanisms underlying pain, pleasure, fear, and lust are the same in humans and other mammals underscores our similarity to other species and is extremely important," said Tecumseh Fitch, a psychology lecturer at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.
　　蘇格蘭圣·安德魯斯大學的心理學講師菲奇表示：“神經科學家公認的，人類和其它哺乳動物間支撐痛苦、壓力、恐懼及性的大腦機制都是相同的這一理論強調了人類與其它物種的相似之處，而這一點是非常重要的。”

　　In a 2003 study Panksepp and Bowling Green State University neurobiologist Jeff Burgdorf demonstrated that if rats are tickled in a playful way, they readily chirp. Rats that were tickled bonded with the researchers and became rapidly conditioned to seek tickles. Understanding the chirping of the rats may help scientists better understand human laughter.
　　早在2003年的一項研究中，潘克塞普和保令·格林州立大學的神經生物學家杰夫·伯格多弗就曾證明，如果人們以一種十分有趣的方式胳肢老鼠，它們就會發出一種唧喳的聲音。而弄清老鼠的這種叫聲，則可能會幫助科學家們更好地了解人類笑的歷史。

　　Robert Provine, a psychology professor at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, agrees there is an evolutionary continuity of laughter. Its origin is in tickling and rough-and-tumble play, he says.
　　美國馬里蘭大學的心理學教授羅伯特·布魯文贊同笑也具有進化連續性的這一說法。他說，笑的起源來自于撓癢癢以及雜亂無章的游戲。

　　Provine and other scientists have studied chimpanzees and found a link between their laughter-like noises and human laughter. "Laughter is literally the sound of play, with the primal "pant-pant"--the labored breathing of physical play--becoming the human "ha-ha,"" Provine said.
　　布魯文教授和其他一些科學家還對黑猩猩進行了相關的研究，他們發現黑猩猩的笑（聲音類似于噪音）與人類的笑存在著某種聯系。他說：“確切地講，笑是一種游戲的聲音，從最初的‘喘氣的呼呼聲’（吃力的呼吸聲）發展到人類的‘哈哈’笑的聲音。”

　　By studying the transition between the panting of chimps and the human ha-ha, scientists discovered that breath control is the key to the emergence of both human laughter and speech.
　　通過研究從大猩猩喘氣的呼呼聲到人類“哈哈”的笑聲兩者之間的轉化，科學家發現，呼吸控制是人類語音和笑聲出現的關鍵所在。

3.Caught in the Web? 身陷網絡

　　

　　Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks (點擊) away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chatrooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community (虛擬社區).

　　你的朋友也許在澳大利亞，也許就住在你家附近，但你只要點擊幾下鼠標就可以找到他們。對于全世界成百萬的青少年來說，網上交友改變了生活。不管你使用聊天室、QQ（網上聊天工具）、MSN（微軟提供的在線服務）還是ICQ（網上尋呼機），你都處在虛擬社區之中。

?

　　"I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ," said Fox"s Shadow, the online nickname (網名) used by a Senior 2 girl in Chna. "Eighty per cent of my classmates use QQ after school."

　　“我很少和父母以及爺爺奶奶聊天，但是我經常和老朋友在QQ上聊，”網名為狐貍之影的一名中國高二女生說，“我的同班同學有80%在放學后使用QQ。”

?

　　QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.

　　QQ是中國最大的網上聊天工具。據開發QQ的騰訊公司統計，10月的某星期六晚上有400萬人在使用QQ，再創新記錄。

?

　　And Fox"s Shadow might well have been one of them. "I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week," she said. "But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men."

　　而狐貍之影或許就是他們中的一員。“在星期五晚上還有星期六、星期日感到無聊之時我會登陸QQ，我一般每星期聊10個小時，”她說到，“但是我很少與陌生人聊天，特別是陌生的男孩和男人。”

?

　　Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. "You don"t know who you"re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online."

　　盡管喜歡聊天，她還是對網上交友十分慎重。“你不知道在和誰聊天。你應該對網上相信什么人持謹慎態度。”

?

　　Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox"s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.

　　很多人在覺得跟網友已經很熟之后，愿意和對方見面。狐貍之影曾經面對面地見過她的一位網友。和她本人一樣，對方也是喜劇迷，于是她們一起去看喜劇表演。

?

　　However, not all teenagers have not been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped(強奸) after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminals (罪犯) weren"t caught until last month.

　　但是，不是所有青少年都如此幸運。今年年初，一位17歲的遼寧省女孩在見過一個在QQ上認識的網友后被強奸。直到上個月，罪犯才被抓獲。

?

　　A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. "I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense," he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. "I only chat online because I"ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore," he said. "I want to learn more about foreign cultures." But he spends little time chatting as he sees it as a waste of time and money.

　　一位網名為西蒙男爵的16歲的北京男孩不喜歡QQ使用者。“我曾經在QQ上聊過天，但是我發現大多數人都在胡說八道，” 如今在MSN上用英語聊天的他說， “我在網上聊天，只是因為有朋友在日本、美國和新加坡。我想了解更多的外國文化。”但是他花在聊天上的時間很少，因為他視網絡聊天為費錢費時的玩意兒。

?

　　"If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can"t concentrate (集中精神) in class," he said. "And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online."

　　“如果你陷進去了，有時在課上你會很難集中精力”，他說，“真實生活中的朋友永遠比網上結交的所謂朋友重要。”